Practical Aspects of Sensitive On-site Partial Discharge Detection in Power Cables

On-line versus Off-line PD detection

by Prof.dr. Edward Gulski (FIEEE) www.onsitehv.com

voltage, PD behaviour, PD location, PD calibration Key Phrase:

Key Words: partial discharges (PD), power cables, discharge magnitude, discharge inception

depend on several practical aspects like PD detection method, PD calibration, level of test voltage applied.

insulation condition of power cables. Moreover, PD detection and localisation sensitivity

Application of PD detection is an attractive method to asses the actual

General
It is known that partial discharges (PD) are a good indication of

insulation defects in high voltage (HV) and

discharging

medium voltage (MV) power cables. Due are symptoms of dielectric degradation, the electric stresses is essential to

to the fact that the discharging defects analysing PD magnitudes in function of estimate properly the degradation
Figure 1: Application of PD measurement in function of
the AC over-voltage test. Any particular discharge larger than q0 (cable specific acceptance value)

progress [1, 2, 20, 40, 41]. PDs occur in the dielectric and do not completely bridge the insulation and the

forming of the defect can take months or years but than in a matter of minutes, or even throughout the dielectric, bridging the insulation. When the insulation is less the defect can extend

initial

rejection of the object under test, see shaded area. PD referred to U0 are important indicators of PD presence during network operation.

measured below selected test voltage Ut leads to

inception voltage PDIV and PD extinction voltage PDEV

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completely bridged, breakdown will occur [3, 20].

As a result the detection of partial discharges is a well accepted tool for condition

assessment of new and service aged power cables. Many years of good experiences in factory PD testing of new manufactured components, have resulted in the implementation of PD detection also for on-site testing. In the last 15 years depending on the type of PD testing and diagnosis [8-16].

component, the network levels different solutions have been developed and implemented for

In this contribution with regard to the on-site PD detection on power cables practical aspects will be discussed. In particular, based on practical experiences the fundamental issues of PD occurrence in power cables as well as the interpretation aspects will be mentioned. The goal applying PD diagnosis.

of this contribution is to provide realistic information to utility maintenance engineers

External voltage source Level: e.g. up to 3.0Uo IEC 60060-3

Introduction
Although some in the electric power realize, partial industry all extruded may cable not

IEEE 400 PD detection IEC 60270 / IEC 885-3 IEEE 400.3

(a)

system owners, have relied on technology discharge to assure (PD)

External voltage source Level: e.g. up to 3.0Uo IEC 60060-3 IEEE 400

test

reliability for decades. Most manufacturing system process

the

Radio frequency (RF) PD detection Radio frequency (RF) PD detection Radio frequency (RF) PD detection Radio frequency (RF) PD detection

experts would agree that the production PD testing of cable components and
(b)

have Figure 2: Principles of off-line PD detection methods for power cables; become so well developed over the last 40 years that the vast majority of defects on newly installed systems are not likely process but rather to to be due to the manufacturing workmanship. Many cable
a) Standardized and calibrated PD detection (conventional) insulation and cable accessories, b) applicable for both factory testing and on-site testing of cable Not-standardized and not-calibrated PD detection

(unconventional) for on-site testing of cable accessories. (IEC 62478 under preparation, Cigre D1.33 brochure under preparation).

owners see the value in the

production PD test and are using PD diagnostics in the field to compare the results with

known baseline factory tests. In fact, [29] states that if the cable system can be tested in the

field to show that its partial discharge level is comparable with that obtained in the factory

tests on the cable and accessories, it is the most convincing evidence that the cable system is in excellent condition. Although the reason to use PD diagnostics in the field is a natural

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choice for many applications, it is the general experience that the metrics used to assure the overlooked. To sum up the typical misunderstanding, one might say that not all PD tests are on-site (conventional) PD diagnostic test results and (unconventional) PD measurements.

field results can be compared with the factory results are widely misunderstood and often created equal. This is especially true when comparing the factory PD test results with typical

Much research has been performed over the last 15 years to determine the frequency dependence of PD tests [3]. Research indicates that changing the frequency by more than an order of magnitude can significantly change the apparent inception voltage of a PD site. This is a concern, as some off-line PD tests use frequencies outside the range of 20Hz up to a literature search by the author, decreasing the test frequency by an order of magnitude can with the factory PD test [3, 6, 7].

300Hz as recommended in [26, 27] which is used in factory and on-site tests. According to change the apparent inception voltage in a typical range from 5 to 30% when compared

PD diagnosis of power cables

Many breakdowns in the power cables are caused by digging activities [3]. But still, more than half of the breakdowns in the damages due
50(60) line voltage Level: 1Uo

to

RF PD detection

RF PD detection

cable network are caused

RF PD detection

RF PD detection

by internal fault in the Figure 3: Principles of on-line PD detection methods for power cables; on-line: insulation systems of the cable network. Visual
non-standardized and not calibrated PD measurement in cable accessories of cable section in service.

inspection of the disturbed components may give insight in the different types of breakdown components of cable network can be made, as reflected in [3, 23].

related insulation defects. Based on these visual inspections, a list of defects in different For many years, withstand testing (AC and DC) was the only testing method applied in the shown in [3, 20, 23, 41], partial discharges (PD) are sensitive and until now they are the best

power cables network, but nowadays also PD testing has become an accepted method. As symptoms of discharging weak spots (insulation defects, degradation processes) in the HV insulation.

It follows hat there is a large diversity on insulation defects which may occur not only in the

accessories of a cable but also in the insulation. Moreover, it is know that PD inception in all

these defects depends on the local electric field enhancement. As a result with regard to accessories).

insulation defects different situations may occur in a cable system (insulation and/or

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1. Cable system is PD-free; starting at higher than 1.7Uo electric stresses e.g. > 3Uo PD any PD inception in defects. discharging with voltage than PD defects higher lower

may start to ignite in accessories; in that case temporary over-stresses will not produce

2. Cable system contain inception

than 1.7Uo; in that case due to temporary AC or the PD switching over-voltages can be ignited and in the extinction during case of voltage PD development

1Uo

(PDIV)

(a)

but

(b)

(PDEV) < Uo it can stay operation. network

3. Cable system contains discharging defect with case in the PDIV< 1.0Uo; in that insulation and/or cable accessories processes during are active PD

(c)

cable

operation.

on the type of defect and the local electric besides field concentration

Depending

network

Figure 4: Principle of PD pulse propagation in power cables

a) just after PD ignition, both pulses travel in the opposite direction [3] b) after reflection at the remote end, both pulses travel in the same direction

about PD presence also

knowledge

c) example of localisation of PD source by analysing the PD wave time (A), after which the reflected wave (B) occurs. The incident wave is

differences; he first detected pulse is the incident wave of the PD event reflected at the detection side of the cable and if not attenuated to noise level, it will appear as A. From the time difference between the incident

the information about the decrease of PDIV, increase to magnitude are essential degradation process. evaluate of PD

and the reflected wave, together with the calibrated propagation velocity

v, the PD origin location can be calculated: xi =( l-vt)/2

the

It was already shown many years ago [1] that the best way of PD detection as well as the recognition of different discharging defects is related to changes of the applied electric field,
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see figure 1. This interaction between PD inception voltages (PDIV), PD extinction voltage

(PDEV), and PD magnitude at different voltage stresses provides more detailed picture about the PD processes in different types of cable insulation defects. Obtaining this information in its turn is important in interpretation of discharging defects:

1. The level of PDIV as compared to the nominal service stress is of absolute relevance in mostly more severe that a defect with PDIV =0.9Uo [2, 3, 6].

determining the degradation ration; e.g. discharging defect with if PDIV = 0.3Uo is

2. To declare a power cable PD-free the PDEV has to be at least 1.3Uo [ANSI ICEA]. between PDIV and 1.7Uo is a good indicator of defect severity [2, 3, 6]. it can be of

3. Analyzing the increase of PD level and PD intensity in function of the applied voltage e.g.

Summarizing -

concluded that due to diversity defects,

discharging complexity

for sensitive PD diagnosis of power cables the voltage dependence processes is important. of PD

cable systems

of

To detect off-line partial

discharges in power cables

two principal methods can be considered (figures 2 and 3): 1. off-line

Figure 5: PD location in power cables using conventional PD detection.

Practical example of PD mapping as obtained using TDR analysis of insulation and in cable accessories can be localized. detected PD signals. Using this analysis multiple PD activity in the cable

where the test object is energized from external voltage sources [28] and with regard to

detection

PD detection a distinction can be made between standardized so called conventional detection method [30, 31] and the not-standardized so called unconventional the radio 2. on-line detection where the test object is energized from the network and with regard to PD detection the unconventional RF detection is applicable only. frequency (RF) method,

In the following paragraphs relevant aspects of sensitive PD detection and the practical implications by using these methods for PD detection and localization are discussed.

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Off-line PD detection and localisation of discharging defects in power cables

Conventional PD detection (IEC60270 recommendations)

The so-called off-line method has been introduced many years ago for factory testing. Since power cables.

a few years this method has also been in use for on-site testing of new and service aged This method can only be applied on cables systems which are disconnected from the network. The off-line PD detection consists of an external voltage source [28], preferably voltage classes: a) c) sinusoidal AC voltage as recommended in the standards for testing power cables of different

b) IEC60840 for testing high voltage cables [26]

IEC60502 for testing medium voltage cables [42]

IEC62067 for testing extra high voltage cables [27]

To detect PD in the power cable standardized circuit different standards can be applied [30, 31, 33].

Performing off-line PD detection using conventional method covers an important step in value in pC of the smallest the test conditions. Following the

assessing the sensitivity of the particular circuit. The purpose of this step is to determine the PD signal detectable under
80.00 60.00 25 uV/pc 40.00 7 uV/pc 20.00 0.00 0 100 200 300 400 5 Frequency [MHz]
calibrated: [pC] / V ratio depends on the characteristics of the whole has to be estimated.

procedure

detection will be performed in [pC] which is important step and between for on-site Due comparisons testing test full

the

calibration final PD

standards.

the

factory

standardization of the PD measurement measuring signal calibration process: circuit, this

to

Figure 6: Problematic of RF detection systems. The systems can not be

Moreover, applying the conventional PD detection provides PD detection and localisation of discharging defects in the whole cable system: cable insulation and cable accessories.

method is also called conventional.

processing

procedures,

circuit and the selected RF frequency band. Sensitivity in [pC] of the circuit

Amplitude [uV]

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With regard to PD site localisation similar to factory testing procedure can be applied, see

accessories or in the cable insulation, one PD pulse will travel towards the near cable end, end. Finally, this pulse will also arrive at the near end of the cable. When the velocity of the

figure 4. In particular after a discharge process occurred in a cable on location X, e.g. cable

the other pulse travels in the opposite direction, and will reflect on the remote open cable PD pulses is known from standardized calibration, the location of the PD can be determined by measuring the time lag between the first pulse and its reflection. To determine the cable end. The time difference between the original pulse and its reflection, together with velocity a calibration measurement is used where a calibration pulse is injected at the near the known length L of the cable determines the velocity v. This technique is known as Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). With a devoted software tool for TDR, one can analyse PD measurements to identify partial discharges, their reflections and thus their locations along the whole power cables. To improve this process, the software tool uses a heuristic algorithm, correlation and digital band-pass filtering [3, 34-36]. After this identification specifying a list of joint locations, a convenient graphical overview over a cable is obtained. length and the characteristic HF impedance of the particular cable section [18].

process, it is possible to create location mappings of partial discharges, see figure 5. By Applying TDR for PD site localisation the PD detection sensitivity depends on the cable

Unconventional PD detection (non-standardized)

1

Off-line and on-line Cable length 320m

Since a few years, in addition to after laying tests of new installed cable accessories the

conventional PD detection, for radio

(a)

frequency (RF) signal processing (using e.g. narrow or wide band amplifiers, spectrum analyzers) 2b. This method is called non moment the no guidelines and have been introduced, see Figure conventional because at this
(b) (c)

standards are available to define measuring procedures. These RF calibration

or

Figure 7: Off-line and on-line PD detection as performed on both

terminations 1 and 2 of a 320m long 10kV PILC power cable: a) b) PD mapping as made on the basis of off-line conventional, PD detection [30, 31] as connected to termination 1, and c) phase resolved pattern as detected , on-line using and 2

the

devices are able to couple out by inductive or capacitive sensors the PD signals from the cable

unconventional PD detection method on both terminations 1

accessories and to measure the

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PD amplitude in [mV] or [V]. Due to the fact that RF systems can use different frequency ranges (up to hundreds of MHz) the PD amplitudes can not be measured in [pC], Figure 6. To determine the meaning of these amplitudes Cigre WG D1.33 and IEC 62478 are preparing the guidelines to estimate the sensitivity level of RF devices. With regard to power cables such procedure may consist of two parts [19, 37]: Laboratory procedure

1. Installation of an artificial PD defect (e.g. PD level below 100pC) on a full size 2. Installation of given type of HF/VHF sensors on the cable accessories and connection of a 3. HV energizing of the full size setup and PD detection using both system: IEC60270 and 4. Analysis of RF response of different types of sensors. different VHF/UHF frequencies. the PD defect from (1) and (3). RF PD detection system. PD detection circuit (IEC60270). combination of power cable part and cable accessories;

5. For PD defect from (1) and (3) ratio estimation of the lowest [pC] reading and [V] for 6. Search for an artificial voltage pulse with similar frequency/amplitude characteristics as 7. Estimation of the whole circuit sensitivity in [pC] and the suitable frequency ranges. On-site procedure

1. Performance check (sensitivity check) of the whole system: cable system, RF PD detection pulses;

system including installed sensors by injection of the by (5) selected artificial voltage

2. Tuning of the unconventional PD system to HF/VHF frequency range with best 3. Optional using [31] standard calibrator injection on the cable termination of PD pulses and estimation of the RF detector responses at frequencies (e.g. below 20MHz) which are typical for TDR analysis of PD pulses in power cables. signal/noise ratio;

accessories only. Depending on the frequency range of the RF detection system the PD activity can be fitted to the particular joint only (frequency range of few hundreds of MHz) or to the PD activity in the whole cable system (frequency range of several MHz only).

accessories, the non- conventional PD detection is applicable for after laying tests of cable

Due to the fact that the above mentioned procedure can only be done for newly installed

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Test Sensitivity Assessment and Calibration

At present, in the authors experience, pC sensitivity assessment and calibration are perhaps

the most overlooked aspects of PD field tests. In the factory, manufacturers go to great lengths, including the erection of electromagnetically shielded test rooms, to assure that the test sensitivity meets the standard requirement. sequences to assure minimal pC magnitude measurement error with their limited bandwidth systems [38]. The most up-to-date guide for PD testing in the field with such systems is They also perform special calibration

PD equipment. PD testing in the field requires the use of ultra-high bandwidth detection According to [30] calibration and sensitivity assessment are critical since poor test

[30].

sensitivity and incorrect pC magnitude assessment commonly lead to faulty test results. The following text describes a sensitivity assessment and calibration procedure which will assure that field tests are in compliance with [30] and comparable with factory test standards.

The practical implications of a proper pC sensitivity assessment and calibration for each cable test are significant. For example, an inaccurate apparent charge calibration and/or outdated measurement equipment can lead to errors in the range of one order of magnitude.

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Implications for unconventional PD Tests

Sensitivity assessment is an especially critical procedure when comparing unconventional PD

test results with factory PD tests. The unconventional PD test has an obviously apparent electromagnetic disturbances and noises from the external voltage sources (off-line) or form the network (on-line) can be suppressed by choosing for PD detection VHF or UHF frequency ranges. However, a sensitivity assessment in [pC] according to [30, 38] can not be performed due to differences in detection principles. advantage in the field in that it can be applied to the accessories directly and the

Therefore, since the calibration of unconventional detection can not be performed, the

transformer (CT) is placed in proximity to an energized joint or termination location, it is not attenuation (or gain) factor to correlate the voltage measurements to pC values. Although sensitivity assessment be performed prior to any PD diagnostic test in the field. Otherwise, requirements are not followed and the cable owner should be aware of the risk that the test may not detect all PD activity. practical to inject a pulse on the conductor of the cable system and determine an accurate

possibility of a false negative is significant. If, for example, a radio frequency (RF) current

this example discusses the challenges of unconventional tests, [39] recommends that a without a proper sensitivity assessment of unconventional PD detection the standards

Practical Experiences
Referring to systematic research as performed in the field using on-line PD detection [3, 17, 23-25] in this chapter the practical aspects of conventional and unconventional PD detection differences and specific aspects of using both PD detection methods. will be discussed. In particular the major goal of this discussion is to point out the technical

Applying conventional PD detection provides sensitive PD localisation in length of power cables up to several kilometres [18].

content increases heavily with the cable length, the sensitivity of RF detection systems operating at higher frequencies is limited to a few hundred metres. In figure 7 an example is

Based on the fact that starting from 1520 MHz the attenuation of PD energy frequency

shown of a very short cable (320m), where based on conventional off-line diagnosis PD

activity has been observed in a cable joint at 65m location. Based on unconventional detection as performed on both cable ends the signal reduction of 25% per 100m was observed. As a result the applied on-line detection on cable terminations will experience problems in detecting PDs on cables longer than 0.5km.

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This observation is also confirmed by comparing conventional and unconventional detection as applied to a cable with a typical length of 1950m (PILC insulation), figures 8 and 9. Using conventional PD detection PD activity has been analysed up to 1.7Uo. At PDIV below 1Uo two areas of PD activity have been localised. a) The 1st one PD up to 3.5nC in the cable
1

insulation: 0m up to 600m where no PD b) The 2nd one up to 7.5nC (phase blue) has been observed at the position of 1100m (joint location). concentrations have been observed.

Off-line PD detection according to IEC60270 Cable length 1950m

(a)

Analysing the phase resolved patterns as observed presence has been also confirmed. at both terminations the PD

(b)

(c)

Figure 8: Off-line conventional PD detection as

1950m long 10kV PILC power cable: a)

performed up to 1.7Uo on terminations 1 and 2 of a PD site mapping: it follows from this graph that at the location 1100m PD activity up to 7.5nC has been observed in the joint; b) and c) PD phase resolved pattern

As shown in figure 8 PD signal attenuation has sensitivity. It follows from the example in less influence on PD

detection

figure 8 that applying conventional detection both cable ends in a similar way.

the PD in a power cable can be detected at

The same cable has also been tested using the network voltage Uo at both terminations the EM disturbances have been estimated and at the frequency with the highest signal/noise ration the PD signals have been detected and processed to phase resolved patterns. Taking into account the actual length of this cable 1950m and the in figure no sensitive PD detection in cable insulation and in cable joint can be explained.

an unconventional system, see figure 9. At

(a)

On-line Cable length 1950m

(b)

Figure 9: On-line unconventional PD detection as

terminations 1 and 2 of a 1950m long 10kV PILC

9 shown attenuation effects of 25%/100m

performed at 1Uo network voltage level on both

power cable:

Condition assessment of service aged power cables

On-site diagnostics are more and more important tools to support the asset management

(AM) of power cable networks. In particular, based on actual condition status AM can

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major goal of PD diagnosis of power cables is to detect and to localize discharging insulation of view of insulation degradation.

optimize the maintenance and the replacement of non-reliable cable sections. Therefore the

defects, to estimate the actual PD magnitude and to interpret the PD presence from the point

The on-line PD test has the obvious advantage that it does not require disconnecting the cable. In some cases, PD in severely degraded terminations and joints can be detected if method, it is vitally important to understand its limitations. These limitations include: a) the low percentage of defects which are detectable at the operating voltage level, they are readily accessible. Although on-line PD testing is a useful tool, as with any test

c) the likelihood of a relatively high percentage of false positive readings. A very low percentage of defects can be detected at the operating voltage level. This is most likely because extruded cable insulation cannot tolerate continuous PD activity for an extended period of time. detected with the on-line method during the relatively short time between the PD activitys For this reason, it is very unlikely that serious defects will be

b) the lack of a reliable sensitivity assessment,

initiation at operating voltage and failure. In some studies, such as [11], it has been shown that less than 3% of defect sites in cable systems with PD have been reported to be active at system to be defect free only to have a transient voltage turn on a defect a short time later or below operating voltage level. This is a great concern as an on-line test can deem a cable

and the cable system fails without warning.

A sensitivity assessment can not be performed according to [30] while a circuit is live. Therefore, since the sensitivity of the on-line test cannot be determined, the test results are not dependable and cannot be compared to factory test standards.

On-line test results inherently yield a relatively high percentage of false positive readings. switchgear, electrical buses, motors, transformers, and transmission lines. PD activity from

During the test, the cable is left connected to the rest of the power system including external sources interferes with the on-line test and appears to be originating from the cable under test. This challenge of false readings is only complicated if the access points to the cable system are more than a few hundred feet apart.

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Conclusions
In this contribution different aspects of on-site PD detection have been evaluated. Based on this discussion the following can be concluded:

1) For on-site PD detection three methods are in use: a) Off-line (cable section is disconnected and energised by an external voltage source): for many years established conventional detection where PD activity in cable insulation and cable accessories is measured in accordance to standards [30, 31, 33] and the PD magnitude can be evaluated in [pC] and the PD sites in the cable insulation and cable accessories can be localized.

b) Off-line (cable section is disconnected and energised by an external voltage source): unconventional where PD activity in cable accessories only is measured in V or mV and where sensitivity checks are necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.

c)

On-line (cable section is connected to the network and energised by the line voltage): the sensors to the cable accessories [21, 22].

PD detection uses unconventional detection methods of PD signals by connecting PD

2) Applying the above mentioned PD detection methods, several practical sensitivity aspects parameters unconventional method is more complex and does not provide measurements in conventional PD detection requests sensitivity checks are necessary.

of unconventional methods have to be taken into account. Due to diversity of measuring

[pC] but in [V]. As a result to demonstrate the sensitivity of the system, applying non-

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onsite hv solutions is an international organization with a team of highly qualified specialists, providing modern onsite solutions for an optimal use & maintenance of medium and high-voltage components

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onsite hv solutions is an international organization with a team of highly qualified specialists, providing modern onsite solutions for an optimal use & maintenance of medium and high-voltage components