Eg:-There are two spheres of a substance having same radius one is hollow another is solid are heated to a temperature

and then kept together in a surroundings thendH (Rate of cooling )of them will be same. dt d d 2. Will be different and will be more in hollow because its mass is less. dt dt

1.

To find the specific heat of any liquid by Newtons Law of cooling :Apparatus:1.Two initial copper colorimeter . 2.A double wall container in which these two colorimeter are kept . In the colorimeters one is having liquid of which specific heat is to be find out where as the other is having water of equal temperature of liquid and equal in volume . 3.In the double wall container continuous flow of water is made so that temperature of the air around the Colorimeters will be at constant temperature. 4.We use thermometer in each colorimeter to have temperature of them. Working:1.We take the temperatures of water and liquid after a regular interval of time say after two minutes temperature of water and liquid is recovered ,then we plot the curves between temperature and time for liquid and water separately they come as. 2.With the help of these curves we calculate the time to cool down to 2 .Let the time taken by liquid for cooling down is from 1 t 2 and for water is t 1 . 3.In the above case the surface area of calorimeter or say surface area of bodies emitting radiations are same ,their nature is same there temperature are same and they are kept in a surroundings .So rate of cooling of water and liquid will be same.
dH dH for water = = for liquid . dt dt

Heat lost by liquid per unit time. = Heat loss by water per unit time
m w s w ( 1 2 ) + M c S c ( 1 2 ) t 1 t 2

= m L s L ( 1 2 ) + M c Sc ( 1 2 )

m w s w + M c Sc m L s L + M c Sc ( 1 2 ) = ( 1 2 ) t 1 t 2 M c Sc =W=Water equivalent of calorimeter . m w 1 + W mL sL + W = t 1 t 2 In the above relation all the quantities are known except s L (Specific heat of liquid),So we find specific heat of liquid. NOTE:-By this method we can find out the specific heat of liquid only not of the solids because in the case of solids rate of cooling not be same. To Verify Newtons Law of cooling:Apparatus:1.A calorimeter in which water is filled and the temperature of water is more than the room temperature and difference is not very large(Maximum to 200c). 2.A container having double wall in which calorimeter is kept. Flow of water is maintained through the wall of this pot so that temperature of air around the calorimeter remains constant. 3.We keep a thermometer in calorimeter by which we can have temperature of water at a fix interval of time. Working: 1.We stir water in the calorimeter so that its temperature remains uniform we take temperature of water after fix interval of time .The temperature of water will be reducing regularly. 2.Now we plot a curve between temperature of water and time that comes as:-

With the help of curves we find

+ 2 0 excess of Temperature = 1 2

dt say rate of change of temperature at different points we calculate the

3.We plot the another curves between rate of change of temperature . Say

dt and excess of temperature. The curves come as a straight line. with help of the curves we conclude that d Excess of temperature .or dt
d

+ 2 1 0 dt 2 + 2 0 or. this provides that:- dH dt 1 2 1 + 2 + = K1 1 2 0 t 2 Energy distribution in the black body spectrum:If we take the spectrum of radiations emitted out by black body then we find that value of intensity of radiations emitted out at different wavelength are different. If we plot a curve between the intensity of radiations emitted out and the wavelengths of radiations emitted out then the curve is said to be energy distribution curve of black body spectrum.
To receive the spectrum of radiations emitted out by Black body. An arrangement was given by Runner and prigs Hein in which prism was used of rock salt and mirrors were used to receive the spectrum value of intensity with different wavelength was measured by bolometer. If we plot the curve between the intensity of radiations and the wavelength of radiations that comes as:-

On basis this curve we can conclude following points:1.At any temperature in beginning value of intensity with of wavelength and intensity becomes Maximum at a particular wavelength m Afterwards intensity with of wavelength. 2.value of maximum intensity with of temperature. 3.At a temperature there are all the wavelength present above a particular wavelength. So Black body Spectrum is said to be continues spectrum. At a Particular temperature no wavelength is received less than the particular minimum wavelength. 4.As the temperature of Black body is the wavelength at which intensity is maximum reduces and Wien has given a rule for this change that is known as weins displacement Law. For Any Black body the value of wavelength ( m ) at which intensity is maximum is inversely proportional to absolute temperature of B.B. Or.

m 1
dm =

b = Wiens constant = .00293 m k

= .293 c m k m T = b = CONSTANT m1 T1 = m 2 T2 = m 3 T3 = CONSTANT One the basis of this law we can understand that as the value of absolute temperature is value of wavelength emitted reduces for Eg- when any Iron piece is heated then it will be red, yellow, blue and white in the last.

b T