(U2 Challenges) GU5 past tenses Antonio and his friend Pietro (had lain / had been lying)

) on the beach for about an hour when they heard somebody shouting. They (were jumping up / jumped up) and saw that there was a man in trouble in the sea. The man (had been catching / had caught) his foot between two rocks. He (was trying / had been trying) to free himself for quite a long time, but without success. The friends realised that the man (was drowning / had been drowning) and that they needed to act quickly to save him. Without thinking, they (jumped / were jumping) into the sea. When they reached the man, they (had dived / dived) underwater. After they (were struggling / had been struggling) for several seconds, they managed to free the man. They (were swimming / swam) back to the shore, and pulled the man between them. By the time they reached the beach, many people (gathered / had gathered) there, and everyone started to clap and cheer. GU6 transformations 1 2 3 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Use between two and five words. while never for

During the journey to Australia, they saw many uninhabited islands. She was excited, because it was her first trip to Africa. Their flight was ten hours long, so they were exhausted when they arrived.

They saw many uninhabited islands ____________________________________to Australia. She was excited because __________________________________________Africa before. When they arrived, they were exhausted because they _________________________________ ten hours. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 When the sky became dark, the explorers hadn't yet climbed the mountain. He saw many temples during his job in India. He hasn't done any climbing for 20 years. He phoned me on his arrival in Antarctica. It was their first flight. I haven't been to France since I was a child. They haven't travelled abroad for ages. still while did soon had when since The sky became dark while the explorers ________________________________the mountain. He saw many temples ______________________________________________India. It's 20 years _____________________________________________________any climbing. He phoned me _______________________________________________in Antarctica. They _______________________________________________________before. I last _______________________________________________________I was a child. It's ages _____________________________________________________abroad.

GU7 auxiliary verbs Fill in the gaps in these sentences with the correct auxiliary verb. Use the words in italics to help you. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The islands were discovered in 1897. During the past few years, several people ________________ sailed around the world single-handed. By the time they left camp, it ________________ started to snow. He ________________ been sailing for some weeks by the time he finally saw land. They played cards while they _______________ waiting. The explorer ________________ found by a team of rescuers late last night. The climbers _________________ just finished their meal and now they are ready to go. The explorer _________________ not reached the South Pole yet but he will.

GU8 structural cloze Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. The Oregon Trail In the early 19th century an amazing thing happened in America. Nearly half a million people left their homes and headed West along what was called 'the Oregon Trail', a path across the country to California and Oregon. What made them set out on this epic journey across sweltering hot deserts, fast-flowing rivers and high mountains? The men and women who risked their lives to cross these wild and dangerous regions (1)__________ called 'settlers'. They (2)_____________ escaping from poverty and hardship in the East and they (3)__________ all looking for a new beginning and a better life in the West. How (4)______________ they find out about the opportunities that existed in the West? It seems that travellers who (5)______________ been there on trading expeditions brought back stories of warmer winters and of good farming land that (6)______________ being given away by the government. Then, in 1849, news came that men (7)_____________ just discovered gold in California. By the early 1850s, people (8)______________ rushing to reach the West. Some settlers could ride because they (9)______________ bought horses, but most of them had to walk. On the journey, they met many dangers. They (10)_____________ crossing land that was mostly desert, so there was very little food or water. They (11)_____________ often attacked by the Indians who lived in those territories and they (12)____________ also threatened by dangerous animals like snakes, and herds of wild buffalo. There was a serious danger of illness, and many settlers (13)______________ not reach the West alive. But change (14)____________ coming to the American West. By 1870, a new railway (15)______________ been completed and the Oregon Trail had become a part of history.