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Chng I:

TNG QUAN V GSM

I. Lch s pht trin mng GSM Thut ng thng tin di ng t bo ra i vo nhng nm 70, khi kt hp c cc vng ph sng ring l thnh cng, gii c bi ton kh v dung lng. Thng 12-1971 a ra h thng cellular k thut tng t, FM, di tn s 850Mhz. Da trn cng ngh ny n nm 1983, mng in thoi di ng AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone Service) phc v thng mi u tin ti Chicago, nc M. Sau hng lot cc chun thng tin di ng ra i nh: Nordic Mobile Telephone (NTM), Total Access Communication System (TACS). Giai on ny gi l h thng di ng tng t th h u tin (1G) vi di tng hp, tt c cc h thng 1G s dng iu ch tn s FM cho m thoi, iu ch kho dch tn FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) cho tn hiu v k thut truy cp c s dng l FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access). Th h th 2 (2G) c ph bin trong sut thp nin 90. S pht trin cng ngh thng tin di ng th h th hai cng cc tin ch ca n lm bng n lng thu bao di ng trn ton cu. y l thi k chuyn i t cc cng ngh analog sang digital. Giai on ny c cc h thng thng tin di ng s nh: GSM- 900MHZ (Global System for Mobile), DCS-1800MHZ (Digital Cordless System), PDC1900Mhz (Personal Digital Cellular), IS-54 v IS-95 (Interior Standard). Trong GSM l tin thn ca hai h thng DCS, PDC. Cc h thng s dng k thut TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) ngoi tr IS-95 s dng k thut CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access). Th h 2G c kh nng cung cp dch v a dng, cc tin ch h tr cho cng ngh thng tin, cho php thu bao thc hin qu trnh chuyn vng quc t to kh nng gi lin lc trong mt din rng khi h di chuyn t quc gia ny sang quc gia khc.
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Th h th ba (3G), t nm 1992 Hi ngh th gii truyn thng dnh cho truyn thng mt s di tn cho h thng di ng 3G : ph rng 230MHz trong di tn 2GHz, trong 60MHz c dnh cho lin lc v tinh. Sau Lin Hip Quc T Truyn Thng (UIT) ch trng mt h thng di ng quc t ton cu vi d n IMT - 2000 s dng trong cc di 1885 - 2025MHz v 2110-2200MHz. Th h 3G gm c cc k thut : W-CDMA (Wide band CDMA) kiu FDD v TD-CDMA (Time Division CDMA) kiu TDD. Mc tiu ca IMT- 2000 l gip cho cc thu bao lin lc vi nhau v s dng cc dch v a truyn thng trn phm vi th gii, vi lu lng bit i t 144Kbit/s trong vng rng v ln n 2Mbps trong vng a phng. Dch v bt u vo nm 2001- 2002. nc ta, mng thng tin di ng u tin ra i vo nm 1992 vi khong 5.000 thu bao. Hai nh cung cp dch v thng tin di ng ln l Mobifone (VMS) ra i nm 1993 lin doanh gia cng ty bu chnh vin thng VN (VNPT) v tp on COMVIK (Thy in) v Vinafone ca trung tm dch v vin thng (GPC) thuc VNPT ra i nm 1996. n nm 2002 Sfone ca tp on TELECOM ca Hn Quc v thng 6/2004, Viettel ca cng Ty Vin Thng Qun i cng bc vo cuc. Cuc chy ua ca cc nh khai thc lm cho gi cc gim xung v cc dch v cng a dng.

II.

CC CHC NNG CA H THNG GSM

1. Cc c tnh ch yu ca h thng GSM C th phc v c s ln cc dch v v tin ch cho thu bao c trong thng tin di ng thoi v truyn s liu. i vi thoi c th c cc dch v: Chuyn hng cuc gi v iu kin Chuyn hng cuc gi khi thu bao di ng bn Cm tt c cc cuc gi ra quc t. Gi cuc gi. Thng bo cc ph.
2

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gi.

Nhn dng s ch gi. i vi dch v s liu: truyn s liu Dch v nhn tin: cc gi thng tin c kch c 160 k t c th lu

2. S tng thch ca cc dch v trong GSM vi cc dch v ca mng sn c. PSTN ( Publich Switched Telephone Network - Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng).

v).

ISDN ( Intergrated Service Digital Network mng s t hp dch

Cho php cc thu bao lu ng cc nc vi nhau c cng s dng h thng GSM mt cch hon ton t ng. Ngha l thu bao c th mang my di ng i mi ni v mng s t ng cp nht thng tin v v tr ca thu bao ng thi thu bao c th gi bt c ni no m khng cn thit thu bao khc ang u. s dng bng tn 900 MHz vi hiu qu cao bi s kt hp gia 2 phng Gii quyt s hn ch dung lng: thc cht vic dung lng s tng php TDMA, FDMA. ln nh vic s dng tn s tt hn v k thut chia nh, do vy s thu bao c phc v s tng ln. Tnh linh ng cao nh s dng cc loi my thng tin di ng khc Tnh bo mt: Mng kim tra s hp l ca mi thu bao GSM bi nhau: my cm tay, my xch tay, my t trn t th ng k SIM (Subcirber identity Module). Th Sim s dng mt khu PIN (Persnal Identity Number) bo v quyn s dng ca ngi s dng hp php. SIM cho php s dng nhiu dch v v cho php ngi dng truy nhp vo cc PLMN(Public Land Mobile Network) khc nhau. ng thi trong h thng GSM cn c trung tm nhn thc AuC, trung tm cn cung cp m bo mt chng nghe trm cho tng ng v tuyn v thay i cho tng thu bao.
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III. CU TRC A L CA MNG Mi mng in thoi cn mt cu trc nht nh nh tuyn cc cuc gi n tng i cn thit v cui cng n thu bao b gi. mt mng di ng, cu trc ny rt quan trng do tnh lu thng ca cc thu bao trong mng. Trong h thng GSM, mng c phn chia thnh cc phn vng sau (hnh 1.1):

Hnh 1.1 Phn cp cu trc a l mng GSM

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Hnh 1.2 Phn vng v chia 1. Vng phc v PLMN Vng phc v GSM l ton b vng phc v do s kt hp ca cc quc gia thnh vin nn nhng my in thoi di ng GSM ca cc mng GSM khc nhau c th s dng c nhiu ni trn th gii. Phn cp tip theo l vng phc v PLMN, c th l mt hay nhiu vng trong mt quc gia ty theo kch thc ca vng phc v. Kt ni cc ng truyn gia mng di ng GSM/PLMN v cc mng khc (c nh hay di ng) u mc tng i trung k quc gia hay quc t. Tt c cc cuc gi vo hay ra mng GSM/PLMN u c nh tuyn thng qua tng i v tuyn cng G-MSC (Gateway - Mobile Service Switching Center). G-MSC lm vic nh mt tng i trung k vo cho GSM/PLMN. 2. Vng phc v MSC MSC (Trung tm chuyn mch cc nghip v di ng, gi tt l tng i di ng). Vng MSC l mt b phn ca mng c mt MSC qun l. nh tuyn mt cuc gi n mt thu bao di ng. Mi thng tin nh tuyn cuc gi ti thu bao di ng hin ang trong vng phc v ca MSC c lu gi trong b ghi nh v tm tr VLR. Mt vng mng GSM/PLMN c chia thnh mt hay nhiu vng phc v MSC/VLR. 3. Vng nh v LA Mi vng phc v MSC/VLR c chia thnh mt s vng nh v LA. Vng nh v l mt phn ca vng phc v MSC/VLR, m mt trm di ng c th chuyn ng t do m khng cn cp nht thng tin v v tr cho tng i MSC/VLR iu khin vng nh v ny. Vng nh v ny l mt vng m thng bo tm gi s c pht qung b tm mt thu bao di ng b gi. Vng

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nh v LA c h thng s dng tm mt thu bao ang trng thi hot ng. H thng c th nhn dng vng nh v bng cch s dng nhn dng vng nh v LAI (Location Area Identity): LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC MCC (Mobile Country Code): m quc gia MNC (Mobile Network Code): m mng di ng LAC (Location Area Code) : m vng nh v (16 bit) 4. Cell Vng nh v c chia thnh mt s m khi MS di chuyn trong th khng cn cp nht thng tin v v tr vi mng. Cell l n v c s ca mng, l mt vng ph sng v tuyn c nhn dng bng nhn ng ton cu (CGI). Mi c qun l bi mt trm v tuyn gc BTS. CGI = MCC + MNC + LAC + CI CI (Cell Identity): Nhn dng xc nh v tr trong vng nh v. Trm di ng MS t nhn dng mt bng cch s dng m nhn dng trm gc BSIC (Base Station Identification Code). IV. BNG TN S DNG TRONG H THNG GSM
8 9 0 2 0 0 2 5 M h z K h zB n g ( T M 9 1 5 9 3 5 2 0 0 2 5 M h z K M M M h z8 8 2 M h z 1 7 1 0 M h z

t n l n S - B T S ) h z9 1 5 h z9 2 7 MG hS z M 1 7 8 5 m r h nz g 1 8 0 5 M M D M h z S C h z

h z B n g t n ( T B T S 9 6 0 M

x u n g - M S ) h z9 6 0 M h z 1 8 8 0 M h z

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Hnh 1.3 bng tn c bn v m rng ca GSM H thng thng tin di ng GSM lm vic trong bng tn 890 960 KHz, bng t ny c chia lm 2 phn: - Bng tn ln (uplink band): 890 915 KHz cho cc knh v tuyn t trm di ng n h thng tram thu pht gc. - Bng tn xun (downlink band): 935 960 KHz cho cc knh v tuyn t tram thu pht gc m trm di ng Mi bng rng 23KHz , c chia lm 24 sng mang. Cc sng mang cnh nhau cch nhau 200KHz. Mi knh s dng 2 tn s ring bit, mt cho ng ln, mt cho ng xung. cc knh ny c gi l knh song cng. Khong cch gia 2 tn s l khng thay i v bng 45KHz, c gi l khong cch song cng. Knh v tuyn ny c chia lm 8 khe thi gian, mi khe thi gian l mt knh vt l trao i thng tin gia trm thu pht v trm di ng. Ngoi bng tn trn GSM cn m rng bng tn DCS (Digital Cellular System) V. PHNG PHP TRUY NHP TRONG THNG TIN DI NG giao din v tuyn, MS v BTS lin lc vi nhau bng sng v tuyn. s dng ti nguyn tn s c hiu qu, ngoi vic s dng li tn s, s knh v tuyn c dng theo kiu knh trung k. H thng trung k v tuyn l h thng v tuyn c s knh sn sng phc v t hn s ngi dng kh d. Phng thc s dng cc knh gi l phng php a truy nhp. Ngi dng khi c nhu cu th c m bo v s truy nhp vo trung k. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s FDMA (Frquency Division Multiple Access): phc v cc cuc gi theo cc knh tn s khc nhau. Ngi dng c cp pht mt knh trong tp hp cc knh trong lnh vc tn s. Ph tn s c chia thnh 2N di tn s k tip, cch nhau mt khong bo v. Mi di tn s c gn mt knh lin lc, N di dnh cho lin lc hng ln, N di dnh cho lin lc hng xung.

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a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access): khi c yu cu mt cuc gi th mt knh v tuyn c n nh. Cc thu bao khc nhau dng chung mt knh nh ci xen thi gian. Mi thu bao c cp mt khe trong cu trc khung tun hon 8 khe. a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access): l phng php trai ph tn hiu, gn cho mi MS mt m ring bit cho php nhiu MS cng thu, pht c lp trn mt bng tn nn tng dung lng cho h thng. Hin ti cng ngh CDMA ang c trin khai ti m s quc gia. Ti Vit Nam hin c mng thng tin di ng S- Fone ca cng ty c phn vin thng Si Gn (SPT) ang s dng cng ngh ny. Ngoi ra cn s dng phng php truy nhp theo khng gian SDMA. Mng GSM s dng phng php TDMA kt hp FDMA.

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Chng II

H THNG THNG TIN DI NG GSM

I. M hnh h thng thng tin di ng GSM

Hnh 2-1 M hnh h thng thng tin di ng GSM

OSS AUC HLR MSC BSS BSC OMC SS VLR EIR : Phn h khai thc v h tr : Trung tm nhn thc : B ghi nh v thng tr : Tng i di ng : Phn h trm gc : B iu khin trm gc : Trung tm khai thc v bo dng : Phn h chuyn mch : B ghi nh v tm tr : Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b BTS : Trm v tuyn gc MS : Trm di ng ISDN : Mng s lin kt a dch v PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network): Mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSPDN : Mng chuyn mch gi cng cng CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data Network): Mng s liu chuyn mch knh cng cng PLMN : Mng di ng mt t cng cng

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II. Cc thnh phn chc nng trong h thng Mng thng tin di ng cng cng mt t PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) theo chun GSM c chia thnh 4 phn h chnh sau: Trm di ng MS (Mobile Station) Phn h trm gc BSS (Base Station Subsystem) Phn h chuyn mch SS (Switching Subsystem)

Phn h khai thc v h tr (Operation and Support Subsystem).

2.1. Trm di ng (MS - Mobile Station) Trm di ng (MS) bao gm thit b trm di ng ME (Mobile Equipment) v mt khi nh gi l moun nhn dng thu bao (SIM-Subscriber Identity Module). l mt khi vt l tch ring, chng hn l mt IC Card hoc cn gi l card thng minh. SIM cng vi thit b trm (ME-Mobile Equipment) hp thnh trm di ng MS. SIM cung cp kh nng di ng c nhn, v th ngi s dng c th lp SIM vo bt c my in thoi di ng GSM no truy nhp vo dch v ng k. Mi in thoi di ng c phn bit bi mt s nhn dng in thoi di ng IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity). Card SIM cha mt s nhn dng thu bao di ng IMSI (International Subcriber Identity) h thng nhn dng thu bao, mt mt m xc thc v cc thng tin khc. IMEI v IMSI hon ton c lp vi nhau m bo tnh di ng c nhn. Card SIM c th chng vic s dng tri php bng mt khu hoc s nhn dng c nhn (PIN). Trm di ng GSM thc hin hai chc nng: - Thit b vt l giao tip gia thu bao di ng vi mng qua ng v tuyn.

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- ng k thu bao, chc nng th hai ny mi thu bao phi c mt th gi l SIM card. Tr mt s trng hp c bit nh gi cp cu thu bao ch c th truy nhp vo h thng khi cm th ny vo my.

2.2. H thng trm gc (BSS - Base Station Subsystem) BSS giao din trc tip vi cc trm di ng MS bng thit b BTS thng qua giao din v tuyn. Mt khc BSS thc hin giao din vi cc tng i phn h chuyn mch SS. Tm li, BSS thc hin u ni cc MS vi tng i v nh vy u ni nhng ngi s dng cc trm di ng vi nhng ngi s dng vin thng khc. BSS cng phi c iu khin, do n c u ni vi phn h vn hnh v bo dng OSS. Phn h trm gc BSS bao gm: TRAU (Transcoding and Rate Adapter Unit): B chuyn i m v phi hp tc . BSC (Base Station Controler): B iu khin trm gc. BTS (Base Transceiver Station): Trm thu pht gc. 2.2.1 Khi BTS (Base Tranceiver Station) Mt BTS bao gm cc thit b thu /pht tn hiu sng v tuyn, anten v b phn m ha v gii m giao tip vi BSC. BTS l thit b trung gian gia mng GSM v thit b thu bao MS, trao i thng tin vi MS qua giao din v tuyn. Mi BTS to ra mt hay mt s khu vc vng ph sng nht nh gi l t bo (cell). 2.2.2 Khi TRAU (Transcode/Rate Adapter Unit) Khi thch ng v chuyn i m thc hin chuyn i m thng tin t cc knh v tuyn (16 Kb/s) theo tiu chun GSM thnh cc knh thoi chun (64 Kb/s) trc khi chuyn n tng i. TRAU l thit b m qu trnh m ho v gii m ting c th ring cho GSM c tin hnh, ti y cng thc hin
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thch ng tc trong trng hp truyn s liu. TRAU l mt b phn ca BTS, nhng n cng c th c t cch xa BTS v thm ch cn t trong BSC v MSC.

2.2.3 B iu khin trm gc BSC (Base Station Controller) BSC c nhim v qun l tt c giao din v tuyn thng qua cc lnh iu khin t xa. Cc lnh ny ch yu l lnh n nh, gii phng knh v tuyn v chuyn giao. Mt pha BSC c ni vi BTS, cn pha kia ni vi MSC ca phn h chuyn mch SS. Giao din gia BSC v MSC l giao din A, cn giao din gia BTS v BSC l giao din A.bis. Cc chc nng chnh ca BSC: - Qun l mng v tuyn: Vic qun l v tuyn chnh l qun l cc cell v cc knh logic ca chng. Cc s liu qun l u c a v BSC o c v x l, chng hn nh lu lng thng tin mt cell, mi trng v tuyn, s lng cuc gi b mt, cc ln chuyn giao thnh cng v tht bi... - Qun l trm v tuyn gc BTS: Trc khi a vo khai thc, BSC lp cu hnh ca BTS ( s my thu/pht TRX, tn s cho mi trm... ). Nh m BSC c sn mt tp cc knh v tuyn dnh cho iu khin v ni thng cuc gi. - iu khin ni thng cc cuc gi: BSC chu trch nhim thit lp v gii phng cc u ni ti my di ng MS. Trong qu trnh gi, s u ni c BSC gim st. Cng tn hiu, cht lng cuc u ni c my di ng v TRX gi n BSC. Da vo m BSC s quyt nh cng sut pht tt nht ca MS v TRX gim nhiu v tng cht lng cuc u ni. BSC cng iu khin qu trnh chuyn giao nh cc kt qu o k trn quyt nh chuyn giao MS sang cell khc, nhm t c cht lng cuc gi tt hn. Trong trng hp chuyn giao sang cell ca mt BSC khc th n phi nh s tr gip ca MSC. Bn cnh , BSC cng c th iu khin chuyn giao gia cc knh trong mt cell hoc t cell ny sang knh ca cell khc trong trng hp cell ny b nghn nhiu.
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- Qun l mng truyn dn: BSC c chc nng qun l cu hnh cc ng truyn dn ti MSC v BTS m bo cht lng thng tin. Trong trng hp c s c mt tuyn no , n s t ng iu khin ti mt tuyn d phng.

2.3 H thng chuyn mch (SS - Switching Subsystem) Phn h chuyn mch bao gm cc khi chc nng sau: Trung tm chuyn mch nghip v di ng MSC Thanh ghi nh v thng tr HLR Thanh ghi nh v tm tr VLR Trung tm nhn thc AuC Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b EIR Phn h chuyn mch (SS) bao gm cc chc nng chuyn mch chnh ca mng GSM cng nh cc c s d liu cn thit cho s liu thu bao v qun l di ng ca thu bao. Chc nng chnh ca SS l qun l thng tin gia nhng ngi s dng mng GSM vi nhau v vi mng khc. 2.3.1 Trung tm chuyn mch di ng MSC. Tng i di ng MSC (Mobile services Switching Center) thng l mt tng i ln iu khin v qun l mt s cc b iu khin trm gc BSC. MSC thc hin cc chc nng chuyn mch chnh, nhim v chnh ca MSC l to kt ni v x l cuc gi n nhng thu bao ca GSM, mt mt MSC giao tip vi phn h BSS v mt khc giao tip vi mng ngoi qua tng i cng GMSC (Gateway MSC). Chc nng chnh ca tng i MSC:

X l cuc gi (Call Processing)

iu khin chuyn giao (Handover Control) Qun l di ng (Mobility Management)

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Tng tc mng IWF(Interworking Function): qua GMSC To ra CDRs (charning data records) : tnh cc thu bao.

Hnh 2-2 Chc nng x l cuc gi ca MSC

(1): Khi ch gi quay s thu bao di ng b gi, s mng dch v s lin kt ca thu bao di ng, s c hai trng hp xy ra : (1.a) Nu cuc gi khi u t mng c nh PSTN th tng i sau khi phn tch s thoi s bit y l cuc gi cho mt thu bao di ng. Cuc gi s c nh tuyn n tng i cng GMSC gn nht. (1.b) Nu cuc gi khi u t trm di ng, MSC ph trch m trm di ng trc thuc s nhn c bn tin thit lp cuc gi t MS thng qua BTS c cha s thoi ca thu bao di ng b gi. (2): MSC (hay GMSC) s phn tch s MSISDN (The Mobile Station ISDN) ca thu bao b gi tm ra HLR ni MS ng k. (3): MSC (hay GMSC) s hi HLR thng tin c th nh tuyn n MSC/VLR qun l MS. (4): HLR s tr li, khi MSC (hay GMSC) ny c th nh tuyn li cuc gi n MSC cn thit. Khi cuc gi n MSC ny, VLR s bit chi tit hn v v tr ca MS. Nh vy c th ni thng mt cuc gi mng GSM, l chc nng x l cuc gi ca MSC. kt ni MSC vi mt s mng khc cn phi thch ng cc c im truyn dn ca mng GSM vi cc mng ny. Cc thch ng ny gi l chc nng tng
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tc IWF (Inter Networking Function). IWF bao gm mt thit b thch ng giao thc v truyn dn. IWF c th thc hin trong cng chc nng MSC hay c th thit b ring, trng hp hai giao tip gia MSC v IWF c m. 2.3.2 B ghi nh v thng tr (HLR - Home Location Register): HLR l c s d liu tham chiu lu gi lu di cc thng tin v thu bao, cc thng tin lin quan ti vic cung cp cc dch v vin thng. HLR khng ph thuc vo v tr hin thi ca thu bao v cha cc thng tin v v tr hin thi ca thu bao. HLR bao gm: Cc s nhn dng: IMSI, MSISDN.

Cc thng tin v thu bao

Danh sch cc dch v m MS c s dng v b hn ch S hiu VLR ang phc v MS HLR lu li hai loi s gn cho mi thu bao di ng, l: + MSISDN: s danh b (s thu bao) Cu trc: MSISDN = CC + NDC + SN CC: M quc gia (Vit Nam: 84) NDC: M mng ( Viettel: 98, Vinaphone: 91, Mobiphone: 90) SN: S thu bao trong mng (gm 7 s) V d: 84.91.3000934 + IMSI: S nhn dng thu bao dng bo hiu trong mng Cu trc: IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN MCC: M quc gia (Vit Nam: 452) MNC: M mng (Viettel: 04, Vinaphone: 02, Mobiphone: 01) MSIN: S thu bao trong mng (gm 7 s) V d: 84.91.3000934 452.02.3000934

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Nh vy, vi mt s MSISDN s tng ng vi mt s IMSI v ch tn ti mt s IMSI duy nht trong ton b h thng GSM. IMSI c s dng MS truy nhp vo c s d liu. C s d liu cha cc thng tin sau: - Thng tin thu bao dch v thoi v phi thoi mng (bearer service) - Gii hn dch v (gii hn roaming) - Cc dch v h tr. HLR cha cc thng tin dch v ny, tuy nhin n cn c th c lu trong card thu bao. Nh vy, HLR khng c kh nng chuyn mch nhng c kh nng qun l hng ngn thu bao. Khi mng c thm mt thu bao mi, th cc thng tin v thu bao s c ng k trong HLR. 2.3.3 B ghi nh v tm tr (VLR - Visitor Location Register): VLR l mt c s d liu cha thng tin v tt c cc MS hin ang vng phc v ca MSC. Mi MSC c mt VLR, thng thit k VLR ngay trong MSC. Ngay c khi MS lu ng vo mt vng MSC mi. VLR lin kt vi MSC s yu cu s liu v MS t HLR. ng thi HLR s c thng bo rng MS ang vng MSC no. Nu sau MS mun thc hin mt cuc gi, VLR s c tt c cc thng tin cn thit thit lp mt cuc gi m khng cn hi HLR, c th coi VLR nh mt HLR phn b. VLR cha thng tin chnh xc hn v v tr MS vng MSC. Nhng khi thu bao tt my hay ri khi vng phc v ca MSC th cc s liu lin quan ti n cng ht gi tr. Hay ni cch khc, VLR l c s d liu trung gian lu tr tm thi thng tin v thu bao trong vng phc v MSC/VLR c tham chiu t c s d liu HLR. VLR bao gm: Cc s nhn dng: IMSI, MSISDN, TMSI. S hiu nhn dng vng nh v ang phc v MS Danh sch cc dch v m MS c v b hn ch s dng

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Trng thi ca MS ( bn: busy; ri: idle) 2.3.4 Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b (EIR - Equipment Identity Register): EIR c chc nng kim tra tnh hp l ca ME thng qua s liu nhn dng di ng quc t (IMEI-International Mobile Equipment Identity) v cha cc s liu v phn cng ca thit b. Mt ME s c s IMEI thuc mt trong ba danh sch sau: - Nu ME thuc danh sch trng ( White List ) th n c quyn truy nhp v s dng cc dch v ng k. - Nu ME thuc danh sch xm ( Gray List ), tc l c nghi vn v cn kim tra. Danh sch xm bao gm nhng ME c li (li phn mm hay li sn xut thit b) nhng khng nghim trng ti mc loi tr khi h thng - Nu ME thuc danh sch en ( Black List ), tc l b cm khng cho truy nhp vo h thng, nhng ME thng bo mt my. 2.3.4 Khi trung tm nhn thc AuC (Aunthentication Center) AuC c ni n HLR, chc nng ca AuC l cung cp cho HLR cc tn s nhn thc v cc kho mt m s dng cho bo mt. ng v tuyn cng c AuC cung cp m bo mt chng nghe trm, m ny c thay i ring bit cho tng thu bao. C s d liu ca AuC cn ghi nhiu thng tin cn thit khc khi thu bao ng k nhp mng v c s dng kim tra khi thu bao yu cu cung cp dch v, trnh vic truy nhp mng mt cch tri php. 2.4 Phn h khai thc v bo dng (OSS) OSS (Operation and Support System) thc hin 3 chc nng chnh: 1) Khai thc v bo dng mng. 2) Qun l thu bao v tnh cc. 3) Qun l thit b di ng. 2.4.1 Khai thc v bo dng mng:
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Khai thc: L hot ng cho php nh khai thc mng theo di hnh vi ca mng nh ti ca h thng, mc chn, s lng chuyn giao gia hai cell.v.v.. Nh vy nh khai thc c th gim st c ton b cht lng dch v m h cung cp cho khch hng v kp thi nng cp. Khai thc cn bao gm vic thay i cu hnh gim nhng vn xut hin thi im hin thi, chun b tng lu lng trong tng lai v m rng vng ph sng. h thng vin thng hin i, khai thc c thc hin bng my tnh v c tp trung mt trm. Bo dng: C nhim v pht hin, nh v v sa cha cc s c v hng hc, n c mt s quan h vi khai thc. Cc thit b h thng vin thng hin i c kh nng t pht hin mt s cc s c hay d bo s c thng qua kim tra. Bo dng bao gm cc hot ng ti hin trng nhm thay th cc thit b c s c, cng nh vic s dng cc phn mm iu khin t xa. H thng khai thc v bo dng c th c xy dng trn nguyn l ca TMN (Telecommunication Management Network - Mng qun l vin thng). Lc ny, mt mt h thng khai thc v bo dng c ni n cc phn t ca mng vin thng (MSC, HLR, VLR, BSC, v cc phn t mng khc tr BTS). Mt khc h thng khai thc v bo dng c ni ti my tnh ch ng vai tr giao tip ngi - my. Theo tiu chun GSM h thng ny c gi l trung tm vn hnh v bo dng (OMC - Operation and Maintenance Center). Qun l thu bao Bao gm cc hot ng qun l ng k thu bao. Nhim v u tin l nhp v xo thu bao khi mng. ng k thu bao cng c th rt phc tp, bao gm nhiu dch v v cc tnh nng b sung. Nh khai thc c th thm nhp c cc thng s ni trn. Mt nhim v quan trng khc ca khai thc l tnh cc cc cuc gi ri gi n thu bao. Khi HLR, SIM-Card ng vai tr nh mt b phn qun l thu bao.

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2.4.2 Qun l thit b di ng: Qun l thit b di ng c b ng k nhn dng thit b EIR thc hin. EIR lu tr ton b d liu lin quan n trm di ng MS. EIR c ni n MSC qua ng bo hiu kim tra tnh hp l ca thit b. Trong h thng GSM th EIR c coi l thuc phn h chuyn mch NSS.

III. Giao din v tuyn

Giao din v tuyn l giao din gia trm di ng (MS) v trm gc (BTS). Tn hiu truyn qua giao din ny ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: gii tn s c hn, kh quyn, khong cch, cng sut pht, mt thu bao trn mt n v tn s trong mt vng Cc knh ca giao din v tuyn bao gm cc knh vt l v cc knh logic. 3.1 Knh vt l Knh vt l t chc theo quan nim truyn dn. i vi GSM, knh vt l l mt khe thi gian mt tn s sng mang v tuyn c ch nh. GSM 900 nguyn thy - Di tn s: 890 915 MHz cho ng ln uplink (t MS n BTS). 935 960 MHz cho ng xung downlink (t BTS n MS). - Di thng tn ca mt knh vt l l 200KHz. Di tn bo v bin cng rng 200KHz. Ful (n) = 890,0 MHz + (0,2 MHz) * n Fdl (n) = Ful (n) + 45 MHz Vi 1 n 124 - Cc knh t 1 124 c gi l cc knh tn s v tuyn tuyt i ARFCN (Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number). Knh 0 l di phng v. Vy GSM 900 c 124 tn s bt u t 890,2MHz. Mi di thng tn l mt khung TDMA c 8 khe thi gian. Nh vy, s knh vt l GSM 900 l s 992 knh.

GSM 1800:
- GSM 1800 c s knh tn s tng gp 3 ln so vi GSM 900

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- Di tn s: 1710 1785 MHz uplink. 1805 1880 MHz downlink. - Ful (n) = 1710MHz + (0,2 MHz)*(n - 511) - Fdl (n) = Ful (n) + 95 MHz Vi 512 n 885. Mi mt knh tn s v tuyn c t chc thnh cc khung TDMA di 4,615 ms gm 8 khe thi gian (mt khe di 577 s). Ti BTS, cc khung TDMA cc knh tn s c ng ln v ng xung u ng b, mi MS c cp mt khe thi gian c cng s th t hng ln hay hng xung truyn bn song cng. V mt thi gian, cc knh vt l mt knh tn s c t chc theo cu trc khung, a khung, siu a khung, siu siu khung nh hnh v:

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Hnh 3.2 T chc khung, a khung

3 57 Data Bits 1 Training Bits 1 57 Data Bits 3 8.25

NB
3

142 fixed bits

8.25

FB
3

39 Data Bits

64 Training Bits 39 Data Bits 3 Sync Sequence

8.25

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SB
3

26 Training Bits

8.25

DB
3

48 Training Bits

36 Data Bits

68.25

AB

Ngi ta gi khun mu tin tc mt khe thi gian 577ms vi lu ca 156,25 bit l ni dung vt l ca mt cm (burst). C 5 cm khc nhau : + Cm bnh thng NB (Normal Burst). NB mang cc knh logic lu lng v kim tra. Knh logic lu lng TCH (Traffic Channel) c 144 bit tin v 2 bit c ly ln trong mt NB, 26 bit hng dn v khong thi gian bo v c lu bng 8,25 bit. NB c s dng cho TCH v cc knh iu khin tr RACH, SCH v FCCH. + Cm hiu chnh tn s FB (Frequency Correction Burst). FB dng hiu chnh tn s cho MS theo chun h thng. FB c 142 bit 0 to ra dch tn 67,7 KHz trn tn s danh nh , ba bit ui (0,0,0) v khong bo v 8,25 bit. FB c s dng cho knh logic FCCH (Frequency Correction Channel - Knh hiu chnh tn s). + Cm ng b SB (Synchronization Burst). SB ng b cho MS c 78 bit tin tc v FN (s khung) ca TDMA v BSIC, ba bit ui u v cui, chui hng dn ko di 64 bit v khong bo v 8,25 bit. SB c dng cho knh logic SCH (Synchronization Channel - Knh ng b). + Cm truy cp AB (Access Burst). AB phc v vic MS truy cp h thng (ngu nhin hoc chuyn giao) - AB c 36 bit tin, 41 bit ng b (cc bit hng dn, 8 bit ui u, 3 bit ui cui v khong bo v di 68,25 bit (tng ng 252
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ms dnh cho s tr ngu nhin 0 35 km). AB dng cho knh logic TCH v RACH (Random Access Channel). + Cm b nhn DB (Dumny Burst) c pht i t BTS trong mt s trng hp. DB khng mang thng tin v c cu trc ging NB nhng cc bit mt m c thay bng cc bit hn hp. 3.2 Knh logic Knh logic c t chc theo quan im ni dung tin tc, cc knh ny c t vo cc knh vt l. Cc knh logic c c trng bi thng tin truyn gia BTS v MS. C th chia knh logic thnh hai loi tng qut: cc knh lu lng TCH v cc knh bo hiu iu khin CCH.

Hnh 3-3 Phn loi knh logic

a. Knh lu lng TCH: C hai loi knh lu lng:

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- Bm hay knh lu lng ton tc (TCH/F), knh ny mang thng tin ting hay s liu tc 22,8 kbit/s. - Lm hay knh lu lng bn tc (TCH/H), knh ny mang thng tin tc 11,4 kbit/s

b. Knh iu khin CCH (k hiu l Dm): bao gm:

- Knh qung b BCH (Broadcast Channel). - Knh iu khin chung CCCH (Common Control Channel). - Knh iu khin ring DCCH (Dedicate Control Channel).

Knh qung b BCH: BCH = BCCH + FCCH + SCH. - FCCH (Frequency Correction Channel): Knh hiu chnh tn s cung cp tn s tham chiu ca h thng cho trm MS. FCCH ch c dng cho ng xung. - SCH (Synchronous Channel): Knh ng b khung cho MS. - BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel): Knh iu khin qung b cung cp cc tin tc sau: M vng nh v LAC (Location Area Code), m mng di ng MNC (Mobile Network Code), tin tc v tn s ca cc cell ln cn, thng s di qut ca cell v cc thng s phc v truy cp.

Knh iu khin chung CCCH: CCCH l knh thit lp s

truyn thng gia BTS v MS. N bao gm: CCCH = RACH + PCH + AGCH. - RACH (Random Access Channel), knh truy nhp ngu nhin. l knh hng ln MS a yu cu knh dnh ring, yu cu ny th hin trong bn tin u ca MS gi n BTS trong qu trnh mt cuc lin lc. - PCH (Paging Channel, knh tm gi) c BTS truyn xung gi MS. - AGCH (Access Grant Channel): Knh cho php truy nhp AGCH, l knh hng xung, mang tin tc phc p ca BTS i vi bn tin yu cu knh ca MS thc hin mt knh lu lng TCH v knh DCCH cho thu bao.

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Knh iu khin ring DCCH: DCCH l knh dng c hng

ln v hng xung, dng trao i bn tin bo hiu, phc v cp nht v tr, ng k v thit lp cuc gi, phc v bo dng knh. DCCH gm c: - Knh iu khin dnh ring ng mt mnh SDCCH dng cp nht v tr v thit lp cuc gi. - Knh iu khin lin kt chm SACCH, l mt knh hot ng lin tc trong sut cuc lin lc truyn cc s liu o lng v kim sot cng sut. - Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh FACCH, n lin kt vi mt knh TCH v hot ng bng cch ly ln mt khung FACCH c dng chuyn giao cell.

IV. Cc giao thc bo hiu trong h thng GSM

4.1 Cc giao din trong h thng GSM. Abis: BSC BTS A: BSC MSC B: MSC VLR C: MSC HLR D: VLR HRL Um(v tuyn): MS - BTS E: MSC - MSC F: MSC - EIR G: VLR - VLR H: HLR - AuC

Hnh 4.1 Cc giao thc bo hiu trong mng GSM

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4.2 Cc giao thc bo hiu trong h thng GSM Mng thng tin di ng GSM s dng h thng bo hiu s 7 (bo hiu knh chung) thit lp, gim st v gii phng cuc gi. Bo hiu s 7 l mng d liu chuyn mch gi c thit lp trao i bo hiu.

Cc giao thc gia BSC BTS MS.

Cc giao thc ny s dng trong cc giao din Um v Abis theo chun ca ETSI. Cc giao thc ny h tr cc chc nng ca BTS v BSC nh sau: - Gi cc thng tin ca mng v cell. Thng tin c cp nht t BSC, truyn lin tc ti BTS v lu trong BTS. - Nhn tin: c khi to t MSC cho php BSC hot ng thng qua BSSMAP. BSC ln lt cho php cc BTS trong mt vng nh v hot ng. Cc BTS gi cc cuc gi nhn, kim tra tn hiu tr li v gi thng bo ti BSC. BTS cng nhn cac cuc nhn tin t MS v gi ti BSC. - Cung cp v gii phng knh iu khin (SDCCH). BSC thc hin cc chc nng ny, BTS s x l trao i cc thng tin ti t MS. - Cung cp v gii phng knh lu lng (TCH) thit lp, xa v chuyn giao. BSC thc hin cc chc nng ny v BTS x l cc khi knh lin quan. - Nhn nh hon ton v vic chuyn giao. BTS bo vi BSC khi n pht hin c tn hiu ca MS trn knh lu lng mi. - iu khin m ha/ gii m. BTS thc hin chc nng kch hot v gii phng vic m ha theo yu cu ca BSC. - iu khin cc m thoi v thch ng tc ca cc knh thng tin. Thit b thch ng tc m ha (TRAU) thng c t trong BSC nhng c iu khin bi BTS xc nh cc knh lu lng. - Kim tra cht lng truyn dn v di tn hiu trong cc knh hng ln ang hot ng v ch Idle (ri). Kim tra c thc hin BTS v c thng bo ti BSC.
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- Giao din v tuyn cng bao gm cc chc nng c t ng x l bi BTS. - Thng tin ng b v s nhn dng MS c gi lin tc ti BTS. - Chc nng iu khin tn s c x l bi BTS, cc tn hiu iu khin ny c gi lin tc t BTS. Giao din v tuyn cng c chc nng: m ha knh, ghp knh, qun l Burst, TDMA v iu ch.

Cc giao thc gia MSC BSC v MSC MS.

Giao thc bo hiu BSSAP cha cc phn t sau: cc bn tin BSSMAP, DTAP v INTIAL MS. - Cc bn tin DTAP trao i gia MSC v MS ng k v nhn thc khi MS tt. Cc bn tin TDAP c chuyn qua BSC v BTS. - Cc bn tin khi to MS (IMSI) c truyn gia MSC v MS cp nht v tr v nhn tin. - BSSMAP l giao thc c s dng gia MSC v BSC nhn tin, thc hin cuc gi, chuyn giao, cung cp, duy tr cc knh lu lng v m ha trong BTS, MS. Giao thc ny cng c dng duy tr cc khe thi gian trn cc knh PCM gia MSC v BSC. Cc giao thc gia cc trung tm chuyn mch di ng MSC Khi thc hin chuyn giao gia cc MSC, MAP ch s dng bo hiu chuyn giao trong khi ISUP c s dng thit lp v xa cc kt ni. Cc giao thc gia GMSC v MSC ISUP c s dng ging nh trong PSTN/ISDN. Cc giao thc gia MSC v HLR, VLR, AuC v EIR. MAP c s dng cho tt c cc bo hiu. N h tr ng k, bo hiu cc s roaming, nhn thc v nhn dng thit b. Cc giao thc vi cc mng ngoi. S dng TUP, ISUO v cc giao thc lin quan ti knh

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V. CELL SELECTION / RESELECTION 5.1 Cell Selection Cell Selection c thc hin khi MS ang bt my. C hai phng php la chn cell ph hp vi camping-on, s dng thng s C1. 5.1.1 Danh sch cc sng mang BCCH khng c lu trong SIM_Card. Ln u bt my, MS qut tt c cc tn s GSM, tnh cng trung bnh cho cc tn s v bt u vi tn s mnh nht, kim tra xem c phi sng mang BCCH hay khng, thng qua vic tm burt FCCH. Sau khi tm c burst FCCH trn sng mang ph hp, n ng b vi s khung TDMA bng cch s dng FN v BSIC t knh SCH. Sau tin hnh: - c thng tin ca mng trn knh BCCH - Nghe cc khi tm gi dnh cho n - Gim st cc sng mang BCCH ca cc cell ln cn chun b cho la chn li cell. Th tc la chn cell. - MS bt my - Ms bt u o mc cng sut thu c ca sng mang BCCH ca cc cell. - MS tnh mc cng sut trung bnh thu c cho mi cell v lu vo thng s RxLev(n). - MS tnh thng s C1 cho mi sng mang o c da trn thng s RxLev(n). - MS so snh cc cell c gi tr C1 > 0 trong 6 cell v camps-on ti cell c gi tr C1 ln nht. 5.1.2 Danh sch cc sng mang BCCH c lu trong SIM_Card Khi bt my, MS qut tt c cc sng mang BCCH trong BA list(danh sch cc sng mang BCCH s dng trong mt vng a l) ca n thay v phi qut tt

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c tn s ca GSM. Khi tm c sng mang BCCH ph hp, MS s camps-on trong cell v thc hin cc th tc miu t trn. Tiu chun la chn cell C1 C1(n)=(RXLEV(n)*RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN) max(0,MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH*P))) Trong : - RXLEV(n): gi tr mc trung bnh ca current cell v neighbouring cell - RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN (-98dBm to -106dBm): mc cng sut thu ti thiu. - MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH:(31dBm to 39dBm): mc cng sut cc i cho php pht trn RACH trc khi c lnh sm nh thi. - P: cng sut pahst cc i cho MS La chn li cell t c bng cch so snh C1 ca cell hin thi vi C1 ca cell ln cn. - Gia hai cell trong vung LA: C1(new) > C1(old) - Gia hai cell bin ca LA: C1(new) > C1(old) + OFFSET (for more than 5 second) Da vo kt qu tnh ton ny, MS s chn cell tt nht kt ni. 5.2 Cell Reselection 5.2.1 Nguyn nhn Khi ang camp-on trong cell phc v, la chn li cell c kch hot bi bt k cc nguyn nhn no trong cac nguyn nhn di y: - Thng s suy hao ng truyn C1 ch ra rng suy hao ng truyntrong cell qu ln. - C li bo hiu ng xung. - Cell camp-on b chn. (for more than 5 second)

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- C Cell tt hn trong cng LA hoc LA khc. Sau MS s chn li cell mi.

Tiu chun la chn li cell C2: - ngn chn chuyn giao lin tip khi MS di chuyn nhanh. - m bo cho mi MS camps-on trong cell c th trao i thng tin tt nht. VI. Chuyn giao Trong lc cuc gi din ra, hai thu bao cng trn mt knh thoi. Khi mt MS di chuyn ra khi vng ph sng ca trm gc cha n th tn hiu thu tr nn yu. cuc gi khng b ngt, trm gc hin hnh s yu cu mt th tc chuyn giao cuc gi n mt knh tn s mi mt trm gc mi m khng gy ra ngt cuc gi hoc bt u mt cuc gi mi. Cng c th chuyn giao xy ra khng phi do tn hiu yu m ci thin chung v nhiu. Chuyn giao ny s gip cho MS hot ng thng tin trong vng ti u nht theo quan im phng v nhiu mc d tn hiu trc chuyn giao vn mnh. Loi th ba l chuyn giao lu thng. V mt l do no m dung lng trong mt cell tng t bin, gii ta nghn mch cell ta thc hin chuyn giao thu bao sang cell k cn. C hai tiu chun chuyn giao sau y : - Tiu chun 1 : Lin quan n s sm nh thi. Nu cell mi ng b vi cell c th MS c th tnh ra s sm nh thi mi, l chuyn giao ng b. Trng hp chuyn giao d b th c MS v BTS mi u khi to s sm nh thi. - Tiu chun 2 : Lin quan n v tr im chuyn mch c s h tng PLMN. C th chuyn giao xy ra gia cc cell do mt BSC qun l, gia cc BSC do MSC qun l v gia cc MSC. VII. iu khin cng sut 7.1 iu chnh cng sut thch ng.
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iu chnh cng sut thch ng dng cc tiu ha cng sut yu cu bi MS hoc BTS trong khi vn duy tr cht lng ng v tuyn. Bng cch gim mc cng sut pht, nhiu ng knh cng gim. Ngoi ra, bng cch iu khin cng sut pht ca thit b di ng, cng sut tiu th c th gim v do tng tui th ca pin. iu khin cng sut thch ng cng bc cho tt c MS b cho hiu ng xagn. iu chnh cng sut ca BTS l ty chn. Sng mang BCCH vn phi c duy tr cng sut khng i o lng cng sut ca cell ln cn. Cng sut pht ca MS c iu khin thnh cc mc, mi mc l 2dBm. mMS o mc tn hiu thu c RxLev v bo co kt qu ny cho BTS BTS chuyn n BSC. MS cng gim st cng sut ca cell ln cn nhng ch sng mang BCCH ca cc cell ny. BTS gi lnh thay i mc cng sut ti MS trn SACCH. 7.2 Truyn dn gin on (DTX) Trong ch thoi, hai ngi ni chuyn lun phin nhau, v vy mi pha ch chim truyn dn 50%. DTX cho php ch bt my pht cho cc khung cha thng tin co ch. DTX c thc hin cc b iu khin DTX, gm cc chc nng sau: - B pht hin tch cc thoi VAD (Voicee Activity Dtctor) pha pht. - nh gi tp m nn pha pht gi cc thng s c trng n pha thu. - To tp m d chu pha thu khi ngng pht. VAD xc nh cc khi 20ms t b m ha ting c cha ting hay khng. Nu VAD pht hin khng c ting MS( hoc BTS ) s pht i cc thng s tp m d chu dng khung SID (Silence Descriptor Flag). ng xung, thng bo l khung c phi l khung ting ting hay khng, c ting (SF speech Flag) c gi t BSC n BTS.

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