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+ + +
=
+
=
L L
2
1 1
2
2
2
2
1
2 1
1
o o
+ +
=
=
L L
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
cos
1
1
1
E
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
1
cos
1
1
1
C
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
1
cos
1
D
(2) Sheet pile at end
As, b
1
= b, b
2
=0
So,
2
= b
2
/d = 0,
1
= b
1
/d = b/d =
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
cos
1
1
E
0 cos
1
1
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
C
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
cos
1
1
D
E C
=100
1
D D
=100
1
% 100
1
=
E
2
1 1
2
2
2
2
1
2 1
o o
+ + +
=
+
=
L L
2
1 1
2
o
+ +
=
2
1 1
2
1
+
=
o
\
|
=
2
cos
1
1
E
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
cos
1
1
D
2
1 1
2
o
+ +
=
'
100
'
1
D
D
=
Exit Gradient (G
E
)
The pressure gradient at the exit point is called exit gradient.
For standard form consisting floor of length b, with a vertical cutoff of depth d,
the exit gradient at its d/s end is given by the equation:
= b/d
In the equation, if d = 0, G
E
is infinite.
It is therefore essential that a vertical cutoff should be provided at the d/s end
of the floor.
To safeguard against piping (undermining), the exit gradient must not be
allowed to exceed a certain safe limit for different soils.
t
1
d
H
G
E
=
2
1 1
2
o
+ +
=
Material Safe Exit Gradient
Shingle 1/4 to 1/5
Coarse sand 1/5 to 1/6
Fine sand 1/6 to 1/7
Graphical Solution:
Correction to be applied:
1. Correction for the thickness of the floor
2. Correction for the mutual interference of the piles
3. Correction for the sloping floor
1. Correction for the thickness of the floor
(a) Pile at u/s end
At point E: No correction is required, as pressure at this point is not going to
interfere with pressure system of any other pile.
At point C:
t
1
= thickness of floor
d
1
= depth of u/s pile
(b) Pile at d/s end
( ) additive C point for Correction
1
1
1
t
d
C D
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
1
1
C at pressure t
d
C D
C
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
2
1
E at pressure t
d
D E
E
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
( ) e subtractiv E point for Correction
1
t
d
D E
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
d
C D
C C
|
.
|
\
|
+ = =
1
C at pressure
1
t
d
D E
E E
|
.
|
\
|
= =
1
E at pressure
1
2. Correction for the mutual interference of the piles
C = correction to be applied in percentage of head
D = depth of the pile, the influence of which is required to be determined on
the neighboring pile of depth d.
(D is to be measured below the level at which interference is desired).
d = depth of the pile, on which the effect of another pile of depth D is
required to be found out.
b = distance between the two piles
b = total length of the impervious floor
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
b
D d
b
D
C
'
19
Sign of the correction:
+ve for the points in u/s direction i.e. against the flow and
-ve for the points in d/s direction i.e. in the direction of flow.
This equation does not apply to the effect of an outer pile on an intermediate pile
if:
intermediate pile is equal to or smaller in length than the outer pile and
intermediate pile is at a distance less than twice the length of outer pile.
Interference of any pile is only for the faces of the adjacent piles which lie
towards the interfering pile, e.g. pile no.2 will interfere with d/s of pile no.1 only.
Whereas u/s of pile no.2 will interfere with d/s of pile no. 1 and at the same time
d/s of pile no. 2 will also interfere with u/s of pile no.3.
3. Correction for the sloping floor
Sign of the correction:
+ve for down i.e. the ve slope
ve for up i.e. the +ve slope
The correction is applicable to the key points of the piles fixed at the start or
end of the slope. In the above figure the correction is only applicable to point
of the intermediate pile.
The % correction given in the above table is to be multiplied with the ratio
b
s
/b, where
b
s
= horizontal length below the slope
b = distance b/w two pile lines in b/w which the sloping floor exists.
Slope Correction jn
% of pressure
1 in 1 11.2
1 in 2 6.5
1 in 3 4.5
1 in 4 3.3
1 in 5 2.5
1 in 6 2.5
1 in 7 2.3
1 in 8 2.0
Design Procedure:
(1) Find out the pressure at the key points.
(2) Apply the corrections due to mutual interference.
(3) Find out the corrected pressures.
(4) Find out the thickness of floor at different points.
(5) Find out the corrections due to thickness.
(6) Find out the corrected pressures at key points.
(7) Draw the hydraulic gradient line (H.G.L).
(8) Compute the Exit gradient (G
E
).
Example
Determine the percentage pressures at various key points in following
figure. Also determine the exit gradient and plot the hydraulic gradient
line for pond level on u/s and no flow on d/s.
Solution.
(1) For Upstream Pile Line No. (1)
Total length of the floor = b = 57.0 m.
Depth of u/s pile line = d = 154.00 - 148.00 = 6.0 m
From curve
An impervious floor of a weir on permeable soil is 16 m long and has
sheet piles at both the ends. The upstream pile is 4 m deep and the
downstream pile is 5 m deep. The weir creates a net head of 2.5 m.
Neglecting the thickness of the weir floor. Calculate the uplift pressures
at the junction of the inner faces of the pile with the weir floor by using
Khosla's theory.