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2 Nguyn l ca qu trnh chng ct Chng ct l qu trnh tch mt dung dch bng cch un si n, ri ngng t hi bay ra c 2 phn: Phn nh l distillat c nhit si thp, cha nhiu cht d si, cn phn nng cn li l cn chng ct (redue).

Nh vy, php chng ct c th thu c Distillat c thnh phn mong mun bng cch chng ct nhiu ln. Nhng chng ct nhiu ln nh vy rt phin phc, tn thi gian m khng kinh t. khc phc nhc im ny ta dng h thng chng ct c ct chng ct. Ct chng ct c s a l thuyt cng ln, th c kh nng cho mt distillat c thnh phn khc cng nhiu so vi dung dch trong bnh un, tc l distillat rt giu cht d bay hi. Dng ct chng ct c nhiu a l thuyt c th thu c distillat l cht d bay hi gn nh tinh khit.

Du th t cc m du l hn hp phc tp ca cc hydroccbon t methane n asphalt, vi cc t l khc nhau ca paraffin, naphthene v aromatic. Mc ch ca vic chng ct du th l tch du th thnh cc phn on khc nhau nh: hydroccbon nh C1-C4, xng, du ho (kerosene), diesel v cn chng ct kh quyn. Mt s phn on c th c a trc tip ra th trng, mt s khc cn phi c ch bin tip cc phn xng theo sau trong nh my trc khi a ra th trng. Bc ch bin du th u tin, sau qu trnh kh mui, l qu trnh tch du th thnh cc phn on khc nhau bng chng ct. Qu trnh ny c thc hin p sut hi cao hi p sut kh quyn. p sut ny cn thit v cc l do sau: - tng nhit si ca cc hydroccbon nh nc lm mt t nh my c th c s dng ngng t mt phn phn on C3-C4 trong thit b ngng t nh thp. - to cho dng kh khng ngng mt p sut i n thit b tip theo - b li s tt p trong thp u tin du th c gia nhit trong cc trao i nhit v cui cng ho hi trong mt l gia nhit cho n khi cc sn phm cn thit nh v cnh (sidestream) thp c ho hi. Dng nguyn liu sau khi qua l gia nhit c a vo flash zone ca thp chng ct, ti y pha lng v pha hi s c tch. Dng lng sau khi i ra khi flash zone vn cn cha mt vi cu t nh, cc cu

t ny s c thu hi bng dng hi nc stripping. Sau khi stripping bng hi nc, sn phm y, cn c gi l reduced crude, c a ra khi thp chng ct. Nhit y thp c duy tr gii hn 370-400 C ngn qu trnh cracking. Cn chng ct kh quyn sau khi ra khi thp chng ct c gia nhit n 390-410 C nh mt l gia nhit. Sau , c a n thp chng ct chn khng vi p sut t 80-110 mm Hg. Cc iu kin vn hnh c iu chnh nhm ngn qu trnh cracking v t yu cu v cht lng sn phm. Mc ch ca qu trnh chng ct chn khng l tch VGO (vacuum gas oil) ra khi cn chng ct kh quyn (reduced crude). VGO c th c dng lm nguyn liu cho phn xng cracking xc tc (CC catalytic cracking) hay hydrocracking hoc c s dng sn xut du gc (lube base stocks). Ph thuc vo mc ch s dng c th c mt hoc vi sidestream. Cn chng ct chn khng c th c dng sn xut bitum hoc dng lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh sn xut du t sau khi c pha vi mt lng nh diesel hoc kerosene. Trng hp hm lng phn on nh (light-ends) trong du th qu ln, trc thp chng ct chnh ngi ta lp t thm mt flash drum hay prefractionator vi h thng ngng t nh. Prefractionator c thit k thu hi hu nh ton b phn on nh v mt phn xng nh (light naphtha). Sn phm y t prefractionator tr thnh nguyn liu cho thp chng cht kh quyn.

Chng ct l qu trnh tch mt dung dch bng cch un si n, ri ngng t hi bay ra c 2 phn: Phn nh l distillat c nhit si thp, cha nhiu cht d si, cn phn nng cn li l cn chng ct (redue).