EN 647 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND MICROGRIDS

CONTROL OF ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER

|

The flows of active and reactive p power in a transmission network are fairly independent
P is closely related to frequency y Q is i closely l l related l t d to t voltage lt
y

Interconnected system with two or more independently p y controlled areas

Control of frequency y Maintain scheduled power interchange y Interconnected I t t d system t with ith t two or more independently controlled areas
y

Control of generation and frequency is known as load frequency control (LFC)

SPEED GOVERNING MECHANISM

FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE OF A COMPOSITE LOAD

|

The frequency q y dependence p of composite p load is expressed as

Pe = PL + Dr

D is load damping coefficient expressed as % change in load for 1% change in frequency. y Load may be frequency dependent or independent
y

PROBLEM -1 NO SPEED GOVERNING

ISOCHRONOUS GOVERNOR
Constant speed p | Isochronous governor adjusts the turbine valve/gate to bring the frequency back to the nominal i l or scheduled h d l d value. l
|

ISOCHRONOUS GOVERNOR
Increase in load results in frequency q y decay y at a rate determined by the inertia of the rotor | As speed drops, Pm begins to increase and hence reduces d the th rate t at t which hi h speed d is i reducing d i
|

ISOCHRONOUS GOVERNOR
It works satisfactorily y when g generator is supplying isolated load | Only one generator in multi-gen system is required i d to t respond d | Isochronous generators cannot be used with two or more units connected to the same system
| y |

Each tries to control the system frequency to its setting

It is i good d to t provide id droop d characteristic h t i ti if load l d sharing is expected between generators

y

Speed p drops p as the load is increased

GENERATORS WITH DROOP CHARACTERISTIC

|

Governor with State feedback

DROOP
Defintion: The ratio of speed p deviation or frequency deviation to change in valve/gate position or power output | 5% droop d or regulation l ti means that th t 5% frequency f deviation causes 100% change in valve position or power output
|

10

LOAD SHARING BY PARALLEL GENERATORS

|

Frequency q y is unique q when they y share a load change

' P = P 1 1 P 1 =

f R1 f R2

P2 = P2' P2 =

P R 1 = 2 P2 R1
Amount of load picked up by each unit depends on droop characteristic If % of regulation of units is nearly equal, the change in the output of each unit will be nearly in proportion to its rating
11

LOAD SHARING BY PARALLEL GENERATORS

|

There is a steady y state error associated with load sharing

12

CHANGING GENERATOR OUTPUT

|

The relationship between speed and load is adjusted by changing an input reference
y

Load reference set point The output of each unit at any given system frequency can be varied only by changing LRSP.

When operating p g in p parallel

y

13

LOAD REFERENCE SET POINT

G Generator t connected t dt to P Power S System t

y y

LRSP has minimum effect on frequency Depends on size of other generators LRSP adjusts frequency

Generator feeding isolated load

y

14

COMPOSITE LOAD AND GOVERNOR CHARACTERISTIC

15

PROBLEM-2 DEAD BAND SYSTEMS

16

AUTOMATIC GENERATION AND CONTROL

|

Primary y control result in steady-state y frequency q y deviation

Governor droop characteristic y Frequency F sensitivity iti it of f the th load l d
y

Objectives
y

Primary: a y:
|

Regulate frequency to the specified nominal value and to maintain the interchange power between control areas at the scheduled values Distribute the required change in generation among units to minimize operating costs.
17

Secondary:
|

AGC IN ISOLATED POWER SYSTEMS

No issue of interchange g p power | Restore frequency | Addition of integral is sufficient for units of AGC
|

18

AGC IN ISOLATED POWER SYSTEMS

Supplementary pp y control action is slower than primary control | It acts after primary speed control stabilizes the system t f frequency | AGC adjusts the LRSP to change output of generators to override the effect of composite frequency regulation characterisitc
|

19

AGC IN INTERCONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS

20

INTERCONNECTED POWER SYSTEM

21

22

TWO-AREA WITH SUPPLEMENTARY CONTROL

|

With B1 = 1 and B2 = 2
y

Only the supplementary control in area 1 will respond to load change in area 1 and changes generation to bring ACE1 to zero y The change is not observable in area 2

With
y

B1 = 21 B2 = 2 2 Both supplementary controls would responds to deviation twice as fast. y Generation picked up by area 2 will be backed off

and

in their respective areas

With set bias factors lower than respective area (Beta)

y

Results in degradation of the system frequency control

23