Sets and The Set of Real Numbers

Mathematics 17
Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines-Diliman

Lecture 1

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Sets

A set is a well-dened collection of objects which are called elements or members of the set.

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Sets

A set is a well-dened collection of objects which are called elements or members of the set. Finite set: possible to list down all elements Innite set: elements cannot be counted

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Notations

Uppercase letters : Names of sets

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Notations

Uppercase letters : Names of sets a A : a is an element of A

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Notations

Uppercase letters : Names of sets a A : a is an element of A a / A : a is not an element of A

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Notations

Uppercase letters : Names of sets a A : a is an element of A a / A : a is not an element of A Empty set : or { }

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Notations

Uppercase letters : Names of sets a A : a is an element of A a / A : a is not an element of A Empty set : or { } Universal set U : set consisting of all elements under consideration

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Notations

Uppercase letters : Names of sets a A : a is an element of A a / A : a is not an element of A Empty set : or { } Universal set U : set consisting of all elements under consideration n(A) : cardinality of a nite set A, the number of its elements

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Describing Sets

Listing/Roster Method: A = {all the elements of set A}

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Describing Sets

Listing/Roster Method: A = {all the elements of set A} Rule Method: A = {x | description of any element x}

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Examples: 1. Collection of counting numbers less than 6

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Examples: 1. Collection of counting numbers less than 6

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

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Examples: 1. Collection of counting numbers less than 6

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} A = {x | x is a counting number less than 6}

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Examples: 1. Collection of counting numbers less than 6

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} A = {x | x is a counting number less than 6} n(A) = 5

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Examples: 1. Collection of counting numbers less than 6

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} A = {x | x is a counting number less than 6} n(A) = 5

2. Set of distinct letters in the word element

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Examples: 1. Collection of counting numbers less than 6

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} A = {x | x is a counting number less than 6} n(A) = 5

2. Set of distinct letters in the word element

B = {e, l, m, n, t}

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Examples: 1. Collection of counting numbers less than 6

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} A = {x | x is a counting number less than 6} n(A) = 5

2. Set of distinct letters in the word element

B = {e, l, m, n, t} B = {x | x is a letter in the word element}

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Examples: 1. Collection of counting numbers less than 6

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} A = {x | x is a counting number less than 6} n(A) = 5

2. Set of distinct letters in the word element

B = {e, l, m, n, t} B = {x | x is a letter in the word element} n(B ) = 5

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1. Not all sets can be described by both methods. 2. The order of elements in the roster method does not matter.

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Relations on Sets: Subset

Denition
1

A is a subset of B , written A B, if and only if every element of A is an element of B . If set A is not contained in set B , we write A B.

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Relations on Sets: Subset

Denition
1

A is a subset of B , written A B, if and only if every element of A is an element of B . If set A is not contained in set B , we write A B. A is a proper subset of B , written A B, if and only if A is a subset of B and there exists an element of B which is not in A.

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Example. U = {1, 2, . . . , 15} A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {x | x is a counting number less than 8} C = {2, 4, 6, 8}

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Example. U = {1, 2, . . . , 15} A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {x | x is a counting number less than 8} C = {2, 4, 6, 8} Then A, B, C U

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Example. U = {1, 2, . . . , 15} A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {x | x is a counting number less than 8} C = {2, 4, 6, 8} Then A, B, C U AB

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Example. U = {1, 2, . . . , 15} A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {x | x is a counting number less than 8} C = {2, 4, 6, 8} Then A, B, C U AB CB

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Example. U = {1, 2, . . . , 15} A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {x | x is a counting number less than 8} C = {2, 4, 6, 8} Then A, B, C U AB CB AB

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Example. U = {1, 2, . . . , 15} A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {x | x is a counting number less than 8} C = {2, 4, 6, 8} Then A, B, C U AB CB AB A, B, C U

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Let A, B, C be sets. We have Reexivity A A

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Let A, B, C be sets. We have Reexivity A A Transitivity if A B and B C ,

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Let A, B, C be sets. We have Reexivity A A Transitivity if A B and B C , then A C

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Relations on Sets: Equal Sets

Denition
1

A and B are equal or A = B if and only if they have precisely the same elements. If sets A and B are not equal, we write A = B .

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Relations on Sets: Equal Sets

Denition
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A and B are equal or A = B if and only if they have precisely the same elements. If sets A and B are not equal, we write A = B . A is equivalent to B , or A B , if and only if n(A) = n(B ).

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Relations on Sets: Equal Sets

Denition
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A and B are equal or A = B if and only if they have precisely the same elements. If sets A and B are not equal, we write A = B . A is equivalent to B , or A B , if and only if n(A) = n(B ).

Example: Let U = {x | x is a letter in the word escape} A = {c, a, p, e} C = {a, p, e, s} B = {p, a, c, e} D = {a, c, e}

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Relations on Sets: Equal Sets

Denition
1

A and B are equal or A = B if and only if they have precisely the same elements. If sets A and B are not equal, we write A = B . A is equivalent to B , or A B , if and only if n(A) = n(B ).

Example: Let U = {x | x is a letter in the word escape} A = {c, a, p, e} C = {a, p, e, s} Then A=B B = {p, a, c, e} D = {a, c, e}

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Relations on Sets: Equal Sets

Denition
1

A and B are equal or A = B if and only if they have precisely the same elements. If sets A and B are not equal, we write A = B . A is equivalent to B , or A B , if and only if n(A) = n(B ).

Example: Let U = {x | x is a letter in the word escape} A = {c, a, p, e} C = {a, p, e, s} Then A=B B = C, A = C, A = D B = {p, a, c, e} D = {a, c, e}

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Relations on Sets: Equal Sets

Denition
1

A and B are equal or A = B if and only if they have precisely the same elements. If sets A and B are not equal, we write A = B . A is equivalent to B , or A B , if and only if n(A) = n(B ).

Example: Let U = {x | x is a letter in the word escape} A = {c, a, p, e} C = {a, p, e, s} Then A=B B = C, A = C, A = D A B, B C, A C
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B = {p, a, c, e} D = {a, c, e}

Let A, B, C be sets. We have Reexivity A = A Symmetry If A = B , then B = A. Transitivity If A = B and B = C , then A = C .

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Let A, B, C be sets. We have Reexivity A = A Symmetry If A = B , then B = A. Transitivity If A = B and B = C , then A = C . Note: A = B if and only if A B and B A

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Relations on Sets: One-to-one Correspondence

Denition
Two sets A and B are said to be in one-to-one correspondence if to each element of A there corresponds an unique element of B and vice-versa.

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Relations on Sets: One-to-one Correspondence

Denition
Two sets A and B are said to be in one-to-one correspondence if to each element of A there corresponds an unique element of B and vice-versa. Illustration: A = {c, a, p, e}

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Relations on Sets: One-to-one Correspondence

Denition
Two sets A and B are said to be in one-to-one correspondence if to each element of A there corresponds an unique element of B and vice-versa. Illustration: A B = = {c, a, p, e} {a, p, e, s}

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Relations on Sets: One-to-one Correspondence

Denition
Two sets A and B are said to be in one-to-one correspondence if to each element of A there corresponds an unique element of B and vice-versa. Illustration: A B = = {c, a, p, e} {a, p, e, s}

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Relations on Sets: Equivalent Sets

Equivalence can be dened in terms of one-to-one correspondences.

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Relations on Sets: Equivalent Sets

Equivalence can be dened in terms of one-to-one correspondences.

Denition
Sets A and B are equivalent if and only if they are in one-to-one correspondence.

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Venn Diagrams

Venn diagrams are used to visualize sets, their relations and operations.

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Venn Diagrams

Venn diagrams are used to visualize sets, their relations and operations. U - universal set; a rectangular region

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Venn Diagrams

Venn diagrams are used to visualize sets, their relations and operations. U - universal set; a rectangular region A - a set; any closed region, usually circular

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Venn Diagrams

Venn diagrams are used to visualize sets, their relations and operations. U - universal set; a rectangular region A - a set; any closed region, usually circular x or y - elements; dots

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Venn Diagrams

Venn diagrams are used to visualize sets, their relations and operations. U - universal set; a rectangular region A - a set; any closed region, usually circular x or y - elements; dots x A, y /A

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Set Operation: Union

Denition
The union of two sets A and B is the set of elements that belong to A or B or both.

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Set Operation: Union

Denition
The union of two sets A and B is the set of elements that belong to A or B or both. A B = {x | x A or x B }

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Set Operation: Intersection

Denition
The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of elements that belong to A and B .

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Set Operation: Intersection

Denition
The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of elements that belong to A and B . A B = {x | x A and x B }

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Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {0, 2, 4, 8, 9}

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Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {0, 2, 4, 8, 9} Then

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Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {0, 2, 4, 8, 9} Then AB =

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Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {0, 2, 4, 8, 9} Then A B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9}

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Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {0, 2, 4, 8, 9} Then A B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9} AB =

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Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {0, 2, 4, 8, 9} Then A B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9} A B = {2, 4}

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Given sets A, B and C ,

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Given sets A, B and C , AA=

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Given sets A, B and C , AA=A

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Given sets A, B and C , A A = A and A A =

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Given sets A, B and C , A A = A and A A = A

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Given sets A, B and C , A A = A and A A = A AB =BA

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Given sets A, B and C , A A = A and A A = A A B = B A and A B = B A

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Given sets A, B and C , A A = A and A A = A A B = B A and A B = B A If A B ,

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Given sets A, B and C , A A = A and A A = A A B = B A and A B = B A If A B , then A B =

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Given sets A, B and C , A A = A and A A = A A B = B A and A B = B A If A B , then A B = B

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Given sets A, B and C , A A = A and A A = A A B = B A and A B = B A If A B , then A B = B and A B =

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Given sets A, B and C , A A = A and A A = A A B = B A and A B = B A If A B , then A B = B and A B = A

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Given sets A, B and C , A A = A and A A = A A B = B A and A B = B A If A B , then A B = B and A B = A Distributive Laws: A (B C ) = (A B ) (A C )

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Given sets A, B and C , A A = A and A A = A A B = B A and A B = B A If A B , then A B = B and A B = A Distributive Laws: A (B C ) = (A B ) (A C ) A (B C ) = (A B ) (A C )

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Given sets A, B and C , A A = A and A A = A A B = B A and A B = B A If A B , then A B = B and A B = A Distributive Laws: A (B C ) = (A B ) (A C ) A (B C ) = (A B ) (A C ) If A B = , then A and B are said to be disjoint.

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Set Operation: Dierence

Denition
The dierence of two sets A and B is the set of elements in A which are not in B .

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Set Operation: Dierence

Denition
The dierence of two sets A and B is the set of elements in A which are not in B . AB or A\B = {x | x A and x / B}

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Set Operation: Dierence

Denition
The dierence of two sets A and B is the set of elements in A which are not in B . AB or A\B = {x | x A and x / B}

Example: Let A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {0, 2, 4, 8, 9}. Then

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Set Operation: Dierence

Denition
The dierence of two sets A and B is the set of elements in A which are not in B . AB or A\B = {x | x A and x / B}

Example: Let A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {0, 2, 4, 8, 9}. Then A B = {1, 3}

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Set Operation: Dierence

Denition
The dierence of two sets A and B is the set of elements in A which are not in B . AB or A\B = {x | x A and x / B}

Example: Let A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {0, 2, 4, 8, 9}. Then A B = {1, 3} and B A = {8, 9}

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Set Operation: Complement

Denition
Let A U . The complement of A is the set of all elements of U which are not in A.

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Set Operation: Complement

Denition
Let A U . The complement of A is the set of all elements of U which are not in A. A or Ac = {x U | x / A}

Example: Let U = {x|x is a counting number less than 10} and A = {3, 5, 2, 8, 9} Then

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Set Operation: Complement

Denition
Let A U . The complement of A is the set of all elements of U which are not in A. A or Ac = {x U | x / A}

Example: Let U = {x|x is a counting number less than 10} and A = {3, 5, 2, 8, 9} Then Ac = {1, 4, 6, 7} .
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Set Operation: Cartesian Product

Denition
An ordered pair is a sequence of two numbers a and b denoted by (a, b).

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Set Operation: Cartesian Product

Denition
An ordered pair is a sequence of two numbers a and b denoted by (a, b).

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Set Operation: Cartesian Product

Denition
An ordered pair is a sequence of two numbers a and b denoted by (a, b). The Cartesian product A B of sets A and B is the set of ordered pairs (a, b) where a A and b B .

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Set Operation: Cartesian Product

Denition
An ordered pair is a sequence of two numbers a and b denoted by (a, b). The Cartesian product A B of sets A and B is the set of ordered pairs (a, b) where a A and b B . Example: Let A = {7, 8, 9} and B = {1, 2}. Then

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Set Operation: Cartesian Product

Denition
An ordered pair is a sequence of two numbers a and b denoted by (a, b). The Cartesian product A B of sets A and B is the set of ordered pairs (a, b) where a A and b B . Example: Let A = {7, 8, 9} and B = {1, 2}. Then A B = {(7, 1), (8, 1), (9, 1), (7, 2), (8, 2), (9, 2)}

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Set Operation: Cartesian Product

Denition
An ordered pair is a sequence of two numbers a and b denoted by (a, b). The Cartesian product A B of sets A and B is the set of ordered pairs (a, b) where a A and b B . Example: Let A = {7, 8, 9} and B = {1, 2}. Then A B = {(7, 1), (8, 1), (9, 1), (7, 2), (8, 2), (9, 2)} B A = {(1, 7), (1, 8), (1, 9), (2, 7), (2, 8), (2, 9)}

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Let A, B, C and D be sets. In general, A B = B A

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Let A, B, C and D be sets. In general, A B = B A A==A

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Let A, B, C and D be sets. In general, A B = B A A==A If C A and D B , then C D A B .

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Subsets of the Set of Real Numbers

set of Natural Numbers (or Counting Numbers) : N = {1, 2, 3, . . .} set of Whole Numbers : W = N {0} = {0, 1, 2, 3, . . .} set of Integers : Z = {. . . , 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .} set of Rational Numbers : Q = set of Irrational Numbers : Q set of Real Numbers : R = Q Q
p q

| p, q Z, q = 0,

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Exercise: Given the sets: U = A = B = C = Find:

1 2 3 4 5

{a, b, c, . . . , x, y, z } {t, r, i, a, n, g, l, e, s} {s, q, u, a, r, e} {d, e, c, a, g, o, n}

(A (B C )) ((Ac B c ) C ) ((A B C ) U ) ((A (B U )) (B C )) ((A C ) B )

Math 17 (UP-IMath)

Sets and The Set of Real Numbers

Lec 1

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