1

Bt ng Thc Karamata v Mt S ng Dng

Cao Minh Quang
THPT chuyn Nguyn Bnh Khim, Vnh Long
1. Li gii thiu
Jovan Karamata sinh ngy 1 thng 2 nm 1902 ti Zagreb, Serbia. Bt u hc khoa c kh t
nm 1920, nhng n nm 1922, ng chuyn n khoa ton hc. Tt nghip nm 1925, ngay lp tc
Karamata c nhn lm tr ging cho gio s Mihailo Petrovic. ng nhn c hc v tin s nm
1926, tr thnh gio s i hc Belgrade vo nm 1950. Nm 1951 Karamata ri Belgrade, n ging
dy ti i hc Geneva. ng sng v lm vic y n cui i. Karamata mt ngy 14 thng 8 nm
1967.
Bt ng thc Karamata l mt dng tng qut ca bt ng thc Jensen.
2. Bt ng thc Karamata
Trc ht, ta s nh ngha cc b tri.
2.1. nh ngha.
Nu
1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1
... , ... , , x , ..., ... ...
n n n n
x x x y y y x y x y y x x x y y y


v
1 2 1 2
... ...
n n
x x x y y y = th ta ni b ( )
1 2
, ,...,
n
x x x tri hn b ( )
1 2
, ,...,
n
y y y v ta k hiu
l ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
, ,..., , ,...,
n n
x x x y y y hay ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
, ,..., , ,...,
n n
y y y x x x .
Hin nhin, nu
1 2
...
n
x x x th ( ) ( )
1 2
, ,..., , ,...,
n
x x x x x x , trong
1 2
..
n
x x x
x
n

= .
2.2. Bt ng thc Karamata
Nu hm s ( ) f x l hm li trn on [ [ , I a b = v ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
, ,..., , ,...,
n n
x x x y y y vi mi ,
i i
x y I th
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
... ...
n n
f x f x f x f y f y f y .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi , 1, 2,...,
i i
x y i n = = .
Ta cng c pht biu tng t i vi hm s lm bng cch i chiu du bt ng thc.
Chng minh. V ( ) f x l hm li nn ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . ' , , f x f y x y f y x y I . Tht vy:
Nu x y th
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ' ' , ,
f x f y
f f y y x
x y

.
Nu x y th
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ' ' , ,
f y f x
f f y x y
y x

.
T suy ra ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . ' , , , 1, 2,...,
i i i i i i i
f x f y x y f y x y I i n = .
Ch rng ( ) ( )
1 1 2 1 2
' ' , ... ... , 1, 2,..., 1
i i i i
f y f y x x x y y y i n

= , s dng khai trin

Abel, ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1
. ' ' ' ... '
n n
i i i i i n n n
i i
f x f y x y f y x y f y x y f y x y f y
= =
l
=
l


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 3
' ' ' ' ... x y f y f y x x y y f y f y
l l
=
l l

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2
... ... ' ' ... ... ' 0
n n n n n n n
x x x y y y f y f y x x x y y y f y

l

l
.

2
Do
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
... ...
n n
f x f x f x f y f y f y .
2.3. H qu. (Bt ng thc Jensen). Nu hm s ( ) f x l hm li trn on [ [ , I a b = , th vi mi
( ) , 1, 2,...,
i
x I i n = , ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
...
...
n
n
x x x
f x f x f x nf
n
1

( )
.
Chng minh. Do tnh cht i xng, khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s
1 2
...
n
x x x .
Khi ta c ( ) ( )
1 2
, ,..., , ,...,
n
x x x x x x , trong
1 2
..
n
x x x
x
n

= . S dng bt ng thc Karamata
ta c ngay iu cn chng minh.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
1 2
...
n
x x x = = = .
Sau y ta s nu mt s v d minh ha cho vic ng dng ca bt ng thc Karamata.
4. Mt s v d
4.1. V d 1. Cho 2n s thc dng ( ) , 1, 2,..,
i i
a b i n = tha mn cc iu kin sau
1 2
...
n
a a a ,
1 2
...
n
b b b ,
1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
, ,..., ... ...
n n
a b a a bb a a a bb b . Chng minh rng
1 2 1 2
... ...
n n
a a a b b b + + + + + + .
Li gii. t ( ) ln , ln 1, 2,...,
i i i i
x a y b i n = = = . Vi cc iu kin cho, ta d dng kim tra c
rng ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
, ,..., , ,...,
n n
x x x y y y . D thy rng ( )
x
f x e = l hm li trn ( ) 0, + , do , p dng bt
ng thc Karamata, ta c
1 2 1 2
... ...
n n
x y x x y y
e e e e e e + + + + + + hay
1 2 1 2
... ...
n n
a a a b b b + + + + + + .
4.2. V d 2. Cho ABC l tam gic nhn. Chng minh rng
3
1 cos cos cos
2
A B C .
Xc nh khi no xy ra ng thc?
Li gii. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s rng A B C . Khi ,
3 3
A C

. V
2 3
A


v
2
3
A B C

= nn ( ) , , 0 , , , ,
2 2 3 3 3
A B C

1 1




( ) ( )
.
Xt hm ( ) cos f x x = , d thy ( ) f x l hm lm tht s trn on 0,
2
I

l
l =
l
l
, do , theo bt ng
thc Karamata, ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 3
2 2 3
f f f f A f B f C f

1 1 1





( ) ( ) ( )
hay
3
1 cos cos cos
2
A B C .
bt ng thc th nht, du ng thc khng xy ra (v hai gc ca tam gic khng th cng
vung). bt ng thc th hai, ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi tam gic ABC u.
4.3. V d 3. Cho ABC l tam gic khng nhn. Chng minh rng
tan tan tan 2 2 1
2 2 2
A B C
.
Li gii. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s A B C . Khi , d dng kim tra c

3
, , , ,
2 2 2 4 8 8
A B C
1 1




( ) ( )
.
Xt hm s ( ) tan , 0,
2
f x x x

1

=

( )
. Ta c ( ) ( )
2 3
1 2sin
' , '' 0
cos cos
x
f x f x
x x
= = vi mi 0,
2
x

1

( )
.
T suy ra ( ) f x l hm s li trn 0,
2

( )
. S dng bt ng thc Karamata, ta nhn c
tan tan tan tan tan tan 2 2 1
2 2 2 4 8 8
A B C
= .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi ( ) , , , ,
2 4 4
A B C

1

=

( )
v cc hon v.
4.4. V d 4. Cho , , a b c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 a b b c c a a b c


.
Li gii. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a b c . Khi , d dng kim tra c
( ) ( ) 2 , 2 , 2 , , a b c a b a c b c .
V ( )
1
f x
x
= l hm li trn khong ( ) 0, , nn theo bt ng thc Karamata, ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 2 f a f b f c f a b f a c f b c hay

1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 a b b c c a a b c


.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a b c = = .
4.5. V d 5. [IMO 2000/2] Cho , , a b c l cc s thc dng tha iu kin 1 abc = . Chng minh rng
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 a b c
b c a
1 1 1





( )( )( )
.
Li gii. V 1 abc = nn tn ti cc s dng , , x y z sao cho , ,
x y z
a b c
y z x
= = = . Bt ng thc
cn chng minh tr thnh
( )( )( ) x y z y z x z x y xyz .
Ta rng, ( ) ( ) 2 0 x y z y z x x = , do , trong ba s , , x y z y z x z x y
khng th c trng hp hai s cng m. Nu trong ba s trn c mt hoc ba s m, hin nhin ta c
bt ng thc cn chng minh. Trng hp c ba s u dng, bng cch ly logarit hai v, ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ln ln ln ln ln ln x y z y z x z x y x y z .
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s x y z . Khi , ( ) ( ) , , , , y z x x y z z x y x y z .
V ( ) ln f x x = l hm lm trn ( ) 0, , do , s dng bt ng thc Karamata, ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ln ln ln ln ln ln y z x x y z z x y x y z .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x y z = = hay 1 a b c = = = .
4.6. V d 6 Cho , a b l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh rng

4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
a a b b a b b a .
Li gii. Gi s 0 b a . Gia cc s
3 3 3 3
1 2 3 4
, , , x b b x b a x a b x a a = = = = , th
1
x l s
ln nht,
4
x l s nh nht. V
1 4 2 3
x x x x = nn ( ) ( )
1 4 2 3
, , x x x x hoc ( ) ( )
1 4 3 2
, , x x x x . D thy
( )
3
f x x = l hm lm trn [ ) 0, , do , theo bt ng thc Karamata, ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 4 2 3
f x f x f x f x hay
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
a a b b a b b a .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a b = .
4.7. V d 7 Cho
1
1 , , 1,
2
a b c a b c = . Hy tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
12 12 12
F a b c = .
Li gii. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a b c . Khi
1 1 1
1 , 1
2 2 2
a c a b = = .
Do ( )
1
1, , 1 , ,
2
a b c
1

( )
. V hm ( )
12
f x x = li trn [ [ 1,1 , theo bt ng thc Karamata, ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
12 12 12
12
1 1
1 1 2
2 2
a b c f a f b f c f f f
1

= =

( )
.
ng thc xy ra, chng hn khi
1
1, , 1
2
a b c = = = . Do gi tr ln nht ca F l
12
1
2
2
.
4.8. V d 8 [IMO 1999/2]. Cho
1 2
, ,...,
n
x x x l cc s thc khng m, 2 n . Hy xc nh hng s C
nh nht sao cho
( )
4
2 2
1 1
n
i j i j i
i j n i
x x x x C x
< =
1

( )

.
Li gii. Nu
1 2
... 0 x x = = = th bt ng thc ng vi mi 0 C . Nu c t nht mt s
0
i
x , suy ra
1 2
... 0
n
x x x . V bt ng thc trn dng thun nht nn ta c th gi s rng
1 2
... 1
n
x x x = . Khi
( ) ( )
2 2 3 3
1 2
1 1 1
, ,...,
n i j i j i j i j
i j n i j n i j n
F x x x x x x x x x x x
< < <
= =


( ) ( )
3 3
1 1 1
1
n
i j i i i
i n j i i n i
x x x x f x
=
= = =

, vi ( )
3 4
f x x x = .
V vy, ta cn xc nh hng s C nh nht sao cho ( )
1
n
i
i
f x C
=

, vi
1 2
... 1
n
x x x = ,
trong ( )
3 4
f x x x = l hm li trn [ [ 0,1 2 (v ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
' 3 4 , '' 6 1 2 f x x x f x x x = = ).
Do tnh i xng, khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s
1 2
...
n
x x x . Ta s xt cc trng hp sau.
Trng hp 1.
1
1
2
x . Khi , d dng kim tra c ( )
1 2
1 1
, , 0,..., 0 , ,...,
2 2
n
x x x
1

( )
. S dng bt
ng thc Karamata, ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 1 1
0 ... 0
2 2 8
n
i
i
f x f f f f
=
1 1

=



( ) ( )

.

5
Trng hp 2.
1
1
2
x . Ta kim tra c ( ) ( )
1 2
1 , 0,..., 0 ,...,
n
x x x . S dng bt ng thc
Karamata, ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1
1 2
1 0 ... 0 1
n n
i i
i i
f x f x f x f x f x f f f x f x
= =
= =

.
Mt khc, bng cch t
1
1
0
2
y x = , ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 4 2
3 4 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 f x f x x x x x x x x x
l l
= =
l l
l l


2 2
2 2 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2
2 2 2 2 4 2 16 8
y y y y y y y
l
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
l
= = =


l
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
l
l
.
Do , ( )
1
1
8
n
i
i
f x
=

. Vy hng s C nh nht cn xc nh l
1
8
.
kt thc bi vit, mi cc bn gii mt s bi tp t luyn.
1. Cho tam gic ABC , chng minh rng
a)
A B C 3
sin sin sin
2 2 2 2

+ + vi 0 < .
b)
3
1 sin sin sin
2 2 2 2
A B C

< vi 1 0 .
c)
1
2
3
cos cos cos
2 2 2 2
A B C

vi 0 < .
d)
1
2
3
2 cos cos cos
2 2 2 2
A B C

< vi 0 1 < .
2. Cho
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng
( )( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2
1 2
2 3 1
1 1 ... 1 1 1 ... 1
n
n
a a a
a a a
a a a
1 1 1






( )( ) ( )
.
3. [APMO 1996] Cho tam gic ABC . Chng minh rng
a b c b c a c a b a b c .
4. Cho
1 2
, ,..., ,
6 6
n
x x x

l
l
l
l
. Chng minh rng
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 2 3 1 1 2
cos 2 cos 2 ... cos 2 cos cos ... cos
n n
x x x x x x x x x .
Ti liu tham kho
[1]. Aleksandar Nikolic, Jovan Karamata (1902 1967).
[2]. Hojoo Lee, Topics in Inequalities Theorems and Techniques, 2007.
[3]. Kin Y. Li, Majorization Inequality, Mathematical Excalibur, Vol.5, No.5, 11/2000.
[4]. Nguyn Vn Nho, Olympic Ton hc Chu Thi Bnh Dng, NXB Gio Dc, 2003.
[5]. Nguyn Hu in, Gii ton bng phng php i Lng Bt Bin, NXB Gio Dc, 2004.
[6]. Phm Kim Hng, Sng to Bt ng Thc, NXB Tri Thc, 2006.