RESEARCH PROJECT

ON

Community Waste Management System

SESSION:- 2011 - 2012

SUPERVISOR: ARVIN BHATIA

SUBMITTED BY:GAURAV KUMAR DEPT IMSAR MBA 5YEAR 4th SEM

INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES AND RESARCH M.D.U., ROHTAK

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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Gaurav Kumar student of MBA 5years 4th Sem. of IMSAR has proceeded under by my supervision his research project on Community Waste Management System

The work embodied in this report is original and not been submitted in part or full to this or any other university for the award of any degree or diploma.

He has completed all requirements of guidelines for research project and the work is fit for evaluation.

Signature of Supervisor
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PREFACE
Theoretical knowledge as well as practical exposure is necessary in a professional degree. Research project help us to get familiar with real environment of business. The research project and title Community Waste Management System is an original work. My project is about the waste management system. How the Waste can be managed in a best way? Our system contains various stages. The first stage is collection of waste through different kind of bins, the second stage is segregation of waste by the people, next stage contains the trips made by the tractor and trolley and in the last stage the waste containing bins are replaced with the empty bins to the people. The system is pollution free and there is no harm to the environment. With help of this system we can live a healthy life.

ORGANISATIONS PROFILE

ANGELS (A New Generation Environment Lovers Society) is a non profit organization registered under Societies Act 1957 Regd. No. 249. The Basis Aim of this Organisation is to make a cleaner surrounding and healthier environment for a better Community living. The organization has more than 50 members who are very actively involved into these activities. The main functions of organization are to conduct seminars and activities in schools to promote awareness about environment amongst school children, To promote awareness among Public about environment, To promote eco-friendly ways of doing things, to promote the use of ecofriendly products, to promote tree plantation in urban and rural areas, to assist public in proper disposal of waste, to promote the use of renewable sources of energy, Waste management, Rain water harvesting.

INDEX

Sr.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Contents Introduction Survey & Findings Cost Analysis Execution Result Limitations Bibliography

Page 8-44 45-50 50-53 53-56 57 58 59

DECLARATION
I Gaurav Kumar hereby declare that my project on Community Waste Management System submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree in Master of Business Administration is an authentic work.
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This work embodied in this report is original and any part of the project report has not been submitted elsewhere for any degree or elsewhere in any form. GAURAV KUMAR M.B.A. 5 Year 4th SEM. Roll no.-6544, IMSAR MDU ROHTAK

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I am highly obliged towards my research supervisor Mr. ARVIN BHATIA who helped me at every stage of project work and motivated me to overcome the problem efficiently and successfully. I am greatly indebted to the staff with whose efforts and able guidance have been able to accomplish my project report successfully. At last but not least I would like to thank all my friends and well wishers for their constant support in completion of the work.

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION /CONCEPTUALISATION

What is Waste?
Waste includes all items that people no longer have any use for, which they either intend to get rid of or have already discarded. Additionally, wastes are such items which people are require to discard, for example by
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lay because of their hazardous properties. Many items can be considered as waste e.g., household rubbish, sewage sludge, wastes from manufacturing activities, packaging items, discarded cars, old televisions, garden waste, old paint containers etc. Thus all our daily activities can give rise to a large variety of different wastes arising from different sources. Over 1.8 billion tones of waste are generated each year in Europe. This equals to 3.5 tones per person. This is mainly made up of waste coming from households, commercial activities (e.g., shops, restaurants, hospitals etc.), industry (e.g., pharmaceutical companies, clothes manufacturers etc.), agriculture (e.g., slurry), construction and demolition projects, mining and quarrying activities and from the generation of energy. With such vast quantities of waste being produced, it is of vital importance that it is managed in such a way that it does not cause any harm to either human health or to the environment.

Types of waste?

Municipal Waste (including Household and Commercial) Industrial waste (including manufacturing) Hazardous Waste
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Construction and Demolition Waste Mining Waste Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Biodegradable Municipal Waste Packaging Waste End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) and Tyres Agricultural Waste

Municipal Waste (including Household and Commercial)

Municipal waste is generated by households, commercial activities and other sources whose activities are similar to those of households and commercial enterprises. It does not include other waste arising e.g., from mining, industrial or construction and demolition processes. Municipal waste is made up to residual waste, bulky waste, secondary materials from separate collection (e.g., paper and glass), household hazardous waste, street sweepings and litter collections. It is made up of materials such as paper, cardboard, metals, textiles, organics (food and garden waste) and wood. Figure 1 highlights the typical composition of municipal waste. As can be seen, the largest fraction is paper and cardboard at 35% of the waste stream, followed by organic material at 25%.

Source

Content

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Quantity

Municipal waste represents approximately 14% of all waste generated.

Municipal waste has traditionally been land filled and this remains the predominant management option in most countries. However, some countries have taken Management significant steps away from landfill. Alternatives offered include incineration (increasingly with recovery of Routes energy), composting and recycling of glass, paper, metal, plastics and other materials. There are numerous potential impacts associated with the Environmental land filling of waste including the production of leach ate Relevance and landfill gas, odors, flies, vermin and the use of land.

Industrial waste (including manufacturing)

Source and Manufacturing industry waste comprises many different
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content

Quantity

waste streams arising from a wide range of industrial processes. Some of the largest waste generating industrial sectors in Western and Central Europe include the production of basic metals, food, beverage and tobacco products, wood and wood products and paper and paper products. It has been estimated that over 33 million tones of industrial waste was generated in Europe in 1998. Waste from the manufacturing sector continues to rise, despite national and international declarations to reduce waste from manufacturing industry, to introduce cleaner technologies and other waste minimization initiatives and to work towards manufacturing practices that are sustainable in the long term.

Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste arises from a wide range of different Source sources including households, commercial activities and industry. Hazardous waste represents approximately 1% of all waste generated in Europe. Wastes are classified as Quantity and being hazardous depending on whether they exhibit content particular characteristics. Further details can be found by clicking on the following link: Insert link to definitions section.
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The main disposal route for hazardous waste is landfill, incineration and physical or chemical Management treatment. On the recovery side, a significant routes proportion of hazardous waste is recycled or burned as a fuel. Although hazardous waste represents only approximately 1% of all waste generated in Europe, it can present a potential risk to both human health and Environmental the environment. Hazardous waste is typically the relevance subject of special legislation and requires special management arrangements to ensure that hazardous waste is kept separate from and treated differently to non-hazardous waste.

Construction and Demolition Waste

Construction and demolition waste is made up of two individual components: construction waste and demolition waste. It arises from activities such as the construction of buildings and civil infrastructure, total or Source partial demolition of buildings and civil infrastructure, road planning and maintenance. In some countries even materials from land leveling are regarded as construction and demolition waste. Quantity and Construction and demolition waste makes up content approximately 25% of all waste generated in the EU with a large proportion arising from the demolition and renovation of old buildings. It is made up of numerous materials including concrete, bricks, wood, glass, metals,
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plastic, solvents, asbestos and excavated soil, many of which can be recycled in one way or another.

The main methods used to treat and dispose of Management construction and demolition waste include landfill, routes incineration and recycling with some countries obtaining recycling rates as high as 80%. Environmental Construction activity is seen as a key indicator of growth relevance and prosperity in Western countries. However, construction and demolition waste instead of being a burden on society and the environment can become a resource to be recycled and reused within the construction industry. Construction and demolition waste has been identified as a priority waste stream by the European Union. This means that particular attention will be paid to policies and measures to ensure increased recycling of construction and demolition waste. Due to the very large volume of construction and demolition waste produced, it can use up valuable space in landfills. In addition, if not separated at source it can contain small amounts of hazardous waste. However, it also has a high resource
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value and the technology for the separation and recovery of construction and demolition waste is well established, readily accessible and in general inexpensive. Most importantly, there is a reuse market for aggregates derived from construction and demolition waste in roads, drainage and other construction projects.

Mining Waste
Mining waste arises from prospecting, extraction, treatment and storage of minerals. Source

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The two major concerns in relation to mining waste are the large volumes that are produced as well as the potential for hazardous substances to be present in the waste stream. Large areas of land are used for depositing mining waste and this activity has the Environmental potential to cause environmental pollution if not relevance properly controlled. A number of recent cases of uncontrolled releases of mining waste to surface waters (rivers and lakes) have highlighted the risks of poor mining waste management. In response, the EU has proposed initiatives that are designed to improve mining waste management

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)

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Waste electrical and electronic equipment (commonly referred to as WEEE) consists of end of life products and comprises of a range of electrical and electronic items such as: Refrigerators, IT and telecommunication equipment, Freezers, Electrical and electronic tools, Washing machines, Medical equipment Toasters, Monitoring and control instruments, Hairdryers, Automatic dispensers, Televisions, etc. Thus, sources are all users of electrical and electronic equipment from householders to all kinds of commercial and industrial activities.

Source

Quantity and content

WEEE is one of the fastest growing waste streams in the European Union and makes up approximately 4% of municipal waste. An estimate of the composition of WEEE arising is shown in Figure 4. As can be seen, iron and steel are the most common materials found in electrical and electronic equipment and account for almost half of the total weight of WEEE.

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Expected growth rates are between 3 and 5% each year. This means that in five years time, 16-28% more WEEE will be generated and in 12 years the amount is expected to double. This rapid growth rate is due to the fast pace of technological development, especially in information technology (IT) which have resulted in the more frequent replacement of electrical and electronic equipment by industry. At present, a large proportion of WEEE is disposed of in landfills or incineration plants, depending on local or national practices. In some countries and regions, products such as fridges and freezers are separately collected and sent to recycling plants for dismantling and recycling.

Management Routes

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Environmental relevance The European Commission is also preparing legislation in the form of the following draft Directive:

WEEE has been identified as a priority waste stream by the European Commission due to its potentially hazardous nature, the consumption of resources in its manufacture and its expected growth rates. In response, the European Commission has prepared legislation in the form of the following two Directives: A Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE); and A Directive on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment.

A Directive on the Environmental Impact of Electrical and Electronic Equipment.

The directives propose that manufacturers will become responsible for taking back and recycling electrical and electronic equipment. This will in turn provide industry with incentives to design electrical and electronic equipment in an environmentally more efficient way,

Biodegradable municipal Waste

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Source

Biodegradable Municipal Waste (BMW) is waste from households and commercial activities that is capable of undergoing biological decomposition. Food waste and garden waste, paper and cardboard are all classified as biodegradable municipal waste.

Approximately 60% of municipal waste is biodegradable. In 1995, approximately 107 million tones of biodegradable Quantity municipal waste was produced in EU plus Norway of which 66 percent is consigned to landfill. A range of options are used to treat BMW. Alternatives to landfill include composting, mechanical-biological pretreatment recycling and incineration (with and without Managemen energy recovery). As can be seen from the figure below, t routes those countries and regions such as Denmark, The Netherlands, Flanders and Austria, which have a low reliance on landfill, employ a mixture of incineration, composting and recycling to treat BMW.

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Potential impacts associated with land filling of biodegradable municipal waste include the production of leach ate and landfill gas, odors, flies and vermin. In response to these concerns, the Landfill Directive (Council Directive 1999/31/EC), amongst other things, places targets for the reduction in the proportion of biodegradable Environmen municipal waste that may be consigned to landfill. By 2006 tal Member States are restricted to land filling a maximum of relevance 75% of the total amount by weight of BMW produced in 1995. This target increases to 50% in 2009 and 35% in 2016. To meet these targets, Member States are obliged to set up national strategies to reduce the quantity of biodegradable waste going to landfill.

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Packaging waste
Packaging is defined as any material which is used to contain, protect, handle, deliver and present goods. Items like glass bottles, plastic containers, aluminum cans, food wrappers, timber pallets and drums are all classified as packaging. Packaging waste can arise from a wide range of sources including supermarkets, retail outlets, manufacturing industries, households, hotels, hospitals, restaurants and transport companies. Packaging waste represents up to 17% of the municipal waste stream. As it has a relatively short life, it soon becomes a waste that must be treated or disposed off.

Source

Quantity

A number of different methods are used to manage packaging waste. These included reuse, recycling (mechanical, chemical and feedstock), composting, thermal treatment and landfill. In 1998, approximately 50 Management percent of packaging waste was recycled in 12 EU routes countries with an additional 9% reported as being recovered (i.e, waste to energy). The remaining 41 percent of packaging waste was land filled. Environmental Packaging and packaging waste can have a number of
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relevance

impacts on the environment. Some of these impacts can be associated with the extraction of the raw materials used for manufacturing the packaging itself, impacts associated with the manufacturing processes, the collection of packaging waste and its subsequent treatment or disposal. In addition packaging may contain some critical substances e.g., PVC and heavy metals which may pose a risk to the environment.

End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) and Tyres

End-of-life vehicles are defined as cars that hold up to a maximum of eight passengers in addition to the driver, Source and trucks and lorries that are used to carry goods up to a maximum mass of 3.5 tones. Thus their sources range from households to commercial and industrial uses. In the year 2000, 13.4 million cars were scrapped in the EU. This is projected to increase by 21% by 2015 to 17 million. Cars are composed of numerous different materials. Approximately 75% of the weight of a car is Quantity, made up of steel and aluminum, most of which is content and recycled. Other materials present include lead, mercury, management and cadmium and hexavalent chromium, in addition to routes other dangerous substances including anti-freeze, brake fluid and oils that, if not properly managed, may cause significant environmental pollution. The remainder is composed of plastic which is recycled, incinerated or land filled.

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The EU introduced a directive on end of life vehicles (2000/53/EC) which had an implementation date of April 2002. The Directive's main focus is on waste prevention. It also contains provisions on recycling ELVs, producer Environmental responsibility, reduced use of hazardous substances and relevance increased use of recycled materials in vehicle manufacture. Progressive targets are set out for ELV recycling. The Directive introduces provisions for the collection of all ELVs, with a requirement for ELVs to be transferred to authorized treatment facilities.

Agricultural waste
Agricultural waste is composed of organic wastes (animal excreta in the form of slurries and farmyard manures, spent mushroom compost, soiled water and silage effluent) and waste such as plastic, scrap machinery, fencing, pesticides, waste oils and veterinary medicines. No overall estimates are available on the quantity of agricultural waste produced in the EU. Ireland has
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Source

Quantity

estimated that in 1998 over 80% of national waste arising were from agricultural sources. There are a number of methods used to treat Management agricultural waste. These include spreading the waste routes on land under strict conditions, anaerobic digestion and composting. There are a number of potential environmental impacts associated with agricultural waste if it is not properly managed not least of which is the run-off of nutrients to surface waters which can cause over enrichment of the Environmental water body. Leaking and improper storage of relevance agricultural waste can also pose a serious threat to the environment should the waste reach surface waters. In addition, farming activities can give rise to emissions of ammonia and methane which can cause acidification and contribute to greenhouse gases emissions.

Municipal Solid Waste Management in India:

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1.0 Introduction
Urbanization is now becoming a global phenomenon, but its ramifications are more pronounced in developing countries. Natural growth of population, reclassifications of habitation and migration trends are important in urban population in India. The population of urban India was 285 million as per 2001 census, which accounts for 27 per percent of the total population. Global experience shows that when a countrys urban population reaches almost 25% of the overall population (as in the case of India), the pace of urbanization accelerates (Kumar and Gaikwad, 2004). Due to rapid urbanization and uncontrolled growth rate of population, SWM has become acute in India. SWM services are rendered by municipal bodies in India. Though, it is an essential service, it is not attaining proper priority, which it deserves and services are poor. NEERI has provided extensive services to municipal bodies in India to improve their MSWM system. The present paper aims to outline the existing situation of SWMS; problems associated with the system and also highlight some best practices and lessons learnt by NEERIs experience along with EXNORAs Zero Waste Management in two South Indian cities. An approach for design of sustainable SWMS compatible to Indian situations is also detailed.

2.0 Situation Analysis

MSWM is a part of public health and sanitation, and is entrusted to the municipal government for execution. Presently, the systems are assuming larger importance due to population explosion in Municipal areas, legal intervention, emergence of newer technologies and rising public awareness Towards cleanliness (Kumar et al., 2004). Except in the metropolitan cities, SWM is the responsibility of a health officer who is assisted by the Engineering department in the
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transportation work. The activity is mostly labour intensive, and 2-3 workers are provided per 1000 residents served. The municipal agencies spend 5-25% of their budget on SWM, which is Rs. 75250 per capita per year (Kumar and Gaikwad, 2004). Normally a city of 1 Million populations spends around Rs. 10 crores for this activity. In spite of this huge expenditure, services are not provided to the desired level. Quantity and characteristics are two major factors, which are considered as the basis for the design of efficient, cost effective and environmentally compatible waste management system. The municipal corporation often depends on the vehicle trips record to estimate the waste quantity. This does not give the actual picture of waste generation. NEERI has conducted extensive studies on quantum of Waste generation in various cities. Studies have revealed that quantum of waste generation varies between 0.2-0.4 kg/capita/day in the urban centers and it goes up to 0.5 kg/capita/day in metropolitan The views expressed in this paper are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent.ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms Cities. Per capita waste quantity for various cities with different population is presented in Table 1.Thephysico-chemical characteristics of MSW in Indian Cities are presented in Table 2.Characterization studies carried out by NEERI (1996) indicate that MSW contains large organic fraction (30-40%), ash and fine earth (30-40%), paper (36%) along with plastic glass and metal (each less than 1%), calorific value of refuse ranges between 800-1000 kcal/kg and C/N ratio ranges between 20 and 30. Presently, NEERI has again been retained by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), New Delhi in quantification and characterization of MSW in metro, class I & class II cities and towns to know the actual quantities as well as characteristics of solid wastes in designing MSWM system. The
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study would be completed in October 2005. Community bin collection system is usually practiced in India. The collection bin and implements used in various cities are not properly designed. It has been observed that community bins have not been installed at proper location. This has resulted in poor collection efficiency. Lack of public awareness has made the situation worse. Various types of vehicles are used for transportation of waste to the disposal site. However, these vehicles are not designed as per requirement. In many urban centers, proper garages are not provided for the vehicles for protection from heat and rain. Preventive maintenance system is not adopted and as a result the Life of the vehicle is reduced. Many of the vehicles used for transportation of waste have outlived their normal life. Manual composting is carried out in smaller urban centre. Although in 1980's mechanical composting plants were set up in 10 cities, presently, only one plant out of them continues to be in operation. Over the years, a few more plants have been set up. Incineration has not been successful due to the low calorific value of the solid waste. Waste is disposed of in low-lying areas without taking any precautions and without any operational control. Solid waste workers handle the waste without any protective equipment and are prone to infection.

3.0 Future Scenario

The urban population of 285 million is concentrated in a few large cities and 32 metropolitan cities are accounting for 34.5 percent of the urban population that is expected to reach 341 million by 2010(census of India, 2001). The waste quantities are estimated to increase from 46 million tones in 2001to 65 million tones in 2010 (Kumar and Gaikwad, 2004). The waste characteristics are expected to change due to urbanization, increased commercialization and standard of living. The present trend indicates that the paper and plastics content will
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increase while the organic content will decrease. The ash and earth content is also expected to decrease mainly due to an increase in the paved surface. Although, the organic content is expected to decrease, the material will still be amenable to biodegradation and the calorific value will continue tope unsuitable for incineration. In keeping with the present practices and estimates of waste generation, around 90% of the generated wastes are landfilled requiring around 1200 hectare of land every year with an average depth of 3 m. Due to rapid urbanization, prevailing land use regulation and completing demands for available land, it is desirable that adequate land be earmarked at the planning stage itself for solid waste disposal. The larger quantities of solid waste and higher degree of urbanization will necessitate better management involving a higher level of expenditure on manpower and equipment.

4.0 Problems Associated with the System

SWM systems exist in most of the urban centers since last few decades. However, these systems have yet to emerge as a wellorganized practice. Although, the solid waste characteristics in different urban centers vary significantly, there is a meager effort to tailor the system configuration to the waste characteristics. The major deficiencies associated with the system are described in the following sections (Kumar and Gaikwad, 2004). Rapidly Increasing Areas to be Served and Quantity of Waste The solid waste quantities generated in urban centres are increasing due to rise in the population and increase in the per capita waste generation rate. The increasing solid waste quantities and the are as to be served strain the existing SWM system. Inadequate Resources
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While allocating resources including finance, SWM is assigned with a low priority resulting in inadequate provision of funds. Often there is a common budget for collection and treatment of sewage and SWM and the later receives a minor share of the funds. The inadequacy of human resource is mainly due to the absence of suitably trained staff. Inappropriate Technology The equipment and machinery presently used in the system are usually that which have been developed for general purpose or that which have been adopted from other industry. This results in underutilization of existing resources and lowering of the efficiency. A few attempts have been madeto borrow the technology developed in other countries like highly mechanized compost plants, incinerator-cum-power plants, compactor vehicles etc. However, these attempts have met with little success, since, the solid waste characteristics and local conditions in India are much different from those for which the technology is developed. Disproportionately High Cost of Manpower Mostly out of the total expenditure, around 90% is accounted for manpower of which major portion is utilized for collection. Since citizens tend to throw the waste on the adjoining road and outside the bin, the work of the collection staff is increased. Hence, the cost of collection increases considerably. Societal and Management Apathy The operational efficiency of SWM depends on the active participation of both the municipal agency and the citizens. Since the social status of SWM is low, there is a strong apathy towards it, which can be seen from the uncollected waste in many areas and the deterioration of aesthetic and Environmental quality at the uncontrolled disposal sites. Low Efficiency of the System
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The SWM system is unplanned and is operated in an unscientific way. Neither the work norms are specified nor the work of collection staff appropriately supervised. The vehicles are poorly maintained and no schedule is observed for preventive maintenance. Due to shortage of financial resources, the vehicles are often used beyond their economical life resulting in inefficient operation. Further, there is no co-ordination of activities between different components of the system. The cumulative effect of all these factors is an inefficient SWM system.

Data of other countriesAustralia

In Australia, curbside collection is the method of disposal of waste. Every urban domestic household is provided with three bins: one for recyclables, another for general waste and another for garden materials - this bin is provided by the municipality if requested. Also, many households have compost bins; but this is not provided by the municipality. To encourage recycling, municipalities provide large recycle bins, which are larger than general waste bins. Municipal, commercial and industrial, construction and demolition waste is dumped at landfills and some is recycled. Household waste is segregated: recyclables sorted and made into new products, and general waste is dumped in landfill areas. According to the ABS, the recycling rate is high and is 'increasing, with 99% of households reporting that they had recycled or reused some of their waste within the past year (2003 survey), up from 85% in 1992'. This suggests that Australians are in favor of reduced or no land filling and the recycling of waste. Of the total waste produced in 200203, '30% of municipal waste, 45% of commercial and industrial waste and 57% of construction and demolition waste' was recycled. Energy is produced from waste as well: some landfill gas is captured for fuel or electricity generation. Households and industries are not charged for the volume of waste they produce.
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EUROPE

In Europe and a few other places around the world, a few communities use a proprietary collection system known as Envac, which conveys refuse via underground conduits using a vacuum system. Other vacuum-based solutions include the MetroTaifun single-line and ring-line systems.

CANADA

In Canadian urban centres curbside collection is the most common method of disposal, whereby the city collects waste and/or recyclables and/or organics on a scheduled basis. In rural areas people often dispose of their waste by hauling it to a transfer station. Waste collected is then transported to a regional landfill.

ENGLAND
At the end of 2009 in England and Wales there were:

497 operational permitted landfills either meeting the requirements of the Landfill Directive, operating subject to an ongoing appeal or to an agreed landfill extension;

The following had an environmental permit in force: 3,591 transfer stations; 1,381 treatment facilities; 2,411 metal recycling sites; 94 waste incinerators accepting waste sources.

from

off-site

During 2009 regulated facilities in England and Wales managed a total of around 134 million tones of waste. Of this:
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46.5 million tones were land filled; 41.9 million tones were transferred, before final disposal or recovery; 27.4 million tonnes were treated; 13.2 million tonnes were handled through metal recycling facilities; 5.4 million Tonnes were incinerated.

At the end of 2009 there were:

614 million cubic meters of available landfill capacity, with 68 per cent of this available at merchant non-hazardous sites; 18 million cubic meters available at hazardous waste only sites; Nearly eight years of landfill life left at sites for nonhazardous wastes in England and Wales, at 2009 input rates.

During 2009, in England and Wales, 4.3 million tonnes of hazardous waste were produced, generated from nearly 170,000 businesses and industry, with:

13 per cent land filled; 22 per cent transferred, before final disposal or recovery; 35 per cent treated; 23 per cent recycled, recovered or re-used; Seven per cent incinerated.

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NEW ZEALAND Results

U.S.A. -A YEARLY SNAPSHOT OF U.S. (municipal) WASTE & RECYCLING

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Survey of Previous Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

(mostly) Tons Municipal Percentag Dispose U.S. Tons Waste Increase e d Population Disposed Generated Recycled Per (tons) Person 246,819,23 269,000,00 247,480,00 --------8% 1.002 0 0 0 249,439,54 293,613,00 +24,613,0 259,847,00 11.5% 1.041 5 0 00 0 252,124,36 280,675,00 241,380,00 14% 0.957 2 0 12,938,000 0 255,001,82 291,742,00 +11,067,0 242,146,00 17% 0.949 7 0 00 0 257,752,70 306,866,00 +15,124,0 248,561,00 19% 0.964 2 0 00 0 260,292,43 322,879,00 +16,013,0 248,617,00 23% 0.955 7 0 00 0 262,760,63 326,709,00 +3,830,00 238,498,00 27% 0.907 9 0 0 0 265,179,41 327,460,00 +1,751,00 235,771,00 28% 0.890 1 0 0 0 267,636,06 340,466,00 +13,006,0 238,326,00 30% 0.890 1 0 00 0 272,690,81 374,631,00 +34,165,0 267,108,21 31.5% 0.979 3 0 00 5 280,000,00 382,594,00 +7,963,00 256,338,00 0 33% 0.661 0 0 0 estimate 286,345,00 409,029,00 +26,435,0 278,139,72 32% 0.979 0 0 00 0

BIOCYCLE uses state reports that may list other types of waste in addition to municipal waste.

Role of govt and NGOs

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Role of local government in waste management

A local governments main responsibility in managing community waste is to:
1. 2.

Arrange for waste to be collected regularly from households. Store, recycle, or dispose of waste properly.

Other roles include educating and informing their community of ways they can help manage waste.

Regional plans - sharing the costs

1. Councils in smaller communities can improve the quality of their waste management services, and cut their costs, by developing waste plans with nearby councils. A regional waste plan could allow councils to share staff, equipment, and facilities. For example, two or more councils could work together to: 2. Run one vehicle to collect rubbish in all their communities 3. Hire one driver or team to handle the collection 4. Set up a single recycling centre 5. Set up a single centre for handling dangerous goods. 6. A regional waste plan can also help deal with waste problems along a council boundary, such as a creek or river.

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Waste collection

In larger regional centers, local governments contract commercial operators to collect household waste. For small communities, it can be difficult to interest commercial operators in providing a regular collection service. If your council provides the local waste collection service, the following points can help make it efficient. 2. Weekly household waste collection 3. Provide each household with a standard size bin. 4. Have waste collected on the same day each week. 5. Let households know what types of waste should be, and should not be, placed in their bins. (Perhaps place stickers on the bins.) 6. Ensure that the vehicle collecting the bins is the right design. Can bins be safely lifted and emptied? Is the collected waste secure so it will not fall off as the vehicle moves? 7. Ensure that the people collecting the waste have the right training. Do they know safe ways to lift and empty bins? Do they know what to do if they find dangerous goods in household waste? 8. Check that the council rubbish tip is designed to make unloading the collected waste safe. 9. A council levy can be placed on each household to help pay for the collection service.
1.

Special collections (community clean-ups)

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Special collections help households get rid of larger items or dangerous goods rather than let them rot or rust in yards, pollute the land or harm the community. Special collections can be done at intervals throughout the year. Advise households well in advance of the date for these special collections and the types of waste being collected. You could tie these collections in with a special event, such as Clean Up Australia day or the Keep Australia Beautiful - Tidy Towns campaign. A clean-up could also be held the week before a sporting or cultural gathering hosted by your community. This will have many positive effects, including increasing the sense of pride the community has in its town and impressing the visitors!

Waste disposal (council rubbish tips)

Every council must provide a safe, secure location where collected rubbish can be dumped, and where community members can take extra household rubbish. More information and links are on the Rubbish Tip Management page. Before you build, open or run a tip, you need to find out what environmental laws you need to comply with. These laws aim to protect the environment (the land, water, air and other things) from pollution and contamination. Important: To run a council tip, you may need an environmental license from the Environmental Protection Agency in the state government. This license lists the things the council must do to make sure its tip doesnt pollute the environment. Contact your local office Agency for more information. of the Environmental Protection

Contaminated land (including rubbish tips)

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Under the Environmental Protection Act 1994, local governments must identify and manage contaminated land in their areas. Councils must also notify the Environmental Protection Agency about that land. Under the Environmental Protection Act 1994, operating a council rubbish tip is classed as a Notifiable Activity. The land where a tip is located is Contaminated Land. Your council must register the location of a rubbish tip with the Environmental Protection Agency. Youll find links to information about notifiable activities and registering Contaminated Land on the Environmental Protection Agency website: Guidelines and Information Sheets. Also on the EPA website, youll find: Draft Guidelines for Assessing and Managing Contaminated Land. Please note: These Draft Guidelines refer to Department of the Environment (DOE). The name of DOE has been changed to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). After your council registers land with the EPA as Contaminated Land, the Council must maintain a record of this land (for land-use planning and decisions on development applications). Community members who want information about land recorded on the EMR or CLR should be asked to contact the EPA.

Litter
There are laws against littering, and councils can fine offenders. However, the best long-term strategy
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for beating a littering problem is community education, especially with anti-litter programs for school children. Litter creates hazards. Broken bottles and tins, for example, can injure people. Dengue mosquitoes breed in water trapped in bottles.

People are more likely to drop litter in places that already have litter lying around. As well as community awareness campaigns on litter, councils can reduce litter by providing permanent or temporary bins in places such as:

outside community stores at sporting fields at cultural and special events in parks and other family gathering areas

The bins should prevent animals or birds scavenging in the rubbish, and keep out rain and wind. You can find suppliers of outdoor rubbish bins through a search on the Internet or maybe through your local telephone directory. Youll find some education resources on the SEQ Healthy Waterways site. Other useful sites are Waste Education Initiatives in Townsville and Logan City Council (Waste Services).
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Organizations, such as Keep Australia Beautiful and Clean Up Australia might also be able to help with resources and education programs.

NGO in Waste Management India

NGO (Non Government Organization) in India have been engaged in the field of waste management for decades. Their primary role of NGOs has been that of dispersing information and educating the public about various aspects of waste management. Over the last few years NGOs have engaged them selves in certain operational aspects of waste management, such as treatment of organic waste, and collection of waste, but unfortunately the methods applied have been less that ethical in many ways. NGOs and RWAs (Resident Welfare Association) work in close association with each other on various environmental issues affecting the communities that they operate in. Not to imply that all NGOs are engaged in illicit activates, NGOs in various fields have done tremendous work in up lifting the standard of living and in increasing the awareness on various topics. How NGOs operate in the field of waste management. Most NGOs who approach RWAs or commercial and industrial establishments for the purpose of waste collection do so by promoting themselves and the cause as a noble social venture that not only helps the community but also the rag pickers that they employ. This is far from the truth. In many instances NGOs have been known to pay RWAs money on a monthly basis to secure the contract to collect waste, they then sell this contract to local waste collectors who then take on the responsibility of waste collection, transportation, segregation and disposal. This is a profitable venture for the NGO but puts undue financial stress on the waste collectors. There are numerous instances of such practices taking place in NOIDA, Delhi and Gurgoan. These NGOs are we like to call paper NGOs who little work to secure funding from abroad and then operate like a private company paying out large salaries to their founders and employees. A prominent area like Defence Colony where the RWA is very active in the environmental issues is seen employing young kings
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between the age of 10 and 15 to collect waste. As most residents in this area are not aware or could care less about who collects their waste and what happens to, it seems that the system will continue unless more awareness is brought about and NGOs operating in such a faction are held accountable.

Purpose of our project- community service

The primary objective of the study is to analyze and document the community based successful solid waste management project that resulted from the community management approaches in the urban low-income settlement area, in accordance with UWEP aim of generating additional information on waste management. The study further aims to determine the characteristic that has contributed to the success of the project. Furthermore it attempts:

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- To examine the special community management approaches of the project that contributed towards a success of a project. - To find out possibility of generating additional employment in waste handling and recycling through small and micro enterprises. - To find out socioeconomic benefits of the project. - To focus on five dimensions related to solid waste management that is society /culture, economics, environment, technology and organizations / institutions - To determine to what degree does community participation contribute to effective waste management.

About the project: Community Waste Management

Our project is about to protect the environment from pollution. We want an environment for society free from pollution. The main purpose is to serve the society. In this project we will study a system of managing waste. This is done due to protect people from every kind of pollution. By managing the waste in a better way you can serve society. This project contains a system which will provide the bins facilities to the people. People are to do only segregates the waste means they will be provided three kinds of bins which are plastic bin, bio-gas bin and metal bin.
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People are to put the waste according to the bins. Then the two trips are made by the tractor-trolley in a week. They will collect the waste and in replacement the empty bins will be provided to the people for putting the waste. This is an effort of our organization ANGELS (A NEW GENERATION ENVIORNMENT LOVERS SOCIETY). There are three colonies chosen in Rohtak. Dev colony, jhhang colony and model town (double park area). We did our project there and we told them about our system and they have accepted our system. The main purpose of our project is to protect the people from every kind of pollution in the environment. Also our system is cost effective and easy to every poor as well as rich people.

Chapter -2
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FINDINGS

Survey
A survey is done in the city of Rohtak. The area in which the survey is done is dev colony; double park area and Jhung colony. We have a questionnaire which is filled by the people and in this way we got the response of the people. In the response of the people we found some people who were not in the favor but many of them were with us. We have also a card of our organization. Many of the people in the Jhung colony were having great interest in our system and they have communicated really very well with us. We asked them about their current waste management system. Their response was slightly different. Somebody said that they are using a labour with Rick-saw system; some said that they are throwing it into neighbours plot. Then we told them about our system. We visited around sixty houses and in these many of people are satisfying with us. We told them about ourselves also that we are students. Similarly we made the survey in the both remaining colonies.

Area covered

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Three colonies are manily covered by the project. As we have discussed above that there are three colonies: Dev colony, Jhung colony and Double Park area etc. are covered by our project. There are some people from the dev colony and many people from the Jhung colony are very much agree with our system. We told them about our organization and show them the card. Then a questionnaire is also given to the people in which questions related to the current system of waste management is asked by us. Also there are questions related to the cost are asked. In the double park area we got the response from a few people means at most twenty houses are agree with our system. We told them that our system contains this cost and three kinds of bins will be provided to them and fifteen trips will be made by the tractor-trolley in a month means there are two trips will be made in a week.

QUESTIONNAIRE Name:_____________________Age_______Sex________ Address:________________________________________ Contact No.___________Occupation:_________________

1. What is your current system of waste Disposal? __________________________________________________

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2. Do You segregate your waste? (Y/N)____________________ 3. What do you know about Bio-degradable and Non bio-degradable waste? _________________________________ 4. What efforts are you putting to protect environment? _________________________________________________ 5. Is your waste disposal system environment friendly? (Yes/NO/Don't Know) ______________________________ 6. How much charge are you paying for waste disposal, currently? (Rs. /month)______________________________________ 7. Do you know about ANGELS' waste management System? (Y/N) ________________________________________________
8. Are you convinced with our system?

(Y/N)_____________ 9. Would you like to adopt our system? (Y/N)_____________ 10. Any improvements/suggestions you would like to tell? _______________________________________________ Thank You!

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1. What is your current system of waste Disposal?

Throw Outside Segregate MC Bins

Do You segregate your waste?(Y/N)

yes no

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3 What do you know about Biodegradable and Non biodegradable waste?

YES N0

4 What efforts are you putting to protect environment?

GROWING TREE NOTHING WAST DISPOSAL TECH.

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5 Is your waste disposal system environment friendly? (Yes/NO/Don't Know)

NO DONT KNOW

Chapter -3 Cost Analysis

Cost FactorsLabour, tractor-trolley and the material are the very important factors of cost we got in our project. Three types of bins which are of metal, plastic
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and bio-gas bins etc. and to collect them labour must be required. And for transferring the waste from one place to another we use tractor-trolley which was very important. After that the waste is recycled means take into use again. So these were the very important cost factors as their explaination is given below.

Labour -To collect the waste and put it into the tractor-trolley labour must be required. They are very necessary. And for further process also they are required means to recycling and for further use of that waste. The cost of labour of one day= 600Rs [because two person is required for work]

Tractor
For transportation we used the tractor-trolley which was very necessary to transfer the waste from one place to another. Also it will take diesel but the cost of this we have calculated already. The cost of diseal = 150Rs [3l diseal is required]

Material
Three types of bin are required for waste collection. Which are metal bins, plastic bins and bins for bio-waste? Waste is put into the bins according to the segregation method by the people. Also the empty bins will be
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provided to the people for replacement when the loaded bins are put into the tractor-trolley.

RevenueAs far as revenue is concerned we have shown the numerical values that we are having the two hundred thirty members and we are having the total income of two hundred thirty multiplied by fifty which is equal to eleven thousand five hundred. Total member Total income =230 =230*50 =11500

Membership Fees
Membership fees are 50rs per house. As we generally know that there will be cost of labour and tractor-trolley. So when we told them about our system at that time we had told them about our cost structure and they were completely satisfied with us. We have also done a calculation of our cost and profit below. So the cost factor is very necessary in this system.

Break even analysis

As we have done a brief calculation of our cost structure and we can say that break even analysis in which cost, revenue and profit is clearly defined. So their explanation is given below.
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Total cost of one day No. of trip in one month Total cost of one month Total revenue Profit

=600+150 =750 = 15 =750*15 =11250 =11500 =11500-11250 =250

Chapter 4 Execution
Method of Operation
For waste collection we required one tractor with trolley and two people who will collect the waste from every house in two day in a week. The waste which is filled in the bins provided to the member houses will be loaded in the trolley and in replacement an empty bin will be left there. Which will be again filled by the member house and similarly we will replace it on every trip. Also the cost of our system was already told to the
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people. People are to do just a single work. They are to just segregate the waste according to the bins. And all other remaining work will be done by our organization.

No of trips
15s trip is made in one month in each colony. One trip is made in two days and the empty bins will be provided. A tractor trolley will collect the waste in each trip. People are made well aware of this thing that the waste will be collected in every two days and tractor-trolley will be used to transferring the waste from one place to another place and also the labours will collect the waste and they will provide the empty bins to the people.

Method of collection
Three types of bins will be provided by the ANGELS. One for biowaste, one for plastic and one for metal. Waste segregation method is used. In our system people are provided three kinds of bins as we have discussed and people are to do just one thing that they are to segregate the waste according to the bins. A tractor-trolley will come with the labours and they will collect the waste from the houses and in replacement the empty bins will be provided to the members of the houses.

Storage
To collect the waste the three different kinds of bins will be provided to the house members and they are to just segregate the waste according to the bins. So the waste will be stored into the different kinds of bins for example the metal waste will be put into the metal bin and the plastic waste will be put into the plastic bins. And when the tractor-trolley will collect the waste the empty bins will be provided to the house members to just repeat this process.
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Transportation
As far as transportation is concerned a tractor-trolley is arranged in our project because the maximum amount of the waste can be stored in the tractor-trolley. We needed the maximum storage of waste thats why we have made arrangement of tractor-trolley. It visits into the different three colonies and from everywhere it will collect the waste and transfer it into another place.

Disposal
The waste will be disposed by the composting process and by the recycling process. The metal waste can be recycled and the bio-waste will be used into the composting process. Also the waste of plastic and remaining waste can be recycled to take the best disposal of the waste. So every thing about our system is already told to the people so that they have no complained later about our system.

How is our method better?

In this method the waste is disposed in a best way and there will be no chance of any kind of pollution in the environment. This system contains the best use of waste. This system is cost effective and people had no problem related with the cost of our system because they had been already
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paying more than our system. There are some points given below to understand well the system.

Best way of waste disposal. No chance of any kind of pollution. Full utilization of waste. No harm to health and environment.

Cost effective.

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Chapter -5 Results: Before After

Before our system is implemented people were unconscious about the waste management. Some people threw the waste in the neighbors plot. Some people burnt the waste. Only a few people were using the Rick-saw system. They were to pay a certain amount of money. So they were being charged for it. In all the three colonies only a few people were aware of it. These people were having a little bit worry about the environment pollution. But the remaining people did not have any kind of worry about the environment pollution. They did not know the result of throwing the waste here and there. But when we tell them about our system many of people were with us. When our system was implemented, many kinds of problems are solved. Now there is a best way of managing waste is being used in all the colonies. Now the composting process is being used for bio-waste. And the metal waste and plastic waste is used in recycling process. So now the waste is being disposed in a best way. Every people is satisfied with us and they are having no problem related to the cost system. They are really happy now because the waste is being used in a best way and they know that now there is no danger of any kind of diseases in their colony. They are to just do only a single work which is to segregate the waste according to the bins. This system is also available now in the colonies and people are really agreed with our system.
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LIMITATIONS
1.

Money was the main factor for the student to complete the project. Response of the some people was hopeless. Time was another problem.

2. 3.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.google.co.in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management http://scp.eionet.europa.eu/themes/waste http://www.health.qld.gov.au/ehworm/waste_management/role_loca l_gov.asp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization

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