Parametric Differentiation Key result to learn!!

dy = dx
dy dx dt dt

Trigonometric differentiation: Remember these results!!

d d (sin x) = cos x ( cos( x) ) = sin x dx dx d ( tan x ) = sec2 x dx d ( sin(ax + b) ) = a cos(ax + b) dx d ( cos(ax + b) ) = a sin(ax + b) dx d ( tan(ax + b) ) = a sec 2 (ax + b) dx

Implicit Differentiation A function is given in implicit form if it hasnt been written in the form y = . Note that:
d ( y2 ) dy = 2y dx dx d ( x2 y) dy = 2 xy + x 2 using the product rule dx dx

Example: If x = 3cos , y = 2sin , then:

dx dy = 3sin , = 2 cos d d dy 2 cos 2 = = cot So: dx 3sin 3

Example 2: A curve, C, is given by

x = 2t + 3, y = t 3 4t .

Example: Find the equation of the normal to x 3 4 xy 2 + y 3 + 1 = 0 at the point (2, -1). Solution: Differentiate term by term with respect to x:
d ( x3 ) d (4 xy 2 ) dy = 3x 2 = 4 y2 + 4x 2 y dx dx dx 3 d (1) d(y ) dy =0 = 3y2 dx dx dx dy dy Therefore: 3x 2 4 y 2 8 xy + 3 y 2 + 0 = 0 dx dx dy = 4 y 2 3x 2 So: 3 y 2 8 xy dx dy 4 y 2 3x 2 i.e. dx = 3 y 2 8 xy

A is the point (1, 3). Line l is the tangent to C at A. The line l also intersects the curve at B. a) Find the equation of l. b) Find the value of t at B. a)
dx dy dy 3t 2 4 = 2, = 3t 2 4 = dt dt dx 2

Note: When differentiating trigonometric functions, the angle measure is radians.

We need to know the value of t at A. The x value is given by 2t + 3, so 2t + 3 = 1 i.e. t = -1.

dy 3(1) 2 4 1 = = Therefore the gradient at A is: dx 2 2 1 So equation of tangent is y = x + c 2 1 Substitute in x = 1, y = 3: 3 = 1 + c c = 3.5 2 Therefore the equation of l is y = 0.5 x + 3.5

Examples:
d d (sin(2 x)) = 2 cos 2 x ; (cos(4 x )) = 4sin(4 x ) dx dx

Example: Find the location of the stationary points for the curve y = e x sin x . Solution: First we differentiate using the product rule:
dy = e x sin x + e x cos x dx dy = 0 , i.e. dx

When x = 2 and y = -1:

( 4 1) 3 4 = 8 dy = dx ( 3 1 8 2 1) 19
1
8 19

b) To see where the tangent intersects the curve, we substitute x = 2t + 3, y = t 3 4t into the equation of l:
t 4t = 0.5(2t + 3) + 3.5 t 4t = t + 2
3 3

Stationary points occur where

e x ( sin x + cos x) = 0 .

where

The gradient of the normal is:

19 8

So: t 3 3t 2 = 0 This factorises:

(t + 1)(t 2 t 2) = 0 (t + 1)(t + 1)(t 2) = 0

e x 0 so sin x + cos x = 0 Therefore sin x = cos x OR tan x = 1

So t = 2 is the required value.

So x = 4 or

5 4

or 94 ...

19 So equation is: y = x + c 8 19 Put in x = 2, y = -1: 1 = (2) + c c = 5.75 8 y = 2.375 x 5.75 So equation is