Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)

Kidneys are the purifying factories of body. Kidneys contain millions of tiny blood vessels that filter waste from your blood and eliminate it in your urine. If your kidneys are failing, you may need dialysis to help control your blood pressure and maintain the proper balance of fluid and various chemicals such as potassium and sodium in your body. Dialysis also helps your body maintain the proper acid-base balance. But diabetes and other diseases can damage this delicate filtering system. Dialysis is an artificial way to remove waste products and extra fluid from your blood when your kidneys can no longer do so on their own. There are two types of dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Either of these can bide time until a possible kidney transplant. In contrast to hemodialysis, which cleanses the blood outside the body, peritoneal dialysis works "inside the body" using the body's peritoneal membrane as the semi permeable barrier through which the blood can be filtered. Peritoneal dialysis can be done manually throughout the day (Continuous Ambulatory peritoneal dialysis) or with a machine (continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis) at night. Some people use a combination of both. Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) works by using the peritoneum membrane of the body as a filtering unit for waste product elimination. Peritoneal dialysis exchange procedure consists of 3 steps: Infusion: A sterile, dialysis solution flows into your peritoneal cavity by gravity via a catheter or tube that has been surgically placed into the abdomen. Dwell: The lining of the peritoneal cavity called the peritoneum acts as a natural filter. Drain: The dialysis solution containing the wastes is drained again by gravity from your body through the catheter into an empty bag. Fluid is repeated every 4 to 6 hours during the day, with each exchange taking approximately 30 minutes (10 minutes to introduce and 20 minutes to drain the dialysate). Each day, the final dialysis is performed right before the patient goes to bed at night. Since the patient is continually dialyzing, there are usually fewer dietary restrictions. CAPD provides mobility for the patient, and thus an improved quality of life... You can adjust the times you do your dialysis to suit your own daily routine. Advantage of CAPD is it can be Carried out by the patient in home or work place.

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Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)

CAPD procedure makes use of inexpensive devise which often is not affordable by all. Our objective is to design a much economic portable CAPD devise. In this design the dialysate (dialysate solution) is warmed and kept in the temperature range of 34C to 40C using a temperature controller. Keeping patient safety in mind, we incorporate provision for alarms to alert the patient about the decrease in the amount of ultra filtration. A decrease in amount in ultra-filteration indicates improper functioning of CAPD exchange cycle. With these aforesaid refinements, ultimately an effective, practical, wearable artificial kidney is achieved. The challenge of adequate dialysis continues.

Here In our project we will be designing an mechanism which will be able to maintain the temperature of the of the

dialysate as it is required to be maintained at about 35~40 degree

celcius. For this we will be employing a temperature sensor and monitoring device that will be detecting the temperature and with the help of a controlled heater mechanism we will be able to regulate the temperature of the dialysate. Typically in the normal mechanisms in the house it is kept warm by keeping it wrapped in the towels or warm

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Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)

clothing. Further there is a requirement that the drained dialysate should weigh more than the introduced dialysate as the impurities weight will also get added to the introduced dialysate when it is drained. This difference will be calculated by weighing the introduced and the drained dialysate. This will be accomplished by using two weighing machines (load cells) which will be placed under the induced and the drained dialysate. We will need to find the differences in between the two weights and it is required to be above a certain value else the system can raise alarms that the mechanism is not working. Also there is a requirement to add in a timer circuit to control the timing of the induction and draining of the dialysate. To enable this we will be requiring the timed control of the stoppers (controlled by stepper motors) to stop the flow after some predetermined timings. This will be achieved by connecting it to the PC and we can control and set the timings by selecting combinations using drop down boxes. Incase of any anomalies there can be certain alarms that can be raised. These alarms can be in cases where the drained dialysate weight is less than the introduced dialysate. Beeps at timer.

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Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)

Block Diagram:

Personal Computer

MAX232

Micro-Controller 89C51

Light Emitting Diodes for Visual Indications

Relay Controlling Mechanism

Signal conditioning Ckt. And ADC

Stepper Motor & controlling Relays

Temperature sensor

Weight Sensor 1

Weight Sensor 2

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