Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras

1
Limit State Method

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
2
Designer has to ensure the structures, he
designs are:

Fit for their purpose
Safe
Economical and durable
INTRODUCTION
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
3
Following Uncertainties affect the safety
of a structure

about loading

about material strength and

about structural dimensions

about behaviour under load
INTRODUCTION
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
4
LIMIT STATE DESIGN
Limit State: State at which one of the conditions pertaining
to the structure has reached a limiting value

Limit States
Limit States of Strength Limit States of Serviceability

Strength as governed by material Deflection
Buckling strength Vibration
Stability against overturning, sway Fatigue cracks (reparable damage)
Fatigue Fracture Corrosion
Brittle Fracture Fire resistance

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
5
RANDOM VARIATIONS

Resistance, S
Load effect, Q
f(S)
f(Q)
Q
m

Frequency
Probability density functions for strength and load effect
S
m

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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LIMIT STATES DESIGN
Basis of Limit States
Design
Fig. 1 Probability distribution of the safety margin R-Q
R-Q
R-Q<0 R-Q>0
(R-Q)
m

f(R-Q)
| o
(R-Q)

2
Q
2
s
m m
Q S
o o
|
+

=
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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PROBABILITY OF FAILURE
( )
(
(
(

=
(
(

2
Q
2
R
m m
Q R
m
f
Q R
Q R
P
o o
u
o
u
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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SAFETY INDEX
2
Q
2
S
m m
Q S
o o
|
+

=
P
f
=u [- |]
| 2.32 3.09 3.72 4.27 4.75 5.2 5.61
P
f
= | (-|) 10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
10
-7
10
-8

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR

m u k fk
S Q / s

) V 1 ( S ) V 1 ( Q
2
s sq m
2
q qs m
o | o | < +
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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Stresses caused by the characteristic loads must
be less than an allowable stress, which is a
fraction of the yield strength

Allowable stress may be defined in terms of a
factor of safety" which represents a margin for
overload and other unknown factors which could be
tolerated by the structure
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (ASD)
Characteristic
Load Effects
Characteristic Strength
Factor of Safety
s
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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ALLOWABLE SRESS DESIGN (ASD)
Allowable stress = (Yield stress) / (Factor of
safety)

Limitations

Material non-linearity

Non-linear behaviour in the postbuckled state
and the property of steel to tolerate high
stresses by yielding locally and redistributing
the loads not accounted for.

No allowance for redistribution of loads in
statically indeterminate members

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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LIMIT STATES DESIGN
Limit States" are various conditions in which a
structure would be considered to have failed to fulfil
the purpose for which it was built.

Ultimate Limit States are those catastrophic
states,which require a larger reliability in order to
reduce the probability of its occurrence to a very
low level.

Serviceability Limit State" refers to the limits on
acceptable performance of the structure during
service.
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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General Principles of
Limit States Design
Structure to be designed for the Limit States at
which they would become unfit for their intended
purpose by choosing, appropriate partial safety
factors, based on probabilistic methods.

Two partial safety factors, one applied to loading
(
f
) and another to the material strength (
m
) shall
be employed.
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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f
allows for;

Possible deviation of the actual behaviour of the
structure from the analysis model
Deviation of loads from specified values and
Reduced probability that the various loads acting
together will simultaneously reach the characteristic
value.


Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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LIMIT STATES DESIGN

E(Load * Load Factor) s
(Resistance )
(Resistance Factor)

m
takes account;

Possible deviation of the material in the
structure from that assumed in design
Possible reduction in the strength of the
material from its characteristic value
Manufacturing tolerances.
Mode of failure (ductile or brittle)
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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IS800 SECTION 5 LIMIT STATE DESIGN
5.1 Basis for Design
5.2 Limit State Design
5.3 Actions
5.4 Strength
5.5 Factors Governing the Ultimate Strength
5.5.1 Stability
5.5.2 Fatigue
5.5.3 Plastic Collapse
5.6 Limit State of Serviceability
5.6.1 Deflection
5.6.2 Vibration
5.6.3 Durability
5.6.4 Fire Resistance
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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5.1 Basis for Design
the structure shall be designed to withstand safely all
loads likely to act on it throughout its life.
It shall also satisfy the serviceability requirements,
such as limitations of deflection and vibration.

It shall not suffer total collapse under accidental loads
such as from explosions or impact or due to
consequences of human error to an extent beyond the
local damages.

The objective of design is to achieve a structure that
will remain fit for use during its life with an acceptable
target reliability.
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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5.1.3
The potential for catastrophic damage shall be limited or
avoided by appropriate choice of one or more of the
following:
i) avoiding, eliminating or reducing exposure to hazards,
which the structure is likely to sustain.
ii) choosing structural forms, layouts and details and
designing such that
the structure has low sensitivity to hazardous conditions.
the structure survives with only local damage even after serious
damage to any one individual element by the hazard.
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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Conditions to be satisfied to avoid a
disproportionate collapse
building should be effectively tied together at
each principal floor level and each column should
be effectively held in position by means of
continuous ties (beams) nearly orthogonal
each storey of the building should be checked to
ensure disproportionate collapse would not
precipitate by the notional removal, one at a time,
of each column.
check should be made at each storey by
removing one lateral support system at a time to
ensure disproportionate collapse would not
occur.
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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Actions
5.3.1 Classification of Actions
by their variation with time as given below:
a) Permanent Actions (Qp): Actions due to self-
weight of structural and non-structural components,
fittings, ancillaries, and fixed equipment etc.
b) Variable Actions (Qv): Actions due to construction
and service stage loads such as imposed (live) loads
(crane loads, snow loads etc.), wind loads, and
earthquake loads etc.
c) Accidental Actions (Qa): Actions due to
explosions, impact of vehicles, and fires etc.
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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Combina
tion
Limit State of Strength Limit state of Serviceability
DL
LL
WL
/
EL
AL DL
LL
WL
/EL
Lead
ing
Accompa
Nying
Leadi
ng
Accompan
ying
DL+LL+CL 1.5 1.5 1.05 1.0 1.0 1.0
DL+LL+CL
+
WL/EL
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.05
0.53
0.6
1.2
1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8
DL+WL/EL
1.5
(0.9)
*

1.5 1.0 1.0
DL+ER
1.2
(0.9)
1.2
DL+LL+AL 1.0 0.35 0.35 1.0
Partial Safety Factors (Actions)
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS (Strength)
Sl.
No
Definition Partial Safety Factor
1 Resistance, governed by
yielding
mo

1.1
2 Resistance of member to
buckling
mo

1.1
3 Resistance, governed by
ultimate stress
m1

1.25
4 Resistance of connection
m1


Bolts-Friction Type
Bolts-Bearing Type
Rivets
Welds
Shop
Fabrication
s
Field
Fabricatio
ns
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.50
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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5.5 Factors Governing the Ultimate Strength
frame stability against overturning and sway
Fatigue design shall be as per Section 13 of this
code. When designing for fatigue, the load factor
for action, f, equal to unity shall be used for the
load causing stress fluctuation and stress range.
Plastic Collapse Plastic analysis and design may
be used if the requirement specified under the
plastic method of analysis (Section 4.5) are
satisfied.
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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5.6 Limit State of Serviceability
Deflections are to be checked for the most
adverse but realistic combination of service loads
and their arrangement, by elastic analysis, using a
load factor of 1.0
Suitable provisions in the design shall be made for
the dynamic effects of live loads, impact loads and
vibration/fatigue due to machinery operating loads.
The durability of steel structures shall be ensured
by following recommendations of Section 15.
Design provisions to resist fire are briefly
discussed in Section 16.
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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LIMITING DEFLECTIONS under LL Only
Type of
building
Deflectio
n
Design Load Member Supporting
Maximum
Deflection
Indus
trial
building
Vertical
Live
load/Wind
load
Purlins and
Girts
Purlins and
Girts
Elastic cladding
Brittle cladding
Span / 150
Span / 180
Live load Simple span Elastic cladding Span / 240
Live load Simple span Brittle cladding Span / 300
Live load Cantilever span Elastic cladding Span / 120
Live load Cantilever span Brittle cladding Span / 150
Live load or
Wind load
Rafter
supporting
Profiled Metal
Sheeting
Span / 180
Plastered Sheeting Span / 240
Crane load
(Manual
operation)
Gantry Crane Span / 500
Crane load
(Electric
operation
over 50 t)
Gantry Crane Span / 1000
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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DEFLECTION LIMITS under LL Only
Deflection
Design Load Member Supporting
Maximum
Deflection
Lateral
Crane+
wind
No cranes Column
Elastic
cladding
Height / 150
No cranes Column
Masonry/brittle
cladding
Height / 240
Crane
Gantry
(lateral)
Crane Span / 400
Vertical
Live load Floors & roofs
Not
susceptible
to cracking
Span / 300
Live load Floor & Roof
Susceptible to
cracking
Span / 360
Lateral Wind Building --- Height / 500
Wind
Inter storey
drift
---
Storey height /
300
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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