RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design is the master plan specifying the methods and

procedures for collecting and analyzing the needed information. A research design is the arrangement of conditions for the collection and analysis of data that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. Research design stands for advance planning of the methods to be adopted for collecting the relevant data and the techniques to be used in their analysis, keeping in view. The plan , structure and strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions and control variance.

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FEATURES OF GOOD DESIGN

It specifies the sources and types of information

relevant to the research problem. Gives smallest experimental error Reliability of data collected and analyzed. Also includes the time and cost budgets. Flexible Appropriate Efficient Economical

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FEATURES OF GOOD DESIGN

Research design at least contain a. Clear statement of the research problem b. Procedures and techniques to be used for gathering

information. c. The population to be studied . d. Methods to be used in processing and analyzing data.

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FEATURES OF GOOD DESIGN

It usually involves the consideration of the following

factors. a. The means of obtaining information b. The availability and skills of the researcher and his staff c. The objective of the problem to be studied. d. The nature of the problem to be studied e. The availability of time and money for the research work.
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Important Concepts relating to research design

1 Dependent and independent variable Which can take different quantitative value Eg weight, height, income. Variable which depend upon other known as depends and antecedent is known as independent Eg study and marks. 2 Extraneous variable Independent variable that are not related to the purpose of study, but may affect the dependent variable are termed as extraneous variable Eg: Effect of rice
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 3 Control:

To minimize the effect of extraneous variable 4 Confounded relationship When the dependent variable is not free from the influence of extraneous variable, the relationship between the dependent and independent variables is said to be confounded by an extraneous variable. 5 Research hypothesis Predictive statement that relates an independent variable to a dependent variable . Must contain at least one independent and one dependent variable.
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6 Experimental and non-experimental hypothesis-testing research. - Research in which the independent variable is manipulated is termed experimental hypothesis-testing research and a research in which an independent variable is not manipulated is called non-experimental hypothesis testing research - Eg: training and performance Price and sales Advt. expenses and sales - 7 Experimental and control groups (in experimental hypothesis testing research) Group with usual condition is termed as control group Group with some special condition is experimental group.

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8 Treatments The different conditions under which experimental and control groups are referred to as treatment. Eg: if we want to determine through an experiment the comparative impact of three varieties of fertilizers on the yield of wheat, in that the three varieties of fertilizers will be treated as three treatments. 9 Experiments The process of examining the truth of a statistical hypothesis, related to some research problem is known as experiment. (Absolute and comparative)
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10 Experimental units The pre determined plots or the blocks, where different treatments are used, are known as experiment unit.

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TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN

Three traditional categories of research design:

Exploratory Descriptive Causal The choice of the most appropriate design depends largely on the objectives of the research and how much is known about the problem and these objectives.

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Basic Research Objectives and Research Design

Research Objective

Appropriate Design

To gain background information, to define terms, to clarify problems and develop hypotheses, to establish research priorities, to develop questions to be answered To describe and measure marketing phenomena at a point in time To determine causality, test hypotheses, to make if-then statements, to answer questions

Exploratory

Descriptive Causal

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Exploratory Research
It structures and identifies new problems. The main purpose of such studies is that of

formulating a problem for more precise investigation or of developing the working hypotheses from an operational point of view. Exploratory research is most commonly unstructured, informal research that is undertaken to gain background information about the general nature of the research problem. Exploratory research is usually conducted when the researcher does not know much about the problem and needs additional information or desires new or more recent information.
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Exploratory Research
Exploratory research is used in a number of situations:

To gain background information To define terms To clarify problems and hypotheses To establish research priorities Develop questions to be answered.

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 Three methods in the context of research design for such

studies are I Survey of concerning Literature Hypotheses by earlier workers reviewed and Evaluated II Experience survey Survey of people who have had practical experience with the problem to be studied. To get relationship between variables and new ideas relating to research problem. Peoples are carefully selected Helps the researcher to define the problems more precisely
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III Analysis of insight stimulating Examples This method consists of the intensive study of selected instances of the phenomenon in which one is interested. Existing record if any , may be examined, the unstructured interview may take place. Eg: reactions of strangers, reactions of marginal individuals, reactions of individual from different social strata.
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Descriptive research
It concerned with describing the characteristics of a

particular individual , group , frequency of occurrence Researcher must able to define clearly, what he wants to measure and must find adequate methods for measuring it along with the clear cut definition of population Descriptive research is undertaken to provide answers to questions of who, what, where, when, why and how .

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 The design must focus on I. II. III. IV. V. VI.

Formulating the objective of study ( what the study is about and why it is being made) Designing the methods of data collection.( what techniques) Selecting the sample ( how much material will be needed) Collecting the data ( where can the required data be find and with what time period Processing and analyzing the data Reporting the findings.

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Casual research
Researcher tests the hypotheses of casual

relationships between variables. Causality may be thought of as understanding a phenomenon in terms of conditional statements of the form If x, then y. Causal relationships are typically determined by the use of experiments, but other methods are also used.

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Experimental Design
Professor R A fishers name is associated with

experimental designs. He divided agricultural plots into several parts and then conducted experiments on that. Experimental methods means those methods wherein the researcher tests the hypothesis of casual relationship between variables.

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Fishers BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

The Principle of Replication

-Experiment should be repeated more than once - Each treatment is applied in many experimental units instead of one -statistical accuracy can be obtained Principle of Randomization Protection against the effect of extraneous factors -Soil fertility example Principle of Local Control Under it the extraneous factor, the known source of variability, is made to vary deliberately over as wide a range as necessary and this need to be done in such a way that the variability it causes can be measured and hence eliminated from the experimental error. -field is divided into several homogeneous parts or blocks and then blocks are divided into parts equal to number of treatments.

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 Three components

1 treatments( variety) 2 extraneous factor.(soil fertility) 3 experimental error. - Field is divided into several homogeneous parts known as blocks and each block is divided into parts equal to number of treatments . Then the treatments are randomly assigned to these parts of a block.
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Important experimental designs

Informal experimental design

Those designs that normally use a less sophisticated form of analysis 1 Before and after without control design 2 after only with control design 3 Before and after with control design - Formal experimental design It offers relatively more control and use precise statistical procedures for analysis. 1 Completely randomized design.(C R Design) i) Two group simple randomized design ii) Random replication design 2 Randomized Block Design(R B Design) 3 Latin Square design.(L. S Design) 4 Factorial designs.

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Informal EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Before and after without control design

- In this design ,a single test group of area is selected and the dependent variable is measured before the introduction of the treatment . The treatment is introduced and the dependent variable is measured again after the treatment. - Used in Laboratory research

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 After only with control design

-In this design two groups or areas (test area and control area) are selected and the treatment is introduced into the test area only. The dependent variable is then measured in both the areas at the same time. Treatment impact is assessed - Assumption that two areas behavior is same towards the phenomenon considered Test area After treatment(y) Control area without treatment(z) Treatment effect Y-Z
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 Before and After with Control design.

- Two areas are selected and the dependent variable is measured in both

for an identical period time before the treatment. - Treatment is then introduced In test area only. - Dependent variable is then measured in both for the same period. - Difference is measured then. - Two time periods time period I Time period II Test area X treatment Y Control area A Z Treatment Effect :
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(Y-X)-(Z-A)

 Completely randomized design( C. R Design) - Involves two principles principle of replication and

principle of randomization. - Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental treatments - Eg: 10 subjects and two treatment A and B. we want to give treatment to 5. Every possible group of 5 subjects are selected. - Applied for uncontrolled extraneous factors.
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 Two types:

I Two group simple randomized design - Population Randomly selected Sample Randomly assigned Experimental group Control group - The two groups are given different treatment of independent variable to two groups. - It does not control the extraneous variable. - Eg: Two groups . One with usual training and other with special training. Each group is tested before and after the training. And then the Comparison.
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 II Random Replication Design. - Extension to the two group simple randomized design. - Extraneous variable controlling.

Population Random selection of sample random assignment to 4 Experimental group s and control group and then treatment A to this 4 E groups. Population random selection of sample random assignment to 4 E. Group and C group and then treatment B to 4 C Group - Eight individuals are randomly assigned to eight groups.

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 Randomized Block design ( R. B. design)

- Improvement over C. R. design. - Principle of Local control can be applied with the other two principles of experimental design. - Subjects are first divided into groups or blocks. - Some variable is selected for grouping

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Example : Intelligence level and sequence of tests

Very Low Low Average High

Very high

Student A
Exam 1 Exam2 Exam 3 exam4
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 Four type of advt. and four type of market. Different treatments and different agricultural lands - Different doses of fertiliser

- Different levels of irrigation

- Different varieties of crops - Different timing of sowing

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 If each student is randomly assigned the four tests

he/she tooks , then is RB Design. The purpose is to take care of extraneous factors such as fatigue or perhaps the experience gained from repeatedly taking the test.

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Latin Square design

Very frequently used in agricultural research. LS is used when there are two major extraneous

factors. For example if we want to judge the effect of five different varieties of fertilizers on the yield of wheat. The two extraneous factors here are fertility of land and varying seeds. Field is divided into 5*5 parts and each extraneous factor is taken at one axis

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Latin square design

Seeds Difference

X1 X2 X3 X4 X5

fertility level I II III IV V A B C D E B C D E A C D E A B D E A B C E A B C D

Example: Two extraneous variables 1 Fertility level and 2 Seeds difference Five types of fertilizers : A,B,C,D,E Research is to find out the Most effective fertilizer.
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Factorial design
This method is used in experiments where the effects

of varying more than one factor are to be determined This is specially useful in several economic and social phenomena where there are large number of factors affect a particular problem. Two types I simple factorial design - Effect of varying two factors on the dependent variable II Complex factorial design more than two factors.
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Simple Factorial design

Two variables control variable and experimental variable. Extraneous variable to be controlled by homogeneity is called control

variable and the independent variable ,which is manipulated is called experimental group Four cells in which sample is divided. Experimental variable treat A Treat B Control Variable level1 I II level 2 III IV - Randomly assigned and means are obtained for control variable and Experimental variables. - One can examine the interaction between treatment and level. This enables researcher to evaluate the combined effect or the interaction effect of two or more variables simultaneously
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Example

Training Treat A Treat B 15 35 25 23 30 26.5 19 32.5

Control level I (Low) (Intelligence) level II (High)

Treat ments Control level(Intelligence)

Treatment and level are dependent on each other from graph

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treatment

No relationship between treatment and intelligence

Control(intelligence)

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II Complex factorial design

Experiments with more than two factors at a time

involves the use of complex factorial design. Treatment and control variable both have different levels. Experimental variable Treat A Treat B level 1 level2 level 1 level 2 Control level1 I Variable level2 II
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III IV

IV VI

VII VIII

 To determine the main effects of the experimental

variable, the researcher must necessarily combined mean of Cell I, II, III, IV Advantages of factorial design They provide equivalent accuracy Economic The determination of interaction effects is possible in case of factorial design.

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