POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION
This essay is about Air Pollution, Sources of Air Pollution and Effects of Air Pollution Air pollution is the presence of abnormal concentration and abnormal constituents in air. We know that Fresh air is needed for a healthy life. That is why people go out for morning walks so that they can breathe as much fresh air as possible. But the quality of the air has been deteriorating in urban areas. It is being polluted by smoke, harmful gasses, dust articles and other matters. The burning of petrol and diesel in running vehicles emits carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and unburnt hydrocarbon particles. These pollutants are released in the air breathe. They are very harmful for out health. The burning of various fuels in factories and power plants emit carbon monoxide carbon dioxide and other poisonous gases that are left off in the atmosphere. Yet without burning fuel, the production of goods in industries is not possible. So the growth of industrial production is at the cost of polluting air. Various chemical industries such as those manufacturing acids, plastics, dyes and paint, paper, pesticides, petrochemical emit hazardous fumes and gases such as sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and fluorocarbons. Industrial dust also causes air pollution. Dust coming out from the cement kilns, lime kilns, stone crushing and asbestos factories are the main causes of breathing problems and lung diseases in our country. Smoking of cigarettes and bedis is very injurious to health. It causes heart diseases, various respiratory problems and cancer. Tobacco smoke is a pollutant particularly in closed spaces such as buses, trains, cinema halls and restaurants. Smoke emitted by a smoker but inhaled by a non-smoker is known as secondary or they are in the vicinity of a smoker. That is why smoking is banned in public places. Air pollution affects the health of people adversely. The presence of carbon monoxide in the air we breathe causes headache nausea and suffocation. Various other respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis, bronchitis and asthma are common in our country due to poor air quality. Dust in air causes asthma and allergies. In winter days fogs containing particulate matter causes bronchitis and cough. A different dimension of air pollution is the problem of ozone depletion. The presence of pollutants like fluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) in the air has depleted ozone in the atmosphere. This has created a hole in the ozone layer of the atmosphere. CFC is chemicals used in refrigerators and air-conditioners and cooking agents. The ozone layer protects life on earth by preventing harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun from entering the atmosphere. This layer has now become too thin and has developed a hole exposing human life to the dangerous ultraviolet rays of sun. Long exposure to ultra-violet rays of sun causes cancer and other genetic disorders in human beings. Gases like carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and methane in the atmosphere trap the heat waves of the sun and cause melting of polar ice has increased the water level in oceans and seas causing frequent floods and droughts across the world. The global climatic change has mostly affected the agriculture. This increase in the average temperature of the atmosphere is known as the green-house effect.

Often the easiest solution to an air pollution problem is to stop the quality process. Once the decision has been made that the process is necessary, the engineer must consider the possibility of controlling the emissions by changing the process. In addition a change of raw material and modification of the process might also be used to achieve a desired result.

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NOISE POLLUTION

Noise pollution is a disturbance to the human environment that is escalating at such a high rate that it will become a major threat to the quality of human lives. Noises in all areas, especially in urban areas, have been increasing rapidly. Poor urban planning gives rise to noise pollution Sources of noise pollution The main source of noise pollution is transportation systems especially motor vehicle. The other sources are aircraft noise and rail noise. Besides transportation noise, other sources are office equipment, factory machinery, appliances, power tools, lighting and audio entertainment systems. Construction equipment also produces noise pollution. Effects of noise pollution Due to heavy industrialization, exposure of high level of noise gives rise to stress factor in modern life. It may leads to many hazards. The effect of noise on health depends on both, loudness and frequency. Any source producing sound levels of more than 80 to 90 db (decibel) for more than eight hours is harmful to human ear. Frequency of sound is denoted by Hertz (Hz). Human ear can hear frequencies between 20 to 20,000 Hz. Effect of noise on human health depends on i) quality ii) duration iii) sensitivity of the individual the noise pollution produces the following three main effects: i) Psychological effect Noise leads to emotional disturbances, however, are difficult to measure. Irritating noise at work place reduces concentration efficiency and working capacity. ii) Masking effect Masking noise prevents the ear from registering other important sounds and signals. These effects change the balance in predator /prey detection, by disturbing and interfering the sounds of communications especially during reproduction time period and loss of hearing. iii) Physiological effect a) Auditory Auditory fatigue (when level of noise ranges from 85-90 db) Deafness (repeated exposure to noise level > 90 db)

b) Non auditory Annoyance (listens dislike the noise content) Efficiency (noise pollution decreases efficiency of working) General changes in body (high blood pressure, fatigue, hypertension, tetanus)

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THERMAL POLLUTION
Thermal pollution has become an increasing and the most current pollution, owing to the increasing globalization everywhere. Heat produced from industries is a major contribution to the pollution, much to the operation of the heavy industries, which produces high amount of heat energy. Thermal pollution can proceed via the different processes occurring at industrial level. (i) Raw materials for productivity (organic and inorganic products) (ii) Undergo different chemical reactions with several processes (iii) Excess heat energy is produced as a waste product (iv) Heat is released through into atmosphere (vapor) and reverie system (liquid). (v) Increase of temperature of environmental system Sources of thermal pollution Major sources that lead to thermal pollution can be classified into the following categories: (i) Power plants creating electricity from fossil fuel (ii) Water as a cooling agent in industrial facilities (iii) Deforestation of the shoreline (iv) Soil erosion Effects of thermal pollution Health effects Water is used for cooling electric power plants. The cheapest and easiest method is to withdraw water from a nearby body of surface water, pass it through the plant and return the heated water to the same body of water. Increase in water temperatures lower dissolved oxygen content by decreasing the solubility of oxygen in water. Warmer water also increases respiration rates of aquatic organisms (fish, amphibians and copepods) and as a result they consume oxygen faster, and it increases their susceptibility to disease,

parasites, and toxic chemicals. Discharge of heated water into shallow water near the shore of a lake also may disrupt spawning and kill young fish. Ecological effects i) Thermal pollution increases the metabolic rate of aquatic animals like enzyme activity, resulting more consumption of food in a shorter time period. This situation causing a sharp decrease in the population ii) Changes in temperature also result in a migration of organisms to more suitable environment. This can be result in decrease in biodiversity

NOISE POLLUTION
Noise is unwanted sound which is often a source of great nuisance. It is the duration, pitch and loudness of sound which determines the discomfort and other ill-effects which noise causes Human ear is sensitive to sound levels ranging from 0 dB to 150 dB, however, sound levels beyond 70-80 dB cause plenty of discomfort, irritation and a variety of physiological disturbances. 1. Loss of hearing: The most common ill-effect of noise pollution is impairment of hearing ability of an individual. Hearing ability of an individual is monitored by Audiometric tests, the most common technique of which is referred to as the Threshold technique. It is based on the determination of the minimum sound level which an individual can hear. Starting from a zero value the sound level is gradually raised. The level of sound which an individual can just perceive is noted. This is followed by gradual lowering of volume of a louder sound and the level of sound which is no longer audible to the subject is recorded. An average of the two values is taken as the threshold of hearing of the individual concerned. Prolonged exposures to loud noise can cause temporary or permanent loss of hearing. People working in noisy places such as industrial establishments, factories etc. often suffer from temporary loss of hearing. The ciliary cells in the inner ear are inactivated or numbed and the threshold of hearing of the subject is raised. If the loudness of noise is moderate or the duration of exposure is short, the damage is only temporary. The auditory system recovers itself when the exposure ceases. In Audiometric tests, the phenomenon is referred to as Temporary Threshold Shifts or TTS. Longer exposures to louder noises may cause permanent shift in the threshold of hearing of an individual. The individual in such cases suffers from partial but permanent loss of hearing. He is no longer able to hear low sounds which are audible to normal persons. This is caused by slow and chronic damage to ciliary cells in the inner ear. Still, medical science is of little help in such cases. Very loud, sudden and impulsive noises, such as a bomb blast, are capable of causing acute damage to auditory system and an abrupt loss of hearing. With or without involvement of inner ear, it is the middle ear which is affected in most of the cases. High intensity sound waves damage the ear drums and may disrupt the delicate bony chain which carries sensation from ear drums to the inner ear. Very fine surgical techniques have been developed to restore the hearing ability where only middle ear is involved. 2. Other health effects of noise pollution:

Loud noise is a nuisance which affects sleep, concentration and work or performance of an individual. Work which needs a high degree of skill and precision is considerably affected. It may cause head ache, irritability and fatigue. It is interesting to note that our Optical system is considerably affected by noise pollution. Dilation of pupils, impairment of night vision, decrease in colour perception ability are some of the effects caused by exposure to loud noise for long durations. Noise affects our cardiovascular system also. Loud noises tend to decrease the output of blood from heart, cause arterial blood pressure to fluctuate and smaller blood vessels of the body constrict reducing the flow of blood to the organs concerned. Heart beat rate is affected. Changes in breathing amplitude have been reported due to sudden and impulsive noises. Eosinophilia, hyperglyaemia, hypokalemia and hypoglycaemia may also be caused by changes in blood circulation and other body fluids due to noise pollution (Kryter, 1970).

Subject: A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near your community. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community. Do you support or oppose the factory? Explain your position. Essay It can[not] be denied that factories have a great importance of[in] pooples {sp}lives. Nowadays, there is a common[ly] controversy about where factories should be constructed. In this essay i illustrate{its better not to tell about wha you are going to write, instead just write it}[Factories] not only [have] several shortcomings such as traffic jam[s ], air pollution and excessive noise, but [they] also [have] a few advantages such as job opportunities and cheap access to products. I believe that the disadvantages outweigh the benefits, so i{cap} strongly oppose that factories are[be] built near my community. Starting with the advantages, [There are many disadvantages that come with new factories] First of all; a factory or an industr[rial] area can cause bigger traffic problem[s ] which is also called[namely] traffic jam[s ]. For instance; people who are employee[s ] of the factory try to reach their working place every morning. This occurs[causes] more cars they[to be] use[d ]. Although the traffic demand of the road adversaly increases, the capacity of the road is still limited. So short distances take[require] longer trip times. Secondy; people have to face the possible air pollution because of the factory. For example; when the factory is built, it starts to manufacture goods and proporties[products]. It is usual that the factory generates chemical and biological substances which are extremely hazardous. It releases these harmful substances into the atmosphere and environment. As a result; it causes harm to humans and the environment. Thirdly; people have to deal with noise pollution. When the factory starts to generate[operate], there will be a lot of high tracks{I am not sure what "high tracks" are}, manufacturing machines and robots which can be heard. This causes excessive unwanted noise. {This noise can affect the

behavior of the nearby residents and behavior problems may result.} It affect the every aspect of their behaviours. Then; Bad behaviour problems are appeared. On the other hand, [factories can also bring some benefits.] The first disadvantage is that people who do not possess a job can find a chance to work. For instance; it can be sure that[generally] there are a lot of people who are unemployed in their community. If the factory is built near it, The factory need[s ] workers and engineers. there can be an opportunity that they can take.{no comma} So they can earn money and this brings money to them. Secondy; it is easy and cheap to reach[find] goods that the factory generates. People who are located near the factory can buy the goods easier and cheaper. The factory provides cheaper goods for them. This is [a] really simple way to get the goods. In my opinion, the disadvantages are more important than the advantages. If a factory is established, the [health] and lives of people who are locate near the factory can be damaged. Moreover; the government should forbid [the] construct[ion of] a factory near a community. In conclusion; it is certain that [whether] a factory should not be built near ones community has both disadvantages and advantages. We have to consider both sides before we support or oppose [them