Trang 55

Chng IV: Mt s Thut ton Watermarking

Gn y, phn ng thut ton watermarking s c pht trin nhm mc
ch bo v bn quyn nh s v xc minh tnh trng nguyn vn d liu. Hu ht
cc thut ton watermarking chuyn i nh gc sang mt min lm thun tin cho
vic nhng thng tin watermark nhm bo m tnh bn vng v khng nhn thy.
Nhng phng php trc th vn dng php bin i cosin ri rc (DCT) nhng
nhng h s quan trng cm nhn c trong ph tn s thp, tiu chun nn JPEG
cng da vo DCT. Tuy nhin, nhng iu kin cn mi nh l vic truyn tc
bit thp v tin dn, c tnh t l v m ha ROI (region-of-interest) i hi vic
m ha nh linh hot v hiu qu hn. Tiu chun nn nh JPEG2000 da trn php
bin i wavelet ri rc (DWT) c nhiu ci tin v cho t l nn cao hn. V th
lun vn ny nghin cu s watermarking trong min bin i Wavelet.
4.1 Phng php watermarking trong min khng gian nh (spatial domain)
Watermarking trong min khng gian tn hiu c kho st bng cch ri rc
trc tip. Cc gi tr ri rc ca im nh gi l min bin s c lp t nhin. Sau
tm cch nhng thng tin vo nh bng cch thay i cc gi tr im nh sao
cho khng lm nh hng nhiu n cht lng nh v m bo s bn vng ca
thng tin nhng trc nhng tn cng c th c i vi bc nh nhng. C hai
phng php in hnh l phng php tch bit c trng s t quan trng nht (LSBLeast Significant Bit) v phng php s dng chui gi ngu nhin.
4.1.1 Qu trnh chn watermark vo hnh nh
Mc ch:
a mt on thng ip N bit (Watermark) vo image A.
Cch thc hin:

Trang 56

- Chia nh A (nh gc) thnh lm N khi c chiu di bng nhau hoc gn

bng nhau.
- Trn mi khi: ly ngu nhin 1 bit c trng s nh nht ca 1 im nh
thuc khi (c th chn c nh bit c trng s nh nht ca byte u tin, tuy
nhin lm theo cch ny th watermark d b ph hy hn).
- Trn mi khi thay th 1 bit c chn bng 1 bit trong watermark W s
thu c mt hnh nh A v mt kho key, kho ny cho bit v tr ca bit trong
khi i c thay th.
Nhn xt:
V dng bit c trng s nh nht cha message (watermark) nn trong cc
tc v x l nh thng thng ngi ta c th b qua bit ny m cht lng ca nh
khng b suy gim. Do cch a watermark vo nh theo cch ny s khng bn
vng trc cc tn cng.
4.1.2 Qu trnh pht hin watermark:
Mc ch:
Pht hin xem nh A c cha watermark hay khng?
Cch thc hin:
- Gi tr vo: A, A, v key.
- Da vo key ta ly c cc bit b thay i trong gii thut nhng trn.
- So snh A v A ch khc nhau cc v tr quy nh trong cc bit hay
khng? Nu ng th A cha watermark t A, ta c th thu c watermar W bng
cch ly li cc bit thay i trn.
Nhn xt:
Bi v so snh A v A i hi phi ging nhau tt c cc v tr cn li nn
khi nh A b nhiu hoc b thay i do cc hnh ng thng thng nh ct, xoay

Trang 57

nh th gii thut trn khng pht hin c. Trong thc t th khi hin thc gii
thut ny ngi ta khng yu cu phi so snh chnh xc, m c mt sai s cho
php, nu kt qu ca qu trnh so snh A v A nh hn sai s cho php ny th
xem nh A c sinh ra t A.
4.2 Phng php watermarking dng bin i DCT
K thut watermarking dng php bin i DCT thng chia nh gc thnh
cc khi, thc hin php bin i DCT vi tng khi nh gc c min tn s
thp, min tn s gia v min tn s cao. a s k thut watermarking n bn
vng s chn min tn s gia ca mi khi nhng watermark theo mt h s k
no gi l h s tng quan gia cht lng nh sau khi nhng (tnh n ca
watermark v bn vng ca watermark)
V d n gin qu trnh watermarking s dng bin i Cosin ri rc (DCT)
vi i tng nh nh sau:
Thc hin bin i DCT i vi nh cha m c i din bi khi th
nht (8x8 pixel) ca bc nh rng cy nh trn hnh 4.1.

Khi B1

Hnh 4.1: Khi 8x8 u tin ca nh Rng cy

Trang 58

Khi c cho bi:

B1 =

0.7232
0.7745
0.7745
0.7025
0.7745
0.7025
0.7025
0.7025

0.8245
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232

0.6599
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232

0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232

0.6003
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232

0.6122
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232

0.6122
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232

0.5880
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232
0.7232

Bin i DCT khi B1 c kt qu l:

5.7656 0.1162
-0.0526 0.1157
-0.0354 0.0739
-0.0953 0.0436
DCT (B1) = -0.1066 0.0500
-0.0790 -0.0064
-0.0422 0.0366
0.0025 0.0697

-0.0379 0.0161
0.0645 0.0104
-0.0136 -0.0410
0.0379 -0.0090
0.0034 -0.0355
0.0088 0.0240
-0.0460 -0.0150
0.0327 -0.0140

-0.0093
-0.0137
-0.0081
-0.0394
-0.0093
-0.0200
0.0518
0.0286

-0.0032
-0.0114
-0.0187
0.0182
0.0147
-0.0361
0.0141
-0.0084

-0.0472
-0.0415
-0.0871
-0.0031
0.0526
-0.0586
0.0105
-0.0422

-0.0070
-0.0336
0.0063
-0.0589
-0.0278
-0.0731
-0.0980
0.0329

Lu : phn ln nng lng DCT ca B1 c nn ti gi tr DC (h s

DC=5.7656).
Watermark l mt s gi ngu nhin c pht sinh bng cch dng b to
s ngu nhin khi u t gi tr ngun (kha), c cho bi:

W=

1.6505 0.2759 -0.8579

0.7922 - 0.6320 0.8350
0.7319 0.7000 1.6191
0.9424 0.8966 -0.0246
0.2059 1.8204 0.5224
-0.1303 -0.3008 1.6732
0.0509 -1.7409 1.1233
-0.1033 -1.7087 0.5532

-1.6130
-0.3888
-0.0870
-1.4165
-0.9099
-1.1281
0.3541
0.0268

-1.0693
0.4993
0.7859
0.5422
-1.6061
-0.3946
0.1994
2.5359

0.2259
0.2174
0.1870
0.1539
-0.7764
0.8294
-0.0855
1.7004

-0.4570
-1.6095
-0.3633
-1.1958
-0.8054
-0.0007
0.1278
-0.6811

0.7167
-0.9269
2.5061
0.0374
-1.0894
-0.7952
-0.6312
- 0.7771

Trang 59

Bin i DCT trn W, c kt qu l:

0.2390 1.5861
0.1255 0.8694
0.0217 -1.4093
-1.7482 0.8337
DCT (W) = -0.7653 0.5313
0.4222 -0.9041
1.4724 -1.1271
0.4453 0.0380

0.1714
2.8606
-1.3448
1.5394
0.9799
1.2626
1.7449
0.9942

nh gc

Bin i
tn s
(DCT)

B to
Watermark

Bin i
tn s
(DCT)

0.7187
-0.2411
1.3837
-0.0076
1.2930
-0.0979
-0.2921
-1.5084

-0.3163
0.6162
1.3513
-1.7946
-0.0309
0.6200
- 0.3144
0.0656

-1.0925
-1.1665
1.0022
1.1027
-0.9858
0.1858
-0.7244
0.4169

B m ho
= 0.1

2.6675
-0.1335
0.8743
-0.4434
-0.9079
-0.1021
0.4119
-0.7046

1.3164
-0.8266
0.3735
-0.5771
-0.8152
0.1452
0.0535
- 0.5278

Bin i tn
s ngc
(IDCT)

nh nhng
watermark

key
Hnh 4.2: S khi qu trnh to watermark
B1 c watermark vi W nh biu din trong s khi hnh 4.2, cn
c theo:
fW = f + w f

(4.1)

Trong f l h s DCT ca tn hiu cha (B1), w l h s DCT ca tn hiu

watermark (W) v l nng lng watermarking c ly n 0.1 ( = 0.1). Gi tr
DC ca tn hiu cha th khng c thay i mc ch l lm gim s mo dng
ca nh c watermark. Do vy, gi tr DC s c gi li, khng b nhng.

Trang 60

Phng trnh (4.1) c th c vit li dng ma trn nh sau:

DCT (B1) + . DCT (W). DCT (B1), vi mi h s, tr gi tr DC
DCT (B1w)=

(4.2)
DCT (B1)

ch vi gi tr DC

Trong , B1w l tn hiu c watermark ca B1. Kt qu sau khi p dng

hm trn nh sau:

5.7656 0.1346
-0.0532 0.1258
-0.0355 0.0635
-0.0786 0.0472
DCT(B1w) = -0.0984 0.0527
-0.0823 -0.0058
-0.0485 0.0325
0.0026 0.0700

-0.0386 0.0172
0.0830 0.0101
-0.0117 -0.0467
0.0438 -0.0090
0.0037 -0.0400
0.0099 0.0238
-0.0494 -0.0146
0.0360 -0.0119

-0.0090
-0.0145
-0.0092
-0.0323
-0.0092
-0.0212
0.0502
0.0288

-0.0028
-0.0101
-0.0206
0.0202
0.0132
-0.0368
0.0131
-0.0088

-0.0598
-0.0409
-0.0947
-0.0029
0.0478
-0.0580
0.0109
-0.0392

-0.0079
-0.0308
0.0066
-0.0555
-0.0255
-0.0742
-0.0985
0.0312

Ch gi tr DC ca DCT (B1w) ging gi tr DC ca DCT (B1). to nh

c watermark, thc hin bin i DCT ngc ta c kt qu sau:

B1w =

0.7331
0.7818
0.7734
0.7064
0.7872
0.7051
0.7017

0.8361
0.7809
0.7746
0.7093
0.7100
0.7032
0.7765

0.6609
0.7735
0.6973
0.7045
0.7789
0.7026
0.7002

0.7228
0.7011
0.7682
0.7037
0.7081
0.7801
0.7067

0.5991
0.7712
0.7663
0.7013
0.7067
0.7078
0.7765

0.6026
0.6955
0.7002
0.7692
0.7012
0.7741
0.7026

0.6175
0.7755
0.6956
0.6986
0.7013
0.7015
0.7736

0.5922
0.6998
0.6920
0.6933
0.6996
0.6978
0.6992

Nhn xt:
- D dng so snh B1w v B1 v nhn thy s thay i rt nh do watermark.
- Phng php bn vng di s thay i khc nhau ca nh nn k thut
ny p dng trong thit b xc nhn, chng li nn JPEG.
- Tuy nhin cn c nh gc khi phc watermark.

Trang 61

4.3 Phng php watermarking tri ph

Nhiu k thut watermarking hp nht nhiu tng ca truyn thng tri
ph [35,47] nhng v trch m hnh nhiu gi ngu nhin thm vo.
Trong truyn thng tri ph, mt tn hiu bng hp c tri qua mt bng
tn rng ca tn s. iu ny c th c thc hin bng cch iu ch tn hiu
bng hp (thng tin watermark) cng vi tn hiu bng rng chng hn nh nhiu
Gaussian. Tn hiu watermark tri ra c xem nh l nhiu c mt trong tn
hiu nh v v th kh m pht hin.
Mt khc, phng php ny c tr ngi l bn thn tn hiu nh phi c
xem nh nhiu, iu ny lm cho vic pht hin watermark kh khn. pht hin
ra s c mt ca watermark mt cch ng tin, dng nh nhiu h s phi tng
quan hn. iu ny lm gim tnh bn vng v dung lng ca thut ton.

4.4 Phng php watermarking dng bin i Wavelet

4.4.1 L do dng phn tch wavelet
V sao li chn tip cn bng php bin i wavelet. Ta nhn thy rng cc
c trng trong min bin i ny l kh ph hp vi mt n v n tp trung c
trong min thi gian v min tn s. Bn cnh bin i wavelet ph hp vi m
hnh a knh ca h thng nhn ca con ngi (HVS) v th tht s c th t mt
s gii hn vo cc h s wavelet sp xp chng di mc HVS ch sai khc
3JND, m mt ngi c th bt u cm nhn s thay i trong nh.
Ngoi ra, bin i wavelet l mt phn ca chun nn da trn JPEG-2000 v
th k thut da trn wavelet thc hin d dng v ti u hn bao gm c vic bo
v bn quyn vo trong cc m nn ca n.

Trang 62

4.4.2 Watermarking dng phn tch wavelet

K thut watermarking c bn s dng php bin i DWT thng phn tch
nh gc thnh 4 bng tn s khc nhau gm: tn s cao, tn s gia v tn s thp
(k hiu l : LL1, HL1, LH1, HH1) bng cch sp xp cc b lc bng con. to
thm c cc h s wavelet, bng con LL1 li tip tc c phn tch tip. Qu
trnh ny c lp li cho n khi c c kt qu mong mun nhm ph hp vi
tng ng dng. Sau nhng thng tin watermark vo mt hoc mt s wavelet
bng con vi cc h s tng quan khc nhau. nh cha watermark sau c
th qua cc php bin i nh thng thng ri tm li watermark gc
[35,21,8,23,29,22,43].
Hnh 4.3 m t s tng qut ca thut ton watermarking dng bin i
wavelet.
nh gc

nh nhng watermark
2. M ho

1. Nhng
watermark
watermark
5.So snh

3. Truyn
Trch
watermark

4. Gii m

Hnh 4.3 : S watermarking tng qut dng phn tch wavelets

Trc tin, phn tch a phn gii v th bc c lu vo b pht hin ca
my tnh. Sau n c lm trong sut nh s dng cc c trng ca h thng

Trang 63

nhn. Lu cn cn nhc gia tnh trong sut ca nh sau khi nhng v tnh mnh
m ca phng php. Cui cng dng bin i wavelets ph hp vi chun nn
nh, s watermarking c th d dng thch ng vi chun nn JPEG-2000 da
trn c s wavelet.
Cch lm n gin l cng cc m ngu nhin gi c trng s vo cc h s
ln ti cc bng tn s cao v gia ca bin i wavelet ri rc ca nh.
Cch thc hin:
- Phn tch nh thnh 10 bng con dng h wavelets Haar.
Trong hnh 4.4, nh gc Lena c phn tch lm 3 mc vi 10 bng con.
Mi mc c thng tin bng tn c th chng hn nh l LL, LH, HL v HH. Bng
tn thp nht nm trn cng bn tri, v bng tn tn s cao di cng bn phi.

LL3 HL3
LH3 HH3

HL2

HL1
LH2

HH2

LH1

Hnh 4.4 : Kt qu phn tch DWT nh

[

HH1

Trang 64

Qu trnh nhng
- Tip theo cng mt chui ngu nhin gi N (thng dng phn b Gauss c
trung bnh bng khng v phng sai n v) vo cc h s ca cc bng tn s cao
v bng tn s gia (ngha l tt c cc bng tn thp nht b loi tr, nm gc tri
bn trn ca hnh 4.4). Phn b chun ha c dng v n kh mnh m vi cc
loi tn cng kt cu. sp xp trng s watermark vo cc h s wavelet c bin
ln, ta dng mt trong hai quan h theo hai phng trnh sau i vi cc h s
ca nh gc y v y, ni cha watermark .
[m,n] = y[m,n] + . (y[m,n])2 N[m,n]

( 4.3)

[m,n] = y[m,n] + . abs(y[m,n]) N[m,n]

(4.4)

hoc

Gia (4.3) v (4.4) v mt ton hc khc nhau nhng li c cng mc ch l

t nhiu trng s watermark c cng vo cc h s wavelet c gi tr cao. Tham
s dng iu khin mc watermark, cch tt nht chn la l phi dung
ha gia tnh mnh m v dung lng. Cui dng bin i wavelet ngc hai chiu
to li nh nhng watermark y.
Qu trnh trch
Ti u cui ca knh truyn, mt b gii m c dng trch thng tin
watermark t nh thu c. Da trn nh watermark xut, thut ton pht hin
watermark bng cch so snh cc h s DWT ca nh thu c so vi DWT ca
nh gc (khng nhng watermark). Bi ton gm vic ly kha mt t vo trong
bng cch tnh tng quan cc mc phn gii u tin (ngha l cc h s tn s cao
nht). Watermark c pht hin nu c nh tng quan ng vi du hiu dng.
Nu khng, b gii m thc hin tip mc phn gii th hai (ngha l hnh vung
y bn tri ca cu trc pyramic hnh 4.6) mc ch tm nh. Nu c mt
nh th watermark c gi l b pht hin nu khng c tip tc cho ti mc phn
gii th ba v c th cho n mc cui cng l th chn. K thut ny cho php pht

Trang 65

hin watermark tt thm ch c phn b sa, gi mc pht hin sai trng thi
cc tiu v tm kim du hiu ring xuyn qua tng bc pht hin xc nhn gi
tr dng gi l b pht hin. Mc ch cc bc ca b pht hin nhm bo m
cc i gi tr trch c trong b pht hin vi cc key ring, cc tiu s gi tr
dng pht hin sai.
4.4.3 Watermarking nh s dng bin i Wavelets
Watermarking nh mu dng bin i wavelets nhm giu thng tin vo
trong nh gc. Trong phng php ny nh gc l nh mu, u tin c tch
thnh 3 knh mu RGB, sau tng knh c phn tch thnh cc h s wavelet.
Vi nh watermark, cc knh RGB c lin kt thnh nh knh n 3 chiu v
cng c phn tch thnh c h s wavelet vi cng t l phn tch. Cc h s
watermark c cng vo trong cc h s ca nh gc tng ng vi cc bng con.
K thut cng thch nghi dng gn iu khin kh nng khng th nhn thy
c v bn vng.
u tin lun vn tin hnh nhng watermark vo bng tn xp x ca mc
phn tch wavelet th ba (dng hm wavelet haar) n gin. Sau lun vn s
ln lt thc hin cc kho st cc bng tn khc nhau, cc mc phn tch khc
nhau, v cc hm wavelet khc nhau sau rt ra kt lun cn nhng watermark
u hiu qu nht m bo dung ha c tnh khng nhn thy v t c
mnh m cao.
Hnh 4.5 Trnh by qu trnh thc hin nhng watermark

Trang 66

4.4.3.1 Qu trnh nhng Watermark

DWT

nh gc

DWT
Nhng

Sp xp li

nh watermark

IDWT

nh sau nhng watermark

Hnh 4.5: S thc hin nhng watermark

4.4.3.2 Qu trnh trch watermark

Ti u cui ca knh truyn, mt b gii m c dng trch thng tin
watermark t nh thu c. Da trn nh watermark xut, thut ton pht hin

Trang 67

watermark bng cch so snh cc h s DWT ca nh thu c so vi DWT ca

nh gc (khng watermark).
nh nhng watermark

nh gc

DWT

DWT

DWT
Cc bng con
gn
watermark

Watermarked

Sp xp li

IDWT

Hnh 4.6 S thc hin trch watermark

4.4.3.3 Kim tra tnh bn vng
Ch tp trung vo kt qu cc tn cng bng cc ton t x l nh n gin.
Bng cch ny ta c th chc chn rng h thng ny c th dng truyn nh.

Trang 68

Phng php cn c kim tra bng cc tn cng sau :

Tn cng nn nh : JPEG, JPEG2000

Lc: nhiu loi b lc khc nhau c dng. V d nh cc b lc trung

bnh (average), trung v (median), lc gauss v cc b lc khng nhn
(unsharp filters).

Bin i hnh hc: ct, xoay, thay i kch thc.

Nhng

Tn cng
JPEG
Filter
Crop, rotate

nh gc

nh nhng watermark

nh nhng
watermark
sau khi b tn cng

Hnh 4.7 S m t nh watermarked nhn c trong thc t

Thut ton watermarking c thc hin bng MATLAB 2007 s dng cng
c phn tch nh v wavelets. Matlab rt mnh m trong vic kim tra v ti u ha
thut ton. Gip trnh vit cc m cho wavelets khi chng c thc hin ti u
bng cng c Wavelet.