Review: Complex Numbers

Review: Complex Numbers

CS 450: Introduction to Digital Signal and Image Processing
Bryan Morse
BYU Computer Science
Review: Complex Numbers
Basics
Complex Numbers
A complex number is one of the form
a + bi
where
i =

1
a: real part
b: imaginary part
Review: Complex Numbers
Basics
Complex Arithmetic

When you add two complex numbers, the real parts and
imaginary parts add independently:
(a + bi ) + (c + di ) = (a + c) + (b + d)i

When you multiply two complex numbers, you

cross-multiply them like you would polynomials:
(a + bi ) (c + di ) = ac + a(di ) + (bi )c + (bi )(di )
= ac + (ad + bc)i + (bd)(i
2
)
= ac + (ad + bc)i bd
= (ac bd) + (ad + bc)i
Review: Complex Numbers
Basics
The Complex Plane
Complex numbers can be thought of as points in the
complex plane:
Imaginary
Real
i
1
-i
-1
Review: Complex Numbers
Magnitude and Phase
Magnitude and Phase

The length is called the magnitude:

|a + bi | =
_
a
2
+ b
2

The angle from the real-number axis is called the phase:

(a + bi ) = tan
1
_
b
a
_

When you multiply two complex numbers, their magnitudes

multiply:
|xy| = |x||y|
and their phases add:
(xy) = (x) + (y)
Review: Complex Numbers
Magnitude and Phase
Magnitude and Phase in the Complex Plane
Imaginary
Real
i
1
-i
-1
z
|z|
(z)
Review: Complex Numbers
Complex Conjugates
Complex Conjugates

Complex number z:
z = a + bi

Its complex conjugate:

z

= a bi

The complex conjugate z

has

the same real part but opposite imaginary part, and

the same magnitude but opposite phase.

Review: Complex Numbers
Complex Conjugates
Complex Conjugates in the Complex Plane
Imaginary
Real
i
1
-i
-1
z
z*
Review: Complex Numbers
Complex Conjugates
Complex Conjugates

Adding z + z

, cancels the imaginary parts to leave a real

number:
(a + bi ) + (a bi ) = 2a

Multiplying z z

gives the real number equal to |z|

2
:
(a + bi )(a bi ) = a
2
(bi )
2
= a
2
+ b
2
Review: Complex Numbers
Complex Conjugates
Linear Algebra with Complex Numbers

The inner product of two complex-valued vectors involves

multiplying each component of one of the vector not by the
other but by the complex conjugate of the other:
u v =

k
u[k] v[k]

The length of a complex-valued vector is thus a real

number:
u
2
= u u =

k
u[k] u[k]

Review: Complex Numbers

Euler Notation
Magnitudes and Phases - revisited

Remember that under complex multiplication

magnitudes multiply

phases add

We can do the same thing using exponents:

(a
1
e
b
1
)(a
2
e
b
2
) = a
1
a
2
e
(b
1
+b
2
)

Lets encode complex numbers using exponential notation

to make it easier to work with magnitude and phase
Review: Complex Numbers
Euler Notation
Eulers Formula

Eulers formula uses exponential notation to encode

complex numbersuses i in the exponent to differentiate
from real numbers

Eulers formula (denition):

e
i
= cos + i sin
e
i
is the vector with magnitude 1.0 and phase

Any complex number z can be written as

z = |z| e
i (z)
Review: Complex Numbers
Euler Notation
Eulers Formula: Graphical Interpretation
e
i
Imaginary
Real
i
1
-i
-1
e
i
Review: Complex Numbers
Euler Notation
Eulers Formula: Graphical Interpretation
z = |z|e
i (z)
Imaginary
Real
i
1
-i
-1
z
|z|
(z)
Review: Complex Numbers
Euler Notation
Eulers Formula: Application
What is (2 + 2i )(3 + 3i )?
Suppose that we already have these numbers in
magnitude-phase notation:
|2 + 2i | = 2

2 |3 + 3i | = 3

2
(2 + 2i ) =

4
(3 + 3i ) =
3
4
2 + 2i = 2

2 e
i /4
3 + 3i = 3

2 e
i 3/4
(2 + 2i )(3 + 3i ) =
_
2

2 e
i /4
__
3

2 e
i 3/4
_
= 12 e
i
= 12
Review: Complex Numbers
Euler Notation
Powers of Complex Numbers
Suppose that we take a complex number
z = |z| e
i (z)
and raise it to to some power n:
z
n
=
_
|z| e
i (z)
_
n
= |z|
n
e
in(z)
z
n
has magnitude |z|
n
and phase n [(z)].
Review: Complex Numbers
Powers of Complex Numbers
Powers of Complex Numbers: Example
What is i
n
for various n?
Imaginary
Real
i
1
-i
-1
i = e
i /2
i
0
= e
i 0
= 1
i
1
= e
i /2
= i
i
2
= e
i 2/2
= 1
i
3
= e
i 3/2
= i
i
4
= e
i 4/2
= 1
.
.
.
Review: Complex Numbers
Powers of Complex Numbers
Powers of Complex Numbers: Example
What is
_
e
i /4
_
n
for various n?
Imaginary
Real
i
1
-i
-1
_
e
i /4
_
0
_
e
i /4
_
1
_
e
i /4
_
2
_
e
i /4
_
3
_
e
i /4
_
4
Review: Complex Numbers
Summary
Summary: Complex Numbers

Can represent in (real,imaginary) Cartesian form

Can represent in (magnitude,phase) polar form

Magnitude = distance from 0 (same idea as absolute value)

Phase = angle with the real axis

Eulers theorem: exponential notation for (magnitude,phase)

e
i
= cos + i sin
z = |z| e
i (z)

Complex conjugate: z

= a bi = |z| e
i (z)

Raising a complex number to a power:

z
n
has magnitude |z|
n
and phase n [(z)]