I.

A. .

ATP.


, ,
,
.
, : ()
( ) ( ),
(ii) -
Krebs .
CO2
ATP.

B. .


,
.

,
.
ATP,
.
ATP ,
.
, ,
.
1.

( ),
. T
2 moles ATP 1 mole . mole 30
KJ.

2.

( ),
Krebs (
) 6 moles ATP
mole .


.


.
.
1.
.



.
(
) .. , ,
. ,
.
,
, ,
.

(C5H 10O 5)

(C6H 12O 6)

-
-
-
-

. (.. 3 ). ,
,
, - .
ATP .
2.
.
, , ,
. ATP
.
,
.

II.

( = )
, ,
.

3/4 .
A.
1.

.
,
.
()
.

 :
-1,4
, , -1,4
-1,6 30 .

.
, .
2.

.
- ,
. D- D-,
.
.

3.

,
(), -
,


.

.
,
.

B. , .

,
,


.

.
, , ,
, , .
, .
C. ,
. -D-
. D-
-1,4- ,
-1,6- .

.
24 .
.
To , -D-.
,
. ,
, ,
o.

III.
3

 D-, D-, and D-,

.
(. 19.1).
A. :
1. H - (
- ).
(. ) ,
.

HCl ( )

1:

i.

. - -1,4 ,
,
-1,6 .
. -


.
ii.

. - :
(1) , - (1,4) ,
.
(2) , - (1,4) - (1,4)
(3) ,

-1,6
. -1,4 - -1,
4 .
, ,

.

2.

.
( ).
3. -
, .
. , ,
.
. -1,6
.

B. .
(D-, D-, D-)

. , ,
,

,
.
.
Na+/+, Na+ , ATP,
+ .

1.
.
a) To Na+-
(1) D-
D-
(2) (Phlorhizin), 2-
(Phloretin) .

. Na+-

.
b) To Na+-
(1) D-
.

(2) B (cytochalasin B) -
,
. Na+-
.

. ,
.
2.
Na+-
D- D-.

IV. EMBDENMEYERHOF
A. ( ):

1. 6- -D- (G6P).
, (
)
. ATP

,

. ,
, .
a. .
. ATP ,
.
,
.
ATP 6 .

(1) ,

( )
,
.
(2)
Michaelis (m)
. m
ES Michaelis Menten,

Km =

[ E ][ S] ,
[ ES]

[] , [S]

[S]
-.

(a) m

.

 m . Km
- .
(b) ,
.

.
m,


.

.
b. .

6-
-D-
(G6P)

:
,
.

2: .

2. 6- -D- (G6P) 6-
(F6P). ,
, (C-1) .
( ).

3. 6- (F6P) 1,6-
. .
(PFK),


.
6- 6-
. 6- 6-
. ,
6- ,

6-
.

. 6-
ATP 1,6- .

. (PFK)
(1)

6-
(PFK)

(F6P)

(2) (AMP),

,
PFK
,

ATP .
(3) 2,6- ,
6- (F6P)
(PFK) .
PFK 6-
ATP. F2,6BP, 2, .
(a) 2-
ATP, .
(b) 2-
AMP (cAMP)- .
. (PFK)
(1) ATP PFK F6P
PFK AMP. ATP
.
(2) PFK F2,6BP,
PFK .

- .
ATP , , '

 .
.
4. 1,6- (F1,6BP)
(DHAP) 3- (G3P).
4. . .
.

4.

4.B.1 (DHAP)
G3P 3- .
.
4.B.2 3- (G3P)

,
.
3- ,
ATP.

.
5. (DHAP) 3-

(G3P).

.
5. .
.
5. . G3P ,

DHAP G3P.

( ):
.
. .
1. 3- (G3P) 1,3 (1,3-BPG).
- (NAD) .
, NAD + .
(Pi)
.

3-

1,3-

. (AsO43-)
.
(i) AsO43- Pi

, 1-3-.
(ii) 1--3- , 3 (3-PG),
.
b. . 3-
(G3PD).
c.
(1)
1,3- (1,3-BPG),
(.,
). 1,3- (1,3-BPG)
.
(2) NAD+ G3PD
NADH
.
() ,
.

() , NADH
ATP
3- .

2.

1,3-
(1,3-BPG)

3 (3-PG).
ATP,
. , 1,3 (1,3-BPG),
.

1,3-

3-

2. .

1,3- ADP.
2.. .
2..1

1,3 (1,3-BPG) . ,
ATP moles mole .

10

2..2 ,
ATP ,
ATP .

3. 3- (3-PG) 2- (2PG).
2,3- (2,3-BPG),
.
.

.
,

.
, , 2,3-
(2,3-BPG) 4mM (
). , 574
4 , . 141 - 146
.
CO2
. 2
.

3-

2-

3. .

.
, .

3. . 2,3- (2,3-BPG)
,
, .
3..1
2,3- (2,3-BPG) 1,3 (1,3-BPG) 3-PG
.

3-

2,3-

3-

3..2 3-
(3-PG)
1,3- (1,3-BPG),
3- (3-PG),
.

11

3..3 2,3- (2,3-BPG)

.

4.

2-
(2-PG)

(PEP).
Go/ .
,
, 2-,
.
a. . .
b. . PEP
.

5. (PEP) .
ATP,
. ,
-
- .
, ATP.

1,3-

a. .
- ADP
, .
(1) .
1,6-
(F1,6BP).
()
,

,
.
()
.
(i) cAMP- ,
.
(ii) ,
.
(2) .
ATP, , , .

C.

, .
3- ,
,
NAD+ NADH.
NAD+
NAD+. ,

12

 NAD +
.

, .
:
(1) .
,
NADH G3PD.
NAD+ .

a. . NADH
.
b. . .

.
(2)
(-CoA).
.
a.

.
.

b. .

.
(3) .
.
a. .
.
b. . .

V. H ATP
(I)
() ATP.

(F1,6BP).

moles

mole
1,6-

()
. moles mole
.
. moles mole
.
() mole ATP . mole ATP
mole ,
.

()
() ATP. moles mole
1,6- (F1,6BP).

13

1/2

3-

NAD+

Pi

NADH + H+

FAD

3-

FADH2

1,3-

3: 3-
NAD+
FAD.
2 mole ATP mole FAD. FAD: , FADH2:
FAD, NAD+: -, NADH:
NAD, Pi: .
()
. moles mole
.
. moles mole
.
.

moles mole
NADH G3PD.

1. 3- ( 3)
2 moles 1 mole NADH.
3- NADH
G3PD

NADH.
2. , G3PD NAD +- ,
DHAP 3-
NADH.
3. H 3-
DHAP G3PD.

4. G3PD (FAD) ,
FAD (FADH2) ,

2 moles ATP
mole NADH.
5. DHAP
.
() mole ATP . 6
mole ATP mole , . O
P
NADH ( FADH2)
.

14