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1 1 2
+ =
s s R
R
=f
2
1 1 1
+ =
s s f
y
s
m= =
y
s
n=
r = a
I = Imax cos2
sin( crit ) =
f
f2
M= =
= 1
y
f2
f1
n1 n2 n2 n1
+
=
s s
R
nb
na
f
f number =
D
n nb
I = I0 cos E r = a
Ei
2
na + nb
1
dsin = (m + ) (m = 0,1,2,...)
2
sin
=
1.22
dsin = m
1
D
sin 2
Ep = E0
2
sin =
with =
m
a
0
=
n
n a sin( a ) = n b sin( b )
c
v
2
a sin
m=
tan(p ) =
nb
na
1 1
1
= (n 1)( )
r1 r2
f
1 1 1
+ =
s s f
y
s
m= =
y
s
M = m1M 2 =
y
n s
= 1
n 2s
y
(25cm)s1
f1f2
m
d
E p = 2E cos
=
(r2 r1) = k(r2 r1 )
2
dsin = m (m = 0,1,2,...)
I0
Im
2
1 2
m +
y m = x sin = x
1 1
1 1
+ = (n 1)( )
r1 r2
s s
m
a
2
sin 2
I = I0 cos2
2
2
2d
2a
=
sin and =
sin
(m = 1,2,3...)
1.22
2dsin = m
R=
= Nm
sin(a(sin) /
I = I0
/
a(sin
)
(
y(x,t) 1 y(x,t)
= 2
2
v
t 2
x
2
F
v=
I1 r22
= 2
I2 r1
y(x,t) = A cos(kx t)
2
where k =
and = 2f = vk
fL =
v + vL
fs
v + vs
sin =
E = cB
v
2L
v=
1
f 2A 2
2
v
vs
2
2
1
Pmax
Pmax
2 2
I=
B A =
=
2
2v 2 B
fn = n
Pav =
v=
E = Emcos(kx-t)
fn = n
RT
M
v
4L
v=
B = Bmcos(kx-t)
r
Q
E
dA = encl (Gausss law)
0
r
B dA = 0 (Gausss law for magnetism)
r
d
E dl = dtB (Faradays law)
r
d
B dl = 0i c + 0 dtE (Amperes law)
encl
1
E MB M E 2M 1 0 2 1
2
v
=
=
I = Sav =
=
=
E M = 0cE M
2
2 0
2 0c 2 0
prad
v = f
1 dp Sav I
=
=
=
A dt c
c
1
KK m
1
0 0