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FACULTATEA DE PSIHOLOGIE-SOCIOLOGIE
FUNDAMENTELE PSIHOLOGIEI
2
I. OBIECTUL PSIHOLOGIEI
,,63(&,),&8/&812$ù7(5,,36,+2/2*,&(
METODELE PSIHOLOGIEI
SVLKRORJLFWUHEXLHFRQVLGHUDWexperimentul de laborator(OGHSúHúWHWRDWHFHOHODOWH
PHWRGH vQ SUHFL]LH RELHFWLYLWDWH úL JUDG GH FRQWURODELOLWDWH D YDULDELOHORU 0HWRGD
H[SHULPHQWDO SHUPLWH FHUFHWWRUXOXL V LQWHUYLQ DFWLY úL V SURYRDFH IHQRPHQXO
VWXGLDWVL]ROH]HVGR]H]HúLVFRQWUROH]HYDULDELOHOH– independente, dependente
úLLQWHUPHGLDUHVPRGLILFHúLVYDULH]HFRQGL LLOHGHPDQLIHVWDUHDIHQRPHQXOXLV
compare rezultatele grupului experimental cu cele ale grupului de control, care nu a
IRVWVXSXVUHJLPXOXLH[SHULPHQWDOVUHSHWHDFHODúLPRGHOH[SHULPHQWDOGHPDLPXOWH
RUL SH DFHODúL VXELHFW VDX JUXS GH VXELHF L V UHOHYH FRQGL LRQDUHD UHFLSURF GLQWUH
variabile.
Ca limite ale experimentului de labRUDWRU VH PHQ LRQHD] FDUDFWHUXO UHODWLY
DUWLILFLDODOVLWXD LHLvQFDUHHVWHSODVDWVXELHFWXOL]RODUHDDFHVWXLDGHFRQWH[WXOQDWXUDO
DOH[LVWHQ HLúLDFWLYLW LLVDOHQXSRDWHILIRORVLWvQPRGXQLYHUVDOH[LVWkQGDQXPLWH
fenomene psihocomportamentale care nu pot fi provocate sau nu se permite, din punct
GHYHGHUHHWLFVVHSURYRDFHH[SHULPHQWDO
3. 6WUDWHJLL vQ FHUFHWDUHD SVLKRORJLF )LLQG VXERUGRQDW XQRU RELHFWLYH úL
ILQDOLW L FX VHPQLILFD LH JHQHUDO FHUFHWDUHD SVLKRORJLF GREkQGHúWH XQ FDUDFWHr
FRQWLQXXúLVLVWHPDWLF(DQXVHUHGXFHODVLPSOHH[SORUULVHFYHQ LDOHLQGHSHQGHQWH
XQHOHGHDOWHOHFLVHUHDOL]HD]FDXQGHPHUVLQWHJUDWvQWHPHLDWSHDQXPLWHSULQFLSLLúL
FRQVLGHUD LL PHWRGRORJLFH JHQHUDOH 8Q DVHPHQHD GHPHUV vO QXPLP VWUDWHJLH GH
FHUFHWDUH&RPSOH[LWDWHDúLGLYHUVLWDWHDIHQRPHQHORUSVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDOHDXGXVOD
VWUXFWXUDUHDPDLPXOWRUWLSXULGHVWUDWHJLLúLDQXPH
a) strategii transversaleFDUHFRQVWDXvQVWXGLXOQLYHOXOXLGHGH]YROWDUHúLIXQF LRQDUH
DRUJDQL]ULLSVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDOHODLQGLYL]LGHDFHHDúLYkUVW
b) strategii longitudinale FDUH UH]LG vQ VWXGLXO RUJDQL]ULL SVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDOH D
XQXL LQGLYLG VDX JUXS GH LQGLYL]L SH SDUFXUVXO PDL PXOWRU HWDSH GH YkUVW GH
exemplu: la vârsta de 3 ani, la vârsta de 5 ani, la vârsta de 7 ani, la vârsta de 11 ani
HWF IRORVLQG DVHPHQHD VWUDWHJLL VH SRW LGHQWLILFD úL VWDELOL SDUWLFXODULW LOH FXUEHL
HYROX LHLSVLKLFHDPSOLWXGLQHDGLIHUHQ HORUGLQWUHHWDSHOHGHYkUVW
c) strategii genetice SULQ FDUH VH XUPUHúWH FXQRDúWHUHD PHFDQLVPHORU OHJLW LORU úL
IDFWRULORU IRUPULL úL GH]YROWULL SURFHVHORU SVLKLFH úL FRPSRUWDPHQWHORU – în plan
LVWRULFILORJHQHWLFúLvQSODQLQGLYLGXDORQWRJHQHWLF
d) VWUDWHJLLGLIHUHQ LDOHSULQFDUHVHHYLGHQ LD]úLVHHYDOXHD]GHRVHELULOHGHRUdin
FDOLWDWLY vQ RUJDQL]DUHD SVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDO vQWUH RP úL DQLPDO FRSLO úL DGXOW
EUEDW úL IHPHLH QRUPDO úL SDWRORJLF vQWUH SHUVRDQH GH DFHHDúL YkUVW úL DFHODúL VH[
HWFVWXGLXOGHRVHELULORULQWHULQGLYLGXDOHúLLQWHUJUXSDOHHVWHODIHOGHLPSRUWDnt pentru
FXQRDúWHUHD SVLKLFXOXL vQ WRDW FRPSOH[LWDWHD VD FD úL VWXGLXO DVHPQULORU úL
aspectelor comune;
e) strategii clinice FDUH DX FD VFRS VWXGLXO úL H[SOLFDUHD DEDWHULORU úL WXOEXUULORU
SDWRORJLFHvQVIHUDSVLKLFXOXLúLFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLFDX]DWHGe focare organice sau de
GHUHJOULIXQF LRQDOHDOHFUHLHUXOXL
&XQRDúWHUHD SVLKRORJLF VH FHUH D IL RULHQWDW úL FRRUGRQDW GH XQ VHW GH
SULQFLSLLPHWRGRORJLFHJHQHUDOHFDUHVDVLJXUHFRRUGRQDWHOHGHUHIHULQ DOHDQDOL]HL
úLLQWHUSUHWULLIHQRPHQHORUFRQFUHWH(VHQ LDOHVXQWXUPWRDUHOHSULQFLSLL
a. determinismului (extern);
b. UHOD LRQULLQHXUR-psihice;
c. UHIOHFWULLúLPRGHOULLLQIRUPD LRQDOH
d. DF LXQLLúLDOXQLW LLFRQúWLLQ -activitate;
5
e. JHQHWLFúLDOLVWRULVmului;
f. VLVWHPLFLW LL
a. Principiul determinismului (extern LPSXQH REOLJDWLYLWDWHD DQDOL]HL úL
H[SOLFULLSVLKLFXOXLSHED]DXQRUFRQGL LLúLFDX]HUHDOHRELHFWLYH$FHVWHFRQGL LLúL
FDX]H UH]LG vQ DF LXQHD DVXSUD RUJDQHORU GH VLP DOH DQLPDOXOXL VDX omului, a
VWLPXOLORUGHGLIHULWHPRGDOLW LúLJUDGHGHFRPSOH[LWDWH
În sfera fenomenelor psihocomportamentale avem de a face cu un determinism
PLMORFLW$FHDVWDvQVHDPQFDF LXQHDRULFUXLVWLPXOH[WHUQVHUHIUDFWúLVHPRGLILF
GHVWULOHúLFRQGL LLle interne ale subiectului. Ca urmare, UHOD LDGLQWUHVWLPXOXOH[WHUQ6
úL UHDF LD GH UVSXQV 5 QX HVWH GH WLS FDX]DO XQLYRF FL GH WLS SUREDELOLVW VWLPXOXO
H[WHUQGDWQXGXFHvQPRGQHFRQGL LRQDWúLLQYDULDQWODSURGXFHUHDXQHLDúLDFHOHLDúL
UHDF LL GH UVSXQV FL QXPDL FX R DQXPLW SUREDELOLWDWH H[LVWkQG SRVLELOLWDWHD FD
VXELHFWXOVGHDúLRDOWUHDF LHVDXFKLDUVQXUVSXQGGHORFvQIXQF LHGHVWDUHDOXL
SVLKRIL]LRORJLF LQWHUQ OD PRPHQWXO UHVSHFWLY $VWIHO FRQFKLGHP F SURFHVHOH úL
actele psihocomportamentale ale omului se înscriu în sfera unui determinism complex
multivariat, pe care-l numim statistic.
&kW SULYHúWH QDWXUD VXEVWDQ LDO-FDOLWDWLY D IDFWRULORU GHWHUPLQDWLYL H[WHUQL
SHQWUX SVLKLFXO úL FRPSRUWDPHQWXO XPDQ UROXO SULQFLSDO UHYLne factorilor socio-
FXOWXUDOLSULQFLSLXOGHWHUPLQLVPXOXLOXkQGIRUPDVSHFLILFDSULQFLSLXOXLFRQGL LRQULL
social-LVWRULFHúLLVWRULFR-FXOWXUDOH$FHDVWDvQVHDPQFGHSVLKLFXPDQSURSULX-zis se
SRDWH YRUEL QXPDL OD LQGLYLGXO VRFLDOL]DW FDUH VH QDúWH WULHúWH úL-úL GHVIúRDU
activitatea într-un anumit mediu social.
b) 3ULQFLSLXO UHOD LRQULL QHXURSVLKLFH impune necesitatea ca psihicul în
vQWUHJXOVXLQFOXVLYIRUPDOXLVXSHULRDUGHPDQLIHVWDUH–FRQúWLLQ DXPDQ–VILH
FRQVLGHUDW úL GHILQLW FD IXQF LH D VLVWHPXOXL QHUYRV D FUHLHUXOXL 0HFDQLVPXO
SURGXFHULLRULFUXLSURFHVSVLKLFGHODFHOPDLVLPSOXSkQODFHOPDLFRPSOH[HVWH
GH QDWXU UHIOH[ ILLQG PHGLDW GH SURFHVH IL]LRORJLFH QHUYRDVH H[FLWD LH LQKLEL LH
PRGXOUL DOH DPSOLWXGLQLL úL IUHFYHQ HL LQIOX[XOXL QHUYRV HWF &UHLHUXO vQV QX
JHQHUHD] SHUFHS LL LGHL WULUL HPR LRQDOH DWLWXGLQL HWF vQ YLUWXWHD VLPSOHL VWUXFWXUL
FHOXODUH LQWHUQH D OXL FL QXPDL SH ED]D UHFHS LRQULL SUHOXFUULL úL LQWHUSUHWULL
stimulilor din afara sa. DiQ SULQFLSLXO UHOD LRQULL QHXUR-SVLKLFH GHULY PDL GHSDUWH
SULQFLSLXOXQLW LLGLDOHFWLFHDSVLKRORJLFXOXLúLIL]LRORJLFXOXL3RWULYLWDFHVWXLDQLFLXQ
SURFHVSVLKLFQXVHSRDWHUHDOL]DIUXQDQXPLWDQVDPEOXGHWUDQVIRUPULúLIHQRPHQH
neurofiziologiFH VSHFLILFH 'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH JHQHWLF úL FURQRORJLF IL]LRORJLFXO
SUHFHGH úL FRQGL LRQHD] SVLKRORJLFXO SVLKRORJLFXO SRVHG vQV FDUDFWHULVWLFL úL
GHWHUPLQD LL FDOLWDWLYH SURSULL GHYHQLQG LUHGXFWLELO OD IL]LRORJLF DWULEXWHOH GH
VXELHFWLYúLLGHDOVXQWDSOLFDELOHQXPDLSURFHVHORUSVLKLFHQXúLFHORUIL]LRORJLFHFDUH
DSDU LQIHQRPHQHORUVXEVWDQ LDO-HQHUJHWLFHRELHFWLYH3HPVXUFHVWUXFWXUDSVLKLFD
LQGLYLGXOXLVHPDWXUL]HD]úLVHFRQVROLGHD]HDFDSWRUHODWLYDXWRQRPLHID GH
baza fizioloJLF LQL LDO H[HUFLWkQG R LQIOXHQ DFWLY DVXSUD VWULL JHQHUDOH D
organismului – LQIOXHQ D SVLKRVRPDWLF FDUH IDFH SRVLELOH VXJHVWLD DXWRVXJHVWLD úL
psihoterapia.
c) 3ULQFLSLXO UHIOHFWULL úL PRGHOULL LQIRUPD LRQDOH VW OD ED]D vQ HOHJHULL
naturii e[LVWHQ LDOHVDXDVWDWXWXOXLRQWRORJLFDOSVLKLFXOXL(OQHUVSXQGHDúDGDUOD
vQWUHEDUHD ÄvQ FH IRUP VDX PRGDOLWDWH H[LVW SVLKLFXO"´ ùL UVSXQVXO YD IL SVLKLFXO
H[LVWFDRIRUPSDUWLFXODUGHUHIOHFWDUHUHVSHFWLYUHIOHFWDUHGHVSH VXELHFWLYúi
LGHDO QRQVXEVWDQ LDO úL FD LQIRUPD LH 3HUFHS LLOH UHSUH]HQWULOH QR LXQLOH FDUH
DOFWXLHVF VFKHOHWXO LQWHOHFWXOXL DO FRQúWLLQ HL VXQW vQ VLQH PRGHOH LQIRUPD LRQDOH
LQWHUQH DOH OXFUXULORU IHQRPQHORU úL VLWXD LLORU RELHFWLYH H[WHUQH )DSWXO F SVLhicul
HVWH GH QDWXU UHIOHFWRULX-LQIRUPD LRQDOvODUJXPHQWPSULQDFHHDFHODDSUXWGLQ
6
QHFHVLW L GH DGDSWDUH OD XQ DQXPLW PHGLX H[LVWHQ LDO PDL FRPSOH[ FDUDFWHULVWLF
UHJQXOXL DQLPDO úL vQGHSOLQHúWH SUHWXWLQGHQL úL vQ RULFH PRPHQW XQ URO UHJODWRU
oSWLPL]DWRURUJDQL]DWRU&DúLLQIRUPD LDSVLKLFXOH[SULPúLQHGPVXUDJUDGXOXL
GHRUJDQL]DUHODQLYHOXOVLVWHPHORUDQLPDOHúLXPDQH
d) 3ULQFLSLXO DF LXQLL úL DO XQLW LL FRQúWLLQ -activitate QH REOLJ V
UHFXQRDúWHP LQWHUGHSHQGHQ D OHJLF GLQWUH SODQXO FRPSRUWDPHQWDO H[WHUQ úL SODQXO
VXELHFWLY LQWHUQ )RUPD SULPRUGLDO GH PDQLIHVWDUH D SVLKLFXOXL vQ RQWRJHQH] R
FRQVWLWXLH DF LXQHD GLUHFW D FRSLOXOXL FX RELHFWHOH úL OXFUXULOH GLQ MXUXO VX 3ULQ
LQWHULRUL]DUH WUHSWDW VWDGLDO VFKHPHOH GH RUJDQL]DUH úL GHVIúXUDUH D DF LXQLORU
externe – GH GHVFRPSXQHUH GH FRPSDUDUH PVXUDUH GH JUXSDUH GH DVDPEODUH HWF
GHYLQPDWULFLDOHVWUXFWXUULLRSHUD LLORUPHQWDOHFDUHGREkQGHVFDXWRQRPLHFRPSOHW
putându-VH GHVIúXUD IU DSHODUHD OD VXSRUW RELHFWXDl sau imagistic, de-abia în jurul
vârstei de 14 ani.
3H PVXU FH VH IRUPHD] úL VH FRQVROLGHD] VWUXFWXULOH LQWHUQH DOH FRQúWLLQ HL
GHYLQSUHPLVúLIDFWRUUHJODWRUDODF LXQLLH[WHUQHFRQGL LRQkQGFDOLWDWHDúLHILFLHQ D
ei. Se închide astfel circuitXODF LXQHFRQúWLLQ DF LXQH
e) 3ULQFLSLXO JHQHWLF úL DO LVWRULVPXOXL QH DUDW F SVLKLFXO QX WUHEXLH
FRQVLGHUDW FD XQ GDW VDX FD FHYD SUHGHWHUPLQDW úL LPXDELO FL FD FHYD GHYHQLW úL
HYROXWLY$WkWSVLKLFXOvQDQVDPEOXOVXFkWúLGLIHULWHOHSrocese care-l compun au o
JHQH]–vQSODQILORJHQHWLFLVWRULFúLvQSODQLQGLYLGXDORQWRJHQHWLF,GHQWLILFDUHDúL
GHVFULHUHD VWDGLLORU úL IRUPHORU SH FDUH OH vPEUDF vQ ILHFDUH VWDGLX WUHEXLH V
FRQVWLWXLH XQXO GLQ RELHFWLYHOH HVHQ LDOH DOH FHUFHWULL Ssihologice. Traiectoria
GLQDPLFLL SVLKLFXOXL vQ SODQ LQGLYLGXDO WLQGH VVHVXSUDSXQFXWUDLHFWRULDGLQDPLFLL
RUJDQLVPXOXLSXQkQGvQHYLGHQ WUHLPDULVHJPHQWH
VHJPHQWXO DVFHQGHQW DQWLHQWURSLF vQ LQWHULRUXO FUXLD DX ORF SURFHVHOH GH
dezvoltare, consolidare, maturizare,
VHJPHQWXO RSWLPXPXOXL IXQF LRQDO vQ FDGUXO FUXLD WRDWH FRPSRQHQWHOH
VLVWHPXOXLVHPHQ LQODYDORULULGLFDWH
úL VHJPHQWXO GHVFHQGHQW HQWURSLF vQ FDGUXO FUXLD VH DFXPXOHD] HIHFWHOH
HQWURSLFHGHUHJUHVLHúLGH]RUJDQL]DUH
f) PrincLSLXOVLVWHPLFLW LLUHFODPQHFHVLWDWHDGHDDERUGDSVLKLFXOSULQSULVPD
H[LJHQ HORU PHWRGRORJLHL FLEHUQHWLFR-sistemice. Astfel, el nu trebuie privit ca un
VLPSOX FRQJORPHUDW VDX FD R VLPSO VXP DULWPHWLF GH HOHPHQWH vQ VLQH
independente, ci ca un sistePDOHFUXLFRPSRQHQWHSURFHVHVWULWUVWXULVHDIO
într-R UHOD LH OHJLF XQHOH FX DOWHOH FRQGL LRQkQGX-VH UHFLSURF $FHDVW
LQWHUFRQGL LRQDUH HVWH DWkW GH SXWHUQLF vQFkW JHQHUHD] DFHD FDOLWDWH HPHUJHQW D
XQLW LL VXSUDRUGRQDWH JUD LH FUHLD vQ RULFH SURFHV SDUWLFXODU VH LPSULP SHFHWHD
întregului – stilul, tipul etc. –úLHIHFWXOLQIOXHQ ULLFHORUODOWH$ERUGDUHDVLVWHPLFVH
RSXQH DVWIHO DERUGULL DWRPDUH ED]DW SH SULQFLSLXO GHVFRPSXQHULL – recompunerii,
GH]YROWDWGHDVRFLD LRQLVP
6FRSXOSULQFLSDODORULFUHLúWLLQ HHVWHDFHODGHDGHVFRSHULúLIRUPXODOHJLSULQ
FDUH V H[SOLFH ULJXURV úL RELHFWLY PRGXO GH ILLQ DUH úL PDQLIHVWDUH GHVIúXUDUH D
IHQRPHQHORUSHFDUHOHVWXGLD]/HJHDHVWHvQ HOHDVFDRUHOD LHGHFRQGL LRQDUHVDX
GHWHUPLQDUH PDL PXOW VDX PDL SX LQ VWDELO úL UHSHWDELO vQWUH GRX VDX PDL PXOWH
IHQRPHQH&XFkWFHULQ DVWDELOLW LLúLUHSHWDELOLW LLHVWHVDWLVIFXWPDLELQHFXDWkW
OHJHD HVWH FRQVLGHUDW PDL YDODELO úL PDL YHULGLF úL LQYHUV 'LQ DFHVW SXQFW GH
YHGHUHFHOHPDLÄWDUL´VXQWFRQVLGHUDWHOHJLOHPHFDQLFLLúLIL]LFLLFODVLFH
7
0XOW YUHPH SVLKRORJLD D PHUV SH OLQLD GHVFRSHULULL XQRU DVHPHQHD OHJL 6-a
GRYHGLW vQV F ELODQ XO HVWH PDL PXOW GHFkW QHVDWLVIFWRU GRDr legile psihofizice,
FDUHGHVFULXUHOD LDGLQWUHLQWHQVLWDWHDVWLPXOXOXLúLLQWHQVLWDWHDUHDF LHLVHQ]D LHLSRW
fi încadrate în categoria legilor tari (dinamice).
ÌQ UHVW UHOD LD GLQWUH YDULDELOHOH LQGHSHQGHQWH VWLPXOLL VLWXD LLOH úL FHOH
dependentHSURFHVHOHSVLKLFHFRPSRUWDPHQWHOHVHvQVFULHvQVIHUDSUREDELOLW LL&D
XUPDUHOHJHDFDUHRH[SULPGHYLQHXQDVWDWLVWLF$FHDVWDvQVHDPQFHDVHGHGXFH
úLVHIRUPXOHD]SHED]DXQXLDQVDPEOXPDUHGHFD]XULLQGLYLGXDOHVDXGHPVXUWRUL
de asemeQHD HD QLFL QX SRDWH IL YHULILFDW úL FRQILUPDW SH FD]XUL LQGLYLGXDOH FL
QXPDLODQLYHOGHJUXSVDXGHÄSRSXOD LH´
$úDGDU RULFH OHJH SVLKRORJLF SUHVXSXQH úL VH ED]HD] SH LQGLYLGXDO GDU QX-l
H[SULP vQ PRG GLUHFW FL QXPDL LQGLUHFW SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQHL WHQGLQ H FHQWUDOH R
PHGLHDULWPHWLFGHSLOGúLDOXQXLLQGLFHGHGLVSHUVLHDEDWHUHDVWDQGDUGGHSLOG
&XP FRQWLQXXPXO SUREDELOLW LL VH FXSULQGH vQWUH úL SXQkQG vQ HYLGHQ
JUDGH GLIHULWH GH QHGHWHUPLQDUH LQFHUWLWXGLQH UH]XOW F úL legile statistice cu care
RSHUHD] SVLKRORJLD YRU DYHD JUDGH GH WULH GLIHULWH *UDGXO FHO PDL VODE GH WULH vO
YRU DYHD DFHOHD FDUH JUDYLWHD] vQ MXUXO SUREDELOLW LL GH FRUHVSXQ]WRU FX FkW
UHOD LD GHVFULV GH OHJH VH vQGHSUWHD] PDL PXOW GH 50 spre 1 sau spre 0, cu atât
JUDGXOGHWULHFUHúWH
'XS VIHUD GH FXSULQGHUH OHJLOH SVLKRORJLFH VH vPSDUW vQ particulare, care se
UHIHU OD DQXPLWH SURFHVH SVLKLFH H[ OHJLOH VHQ]D LHL OHJLOH SHUFHS LHL OHJLOH
PHPRULHL HWF úL generale, care se refHU OD RUJDQL]DUHD úL IXQF LRQDUHD VLVWHPXOXL
SVLKLFvQDQVDPEOXH[OHJLOHGH]YROWULLOHJLOHDVRFLD LHLOHJLOHRUJDQL]ULLLHUDUKLFH
OHJHDPRWLYD LHL
'XS FRQ LQXW OHJLOH SVLKRORJLFH DX IRVW vPSU LWH vQOHJL GH IXQF LRQDUH, legi
GHFRPSR]L LH, organizare sauVWUXFWXUúL legi de dezvoltare. Din prima categorie fac
SDUWH OHJLOH VHQ]D LHL SHUFHS LHL PHPRULHL JkQGLULL GLQ D GRXD FDWHJRULH SRW IL
PHQ LRQDWHOHJHDSUHJQDQ HLOHJHDEXQHLIRUPHOHJHDLQWHJUULLGLQFDWHJRULDDWUHLD
fac parte lHJHD GLIHUHQ LHULL – LQGLYLGXDOL]ULL OHJHD VWDGLDOLW LL 8QXO úL DFHODúL
SURFHV FD úL SVLKLFXO vQ DQVDPEOX VH VXERUGRQHD] FRQFRPLWHQW WXWXURU FHORU WUHL
categorii de legi.
V. PSIHICUL UMAN
1. 1R LXQHDGHSVLKLF3UREDELOFvQLVWRULDúWLLQ HLQXH[LVWXQDOWFRQFHSWD
FUXL GHILQLUH V IL VXVFLWDW DWkWHD GLVSXWH úL FRQWURYHUVH FD FHO GH SVLKLF 7RFPDL SH
WUkPXOOXLV-DSURGXVVFLQGDUHDJkQGLULLILORVRILFHvQPDWHULDOLVWFDUHYDVXERUGRQD
SVLKLFXO GHWHUPLQD LLORU úL vQVXúLULORU PDWHULHL úL LGHDOLVW FDUH YD OHJD SVLKLFXO GH
GHWHUPLQD LLOHSXUVSLULWXDOHH[WUDPDWHULDOHWUDQVFHQGHQWDOH
3VLKRORJLD úWLLQ LILF VH vQWHPHLD] HVHQ LDOPHQWH SH SULQFLSLL PDWHULDOLVWH
FRQVLGHUkQG SVLKLFXO FD IHQRPHQ QDWXUDO FDUH VH LQGLYLGXDOL]HD] SULQ DWULEXWH
calitative specifice, ireductibile la atributele altor fenomene naturale. Definirea lui se
UHDOL]HD]SULQWU-RVHULHGHUDSRUWULFRUHODWHúLDQXPH
D UDSRUWDUHD OD OXPHD H[WHUQ GLQ FDUH UH]XOW QDWXUD VD H[LVWHQ LDO GH IRUP
VXELHFWLY LGHDO GH UHIOHFWDUH úL GH IRUP SDUWLFXODU GH LQIRUPD LH OD QLYHOXO
RUJDQLVPHORUDQLPDOHED]DWSHVHPQDOL]DUH-designare-reprezentare;
EUDSRUWDUHDODVLVWHPXOQHUYRVODFUHLHUGLQFDUHUH]XOWVWDWXWXOOXLGHIXQF LH
VSHFLILF D FUHLHUXOXL UHDOL]DW vQ FDGUXO FRPXQLFULL LQIRUPD LRQDOH D LQGLYLGXOXL FX
OXPHDH[WHUQ
8
FUDSRUWDUHDODVHUYLFLLOHGHDGDSWDUHúLGHUHJODUHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLDQLPDOGLQ
FDUHGHFXUJHVWDWXWXOVXGHIRUPVSHFLILFFDOLWDWLYVXSHULRDUDYLH LLGHUHOD LHúL
rolul instrumental-reglDWRUvQGHVIúXUDUHDFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL
2. Specificul psihicului uman3ULYLWSHVFDUHYROXWLYILORJHQHWLFSVLKLVPXO
QX UHSUH]LQW XQ FRQWLQXXP SODW XQLIRUPFLRVXFFHVLXQHGHWUHSWHGLVWDQ DWHXQHOH
GH DOWHOH GXS JUDGXO GH GLIHUHQ LHUH úL FRPSOH[itate structural-IXQF LRQDO 7UHDSWD
FHD PDL GH VXV FDUH VH GLVWDQ HD] FHO PDL PXOW GH FHD LPHGLDW LQIHULRDU R RFXS
SVLKLFXO XPDQ 3XWHP DVWIHO DILUPD F SULQFLSDOD FDUDFWHULVWLF D SVLKLFXOXL XPDQ
FRQVW vQ DFHHD F HO HVWH IRUPD FHD PDL vQDOW GH RUJDQL]DUH úL IXQF LRQDUH GLQWUH
WRDWHIRUPHOHGHSVLKLVPFXQRVFXWHQRX
6XSHULRULWDWHDDEVROXWDSVLKLFXOXLXPDQvQUDSRUWFXSVLKLFXODQLPDOUH]LGvQ
GLIHUHQ LHUHD úL GH]YROWDUHD H[FHS LRQDO D SURFHVHORU LQIRUPD LRQDOH FRJQLWLYH D
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particulare (specifice).
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sociologie etc.
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LGHDOH VLPEROLFH GHVSULQVH GH VXSRUWXO RELHFWXDO FRQFUHW úL reversibil vQ VHQVXO F
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13
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final;
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imaginiloU HODERUDWH ,PDJLQD LD HVWH HOHPHQWXO FHQWUDO vQ VWUXFWXUD FUHDWLYLW LL FD
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2) Amalgamarea – FRPELQDUHD GH HOHPHQWH úL WUVWXUL HVHQ LDOH OXDWH GH OD
lucruri diferite (ex. Ducipalul lui Al. Macedon);
3) SchimbaUHDUDSRUWXULORUFDX]DOHH[XQSLHSWHQDUXQFDWGH)W-Frumos duce
ODDSDUL LDXQHLSGXUL
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6) TipizDUHD UHGDUHD XQHL WUVWXUL JHQHUDOH SULQWU-un prototip individual:
DYDUL LDvQWUXFKLSDWGH+DJL7XGRVH
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3) memoria motiYD LRQDOOHJDWGHSVWUDUHDWUHEXLQ HORUSULPDUHvQQVFXWHúLDFHORU
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acestor procese includem PRWLYD LDúLafectivitatea.
1. 0RWLYD LD3ULQWHUPHQXOGHPRWLYD LHVHGHVHPQHD]un întreg ansamblu de
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PRGHODWúLVWUXFWXUDWVRFLR-cultural.
18
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reguli gramaticale – elementul principal de codificare a mesajului fiind cuvântul.
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VH SXQ vQ FRUHVSRQGHQ VXQHWHORU DUWLFXODWH RE LQkQGX-VH FRGLILFDUHD JUDILF D
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unitar.
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