INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

DEDICATED TO BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY VICTIMS

AMARNATH MISHRA BHARGAV SHEKHAR DAMINI SINHA VINOD PAWAR VIVEK KOUL

INTRODUCTION
As long as the earth endures, seedtime and harvest, cold and heat, summer and winter, day and night, shall not cease.

International organizations
UNFCCC(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change) UNEP (United Nations Environment programme)

UNFCCC
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at fighting global warming. The UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty with the goal of achieving "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The Protocol was initially adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan and entered into force on 16 February 2005. As of July 2010, 191 states have signed and ratified the protocol Under the Protocol, 37 countries ("Annex I countries") commit themselves to a reduction of four greenhouse gases (GHG) (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride) and two groups of gases (hydro fluorocarbons and per fluorocarbons) produced by them, and all member countries give general commitments. Annex I countries agreed to reduce their collective greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% from the 1991 level.

OBJECTIVE
The objective of the Kyoto climate change conference was to establish a legally binding international agreement, whereby all the participating nations commit themselves to tackling the issue of global warming and greenhouse gas emissions The target agreed upon was an average reduction of 5.2% from 1990 levels by the year 2012.

THE FIVE PRINCIPLES OF KYOTO PROTO

commitments for the reduction of greenhouse gases that are legally binding for Annex I countries. Dividing the countries in different groups is one of the key concepts in making commitments possible, where only the Annex I countries in 1997, where seen as having the economic capacity to commit themselves and their industry. Implementation. In order to meet the objectives of the Protocol, Annex I countries are required to prepare policies and measures for the reduction of greenhouse gases in their respective countries. In addition, they are required to increase the absorption of these gases and utilize all mechanisms available Minimizing Impacts on Developing Countries by establishing an adaptation fund for climate change Accounting, Reporting and Review in order to ensure the integrity of the Protocol. Compliance. Establishing a Compliance Committee to enforce compliance with the commitments under the Protocol.

COUNTRY WISE GHGs FIGURES

Ranking of the world's top ten emitters of GHGs for 2005 .The first figure is the country's or region's emissions as a percentage of the global total. The second figure is the country's/region's per-capita emissions, in units of tons of GHG per-capita: China 17%, 5.8 United States 16%, 24.1 European Union 11%, 10.6 Indonesia- 6%, 12.9 India 5%, 2.1 Russia 5%, 14.9 Brazil 4%, 10.0 Japan 3%, 10.6 Canada 2%, 23.2 Mexico 2%, 6.4

UNEP
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) coordinates United Nations environmental activities, assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices. It was founded as a result of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in June 1972. UNEP helps developing countries to reduce vulnerabilities and build resilience to the impacts of climate change. UNEP builds and strengthens national institutional capacities for vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning, and supports national efforts to integrate climate change adaptation measures into development planning and ecosystem management practices.

PROGRAMMES
ADAPTATION:

UNEP helps developing countries to reduce vulnerabilities and build resilience to the impacts of climate change. UNEP builds and strengthens national institutional capacities for vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning, and supports national efforts to integrate climate change adaptation measures into development planning and ecosystem management practices.

MITIGATION
Climate change mitigation refers to technological change and substitution that reduce resource inputs and emissions per unit of output. Although several social, economic and technological policies would produce an emission reduction, with respect to Climate Change, mitigation means implementing policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance sinks

REDD+
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)

Deforestation and forest degradation through agricultural expansion, conversion to pasture, infrastructure development, destructive logging, fires etc., account for nearly 20 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions - more than the entire global transport sector and second only to the energy sector. It is now clear that in order to constrain the impact of climate change within limits that society will reasonably be able to tolerate, global average temperatures must be stabilized within two degrees Celsius

FINANCE
Climate Change Finance: New finance models for the green economy Clean energy technologies are rapidly increasing their contribution to the worlds energy supply but most of the recent growth has been in developed countries and a few emerging economies. Many developing countries and countries in transition are at risk of being left behind in the coming energy revolution because they lack the readiness to adopt new and more efficient technologies

Carbon credit
a generic term for any tradable certificate or permit representing the right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide equivalent goal is to allow market mechanisms to drive industrial and commercial processes in the direction of low emissions or less carbon intensive approaches than those used when there is no cost to emitting carbon dioxide and other GHGs into the atmosphere Under the Kyoto Protocol, the 'caps' or quotas for Greenhouse gases was decided for the countries these countries set quotas on the emissions of installations run by local business and other organizations, generically termed 'operators Each operator has an allowance of credits, where each unit gives the owner the right to emit one metric tonne of carbon dioxide or other equivalent greenhouse gas. Operators that have not used up their quotas can sell their unused allowances as carbon credits, while businesses that are about to exceed their quotas can buy the extra allowances as credits, privately or on the open market.

CONCLUSION
Thank God men cannot fly, and lay waste the sky as well as the earth The sun, the moon and the stars would have disappeared long ago... had they happened to be within the reach of predatory human hands.

HANK

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