A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE

8 Abstract: Bahasa Inggris telah menjadi bahasa asing yang banyak dikaji oleh pelajar dan mahasiswa dewasa ini. Ia telah menjadi bahasa asing yang sangat dibutuhkan dalam dunia pendidikan dan bidang-bidang yang lain. Untuk mempelajari bahasa tersebut, satu langkah yang mungkin dapat dilakukan adalah dengan membuat Contrastive analysis yaitu analisa yang membahas persamaan dan perbedaan kedua bahasa, yaitu Inggris dan Indonesia. Contrastive Analysis inilah yang kemudian dituangkan ke dalam makalah ini. Kata kunci: persamaan, perbedaan, struktur bahasa Teaching English to the In onesian st! ents is not as i""ic!lt as #ost $eo$le i#agine% The&e is a st&ong 'elie" that al#ost e(e&) one can o it% The e*$e&ience has clea&l) in icate that the i eas o" +Cont&asti(e Anal)sis, $la) a (e&) ecisi(e &ole an cont&i'!te (e&) #!ch to the s!ccess"!l o" oing this -.oenco&o/ 01123% Cont&asti(e anal)sis has 'een &ega& e as #ain $illa&s in the o#ain o" secon o& "o&eign lang!age ac4!isition es$eciall) in In onesia% Yet/ not #an) English teache&s 5no6 #!ch a'o!t this te&# an it see#s the) ha(e "o!n i""ic!lties &elate to ho6 to con !ct a si#$le cont&asti(e anal)sis o" In onesian an English lang!age% 7o& that sa5e this $a$e& is 6&itten% This $a$e& is ai#e to gi(e a '&ight e*a#$le ho6 to #a5e a cont&asti(e anal)sis o" In onesian an English% 7!&the& than that/ this $a$e& is also ai#e to gi(e a clea& !n e&stan ing a'o!t ho6 In onesian i""e&s "&o# English in the sense o" its lang!age "eat!&es% This $a$e& #ainl) "i&st eals 6ith the si#ila&ities an issi#ila&ities o" the t6o lang!ages/

In onesian an English/ in the #o&$hological/ s)ntactical/ an socioling!istics le(els% In the isc!ssion/ so#e &e#a&5s a&e gi(en a'o!t the Cont&asti(e anal)sis% In the secon si#ila&ities an isc!ssion isc!ssion/ co#$a&ison o" the i ea o" $l!&al ha(e 'een #a e an

issi#ila&ities 'et6een the t6o lang!ages a&e '&o!ght o!t% In the thi&

co#$a&isons has 'een #a e "o& the sentence st&!ct!&e at s)ntactic le(el% Disc!ssion "o!&/ eals 6ith the co#$a&ison o" $assi(e an o'8ect9"oc!s const&!ction% Disc!ssion "i(e/ si*/ se(en an English an eight eals 6ith the si#ila&ities an issi#ila&ities o" s!'8ect $&o#inence in co e si"ting in :n)a in In onesian/ te&#s o" a &ess/ co e #i*ing an

socioling!istics le(el/ an

gen e& o&ientation (e&s!s 5inshi$ o&ientation% The concl! ing

&e#a&5s o" the a'o(e cont&asti(e st! ies ha(e/ a&e o!tline in the last session o" this $a$e&% This st! ) is hel$"!l "o& L0 lea&ne&s in the $&ocess o" lang!age ac4!isition an also "o& the esc&i$ti(e st! ) o" the lang!ages% A. Contrastive Analysis

Cont&asti(e anal)sis in gene&al te&# is an in !cti(e in(estigati(e a$$&oach 'ase on the istincti(e ele#ents in a lang!age -.a& ales5a/ 01123% In co##on e"inition/ the te&# can 'e e"ine as the #etho o" anal);ing the st&!ct!&e o" an) t6o lang!ages 6ith a (ie6 to esti#ate the i""e&ential as$ects o" thei& s)ste#/ i&&es$ecti(e o& thei& genetic a""init) o" le(el e(elo$#ent -Geetha5!#a&)/ 01123% Cont&asti(e Anal)sis o" t6o lang!ages in 4!estion: L< an L0/ $ointing at the s$eci"ic "eat!&es o" each lang!age s)ste# -in its #a8o& a&eas: $honolog)/ #o&$holog)/ le*icolog)/ s)nta*/ te*t anal)sis3 hel$s in the $&ocess o" antici$ation o" $ossi'le i""ic!lties 6ith the L0 lea&ne&s% A $a&t o" the i""ic!lties can 'e att&i'!te to the #othe& tong!e -"i&st lang!age3 inte&"e&ence -.a& ales5a/ 01123% A s)ste#atic co#$a&ati(e st! ) anal);ing co#$onent 6ise the i""e&ences an si#ila&ities a#ong lang!ages 6as clea&l) &ecogni;e to6a& s the en o" <=th cent!&) an the 'eginning o" 01th cent!&)/ es$eciall) in E!&o$e% The te&# +Cont&asti(e ling!istics, 6as s!ggeste ') Who&"/ "o& co#$a&ati(e st! ) 6hich is gi(ing e#$hasis on ling!istic i""e&ences% >ean6hile cont&asti(e ling!istics has 'een &e e"ine as +a s!' isci$line o" ling!istics conce&ne 6ith the co#$a&ison o" t6o o& #o&e lang!ages o& s!'s)ste#s o" lang!ages in o& e& to ete&#ine 'oth the i""e&ences an si#ila&ities 'et6een the#, -Geetha5!#a&)/ 01123% The cont&asti(e anal)sis e#$hasi;es the in"l!ence o" the #othe& tong!e in lea&ning a secon lang!age in $honological/ #o&$hological an s)ntactic le(els% E*a#ination o" the i""e&ences 'et6een the "i&st an secon lang!ages hel$s to $&e ict the $ossi'le e&&o&s that can 'e #a e ') L0 lea&ne&s Cont&asti(e anal)sis $&o(i es an o'8ecti(e an scienti"ic 'ase "o& secon lang!age teaching% While lea&ning a secon lang!age/ i" the #othe& tong!e o" the lea&ne& an the ta&get lang!age

'oth has signi"icantl) si#ila& ling!istic "eat!&es on all the le(els o" thei& st&!ct!&es/ the&e 6ill not 'e #!ch i""ic!lt) in lea&ning the ne6 lang!age in a li#ite ti#e% 7o& 5no6ing the signi"icantl) si#ila& st&!ct!&es in 'oth lang!ages the "i&st ste$ to 'e a o$te is that 'oth lang!ages sho!l 'e anal)se in e$en entl)% A"te& the in e$en ent anal)sis/ to so&t o!t the i""e&ent "eat!&es o" the t6o lang!ages/ co#$a&ison o" the t6o lang!ages is necessa&)% 7&o# this anal)sis it is eas) to #a5e o!t that at i""e&ent le(els o" st&!ct!&es o" these t6o lang!ages the&e a&e so#e "eat!&es 4!ite si#ila& an so#e 4!ite issi#ila&% Acco& ing to the $o$!la& ass!#$tions o" the cont&asti(e anal)sis/ the st&!ct!&al si#ila&ities 6ill lea to "acilitation an i""e&ences 6ill ca!se inte&"e&ences in the conte*t o" secon ?"o&eign lang!age lea&ning sit!ations% This is ho6e(e& onl) a $&e iction an a $a&tial !n e&stan ing o" the $&o'le#s an $&os$ects o" a secon ?"o&eign lang!age sit!ation% The lea&ne&@s $&o'le#s a&e not al6a)s const&aine Teache&s@ co#$etence/ #oti(ation an to the $&e ictions o" a cont&asti(e st! )% attit! e o" lea&ne&s/ teaching #etho s an

inst&!ctional #ate&ials a&e the othe& (a&ia'les that can signi"icantl) in"l!ence secon ?"o&eign lang!age teaching% Ho6e(e&/ a cont&asti(e g&a##a& is highl) !se"!l "o& a #oti(ate teache& an a lea&ne& "o& a #o&e e""ecti(e $&ocess o" teaching an lea&ning% B. The idea of plural

The "i&st i ea to 'e isc!sse in this $a$e& lies on the i ea o" $l!&al% Al!&al he&e &e"e&s to the "o&# o" a no!n o& a (e&' 6hich &e"e&s to #o&e than one $e&son o& thing% English e*$&esses $l!&al i#$licitl) ') c&eating $atte&ns ho6 to !se :s an :es% In onesian on the othe& han e*$&esses $l!&al e*$licitl)% No e"inite &!les ho6 to c&eate a $l!&al "o&# o" a 6o& e*ce$t ') &e !$licating it/ e%g &!#ah9&!#ah/ #o'il9#o'il% The i ea o" $l!&al can 'e clea&l) seen t&o!gh the "ollo6ing e*a#$les: Indonesian Se&igala Wol(es Wol" is ani#al it! 'inatang a&e English A 6ol" is an ani#al ani#al

Hi! it! i5an a$a #a#aliaB A&e sha&5s "ish Is sha&5 "ish o& #a##alB T!5ang $os selal! #e#'a6a s!&at Aost#en Aost#an al6a)s '&ing lette&s He6an Aets Aet nee ca&e $eliha&aan #e#'!t!h5an $e&hatian nee al6a)s

Is a sha&5 "ish o& #a##alB o& #a##alB

A $ost#an al6a)s '&ings lette&s '&ing lette&s

$et

nee s

ca&e ca&e

7&o# the e*a#$le a'o(e/ 6e can see that in English/ the i eas o" $l!&al a&e e*$&esse in #an) 6a)s% A "inal :s o& :es is a e to a no!n to #a5e a no!n $l!&al% So#eti#es/ the changing a -#an3 to e -#en3 is also nee e to in icate $l!&al% A "inal :s o& :es is a e to a (e&' I 6hen the s!'8ect is a sing!la& no!n -a 6ol"/ a sha&5/ a $et3 o& a thi& a $e&son sing!la& $&ono!n -she/ he/ it3 -A;a&/ <=C=3% C. Sentence structure

The 'asic o& e& "o& In onesian sentence isD S!'8ect/ Ve&'/ O'8ect o& A 8ecti(e o& A (e&'% In s)ntactical te&#/ si#$l) 6e !se the e"inition o" S E NA%VA% A sho&t han 6a) o" sa)ing that $atte&n isD a sentence consists o" No!n Ah&ase an Ve&' Ah&ase% Yet in #an) cases/ the o& e& can 'e $!t in (a&io!s 6a)s/ e%g a sentence #a) co#e "&o# NA%VA/ o& NA%NA/ o& NA%AA o& NA%AA% In English/ the o& e& st&ictl) lies on S E NA%VA -so#eti#es VA 6ith to 'e o& lin5ing (e&'3% Belo6/ )o! 6ill "in the i""e&ences in s)ntactical le(el Indonesian !."! Aa#an $e&gi 5e S!&a'a)a ta i #ala# .a5a5 5e 5a#$!s nai5 #oto& English !."! Uncle 6ent to S!&a'a)a last night B&othe& &i es to ca#$!s

I'! 5e $asa& nai5 'eca5 $e )ca$ !.Adv! Bi'i i 5e'!n His 6allet is on the ta'le

>othe& goes to #a&5et ')

!."! A!nt) is in the ga& en

Do#$etn)a i atas #e8a !.A! B&! in sa5it se#ala#

!."! B&! in 6as sic5 last night The) 6e&e (e&) nois) this a"te&noon !."! The #an 6ho 6as the&e last night is An ) >ost citi;en o" this (illage a&e sailo&s Adv : #erb !hrase $b%ect&'ocus Construction !: Adverbial !hrase

>e&e5a 'ising se5ali ta i so&e !. ! O&ang )ang i sana ta i #ala# An i .e'an)a5an 6a&ga esa ini nela)an ote: #. !: oun !assive

!hrase #! and

A!: Adje"tive !hrase

The i ea o" $assi(e is &a&e in s$eech/ )et it occ!&s o"ten in aca e#ic 6&iting% The $assi(e "o&# o" a (e&' $h&ase contain this $atte&nD 'e F $ast $a&tici$le/ e%g is 'itten/ 6as stolen/ can 'e ta5en% In In onesian/ $assi(e is sho6n ') a ing i9 'e"o&e a (e&'/ e%g i#a5an/ iti$!/ i$e&#al!5an% In #ost cla!ses/ the s!'8ect &e"e&s to the + oe&,/ o& acto& o" the action o" the (e&' -Leech an "&ien s/ 011G3% When 6e c&eate a $assi(e sentence/ the "oc!s o" the sentence goes to S!'8ect% This te&# is 6ell 5no6n as Canonical $assi(e/ e%g B!5! it! s! ah i'aca oleh An i o& The 'oo5 has 'een &ea ') An i% Aassi(e sentence in In onesian/ the $osition o" "oc!s #a) go to O'8ect% We call it O'8ect "oc!s o& in anothe& 6o& non canonical $assi(e% The te&# can 'e e"ine as a sentence 6hich has se#i9acti(e an se#i9$assi(e const&!ction/ e%g B!5! it! s! ah sa)a 'aca% This $heno#enon oes not occ!& in English e*ce$t in &elati(e cla!ses%

Indonesian A: E&ni #en!lis #a5alah ini ini A: it!lis E&ni 6&ites this A: >a5alah ini >a5alah >a5alah ini E&ni t!lisH A: Dia s! ah #engi&i# s!&atn)aB A: S!&atn)a s! ah S!&atn)a S!&atn)a S! ah ia 5i&i# s!&atn)aBH A: Sa)a ti a5 #e#a5an #a5anan it! A: >a5anan it! ti a5 >a5anan i#a5an oleh sa)a it! ti a5 A: I A: That "oo i sa)a i5i&i# oleh s! ah s! ah iaB it!lis oleh e&ni

English $a$e& E&ni A: This $a$e& is 6&itten ') E&ni

A: Has she sent the lette& )etB A: Has the lette& 'een sent ') i5i&i# ia iaB 5i&i#BH

not eat that "oo #a5anH

6as not eaten ') #e )et

Ti a5 sa)a #a5an #a5anan it!H ote: A: A"tive !:!assive &elati(e

$ onCanoni"al !assive%&bje"t 'o"us Notice that o'8ect "oc!s const&!ctions in In onesian also occ!& in the so9calle cla!ses in English% While &elati(e cla!ses o" the o'8ect $atte&n t)$e in English o not change the (oice o" the (e&'/ in In onesian the) o% That is/ the antece ent &e"e&&e to ') the &elati(e $&ono!n 'eco#es an o'8ect "oc!s in In onesian% Co#$a&e the "ollo6ing English sentences 6ith thei& In onesian co!nte&$a&ts Indonesian O&ang t!a )ang ite#!i Ri5a i se5olah a alah 5a5e5n)a at the school 6as his g&an "athe& HO&ang t!a )ang Ri5a #ene#!i i se5olahII%% English The ol #an -6ho#3 Ri5a #et

Indonesian De#onst&asi )ang sa)a tonton i TV sangat #ena5!t5an TV 6as sca&) HDe#onst&asi )ang sa)a #enonton i TVII%

English De#onst&ation I 6atche on

E&&o&s s!ch as HO&ang t!a )ang Ri5a #ene#!i i se5olahI%o& HDe#onst&asi )ang sa)a #enonton i TVIa&e co##on to occ!& in the s$eech o& 6&iting $&o !ce ') s$ea5e&s o" English lea&ning In onesian% A$$a&entl)/ this is a 5in o" e&&o& 5no6n in TE7L as t&ans"e&% That is the ca&&)ing o(e& o" a s)ntactic st&!ct!&e in English into In onesian -.a a&is#an/ 0110:G3 O'8ect9"oc!s const&!ction in In onesian a&e i""e&ent "&o# cle"t in English/ e%g That is the #an that I ha(e #et/ o& That is the 5e) I a# loo5ing "o&% In In onesian/ cle"t sentences a&e e4!al to o'8ect9"oc!s F 9lah const&!ction/ e%g Lela5i it!lah )ang $e&nah sa)a te#!i/ an .!nci it!lah )ang se ang sa)a ca&i% In English/ it is also $ossi'le to ha(e o'8ect "oc!s% He&e 6e 6ill call it O'8ect "&onting/ e%g The #an I ha(e #et/ an The 5e) I a# loo5ing "o&% Ho6e(e&/ it sho!l 'e note that o'8ect "oc!s in English is a +#a&5e , o& !n!s!al st&!ct!&e/ 6he&eas o'8ect "oc!s in In onesian as an +!n#a&5e , o& co##on st&!ct!&e% >o&eo(e&/ o'8ect "oc!s in In onesian #a5es the sentence +$a&tl) $assi(e an hence the te&# Non9cannonical $assi(e% In cont&ast/ English o'8ect "&onting oes not change the sentence "&o# acti(e into $assi(e% -.a a&is#an/ 0110:J3% E. Sub%ect pro(inence in English and )nya in Indonesian

English is a s!'8ect $&o#inent lang!age% It #eans e(e&) sentence in English al6a)s &e4!i&es a s!'8ect% The s!'8ect can 'e a $&o$e& na#e/ $&ono!n o& so#ething else% Yet in In onesian/ the s!'8ect #a) 'e o#itte % This $heno#enon can 'e #entione as Ke&o s!'8ect sentence% The s!'8ect is co(e&a'le "&o# the conte*t Indonesian Tinggaln)a i#ana se5a&angB Whe&e o )o! sta) English no6B

Ae5e&8aann)a a$aB B!t!hn)a a$a Uangn)a 'e&a$aB a&i5!B

What What

o )o!

o "o& li(ingB "&o# #eB

o )o! nee

Ho6 #!ch #one) o )o! ha(eB

In the sentence Tinggaln)a i #anaB/ 6e o not "in a s!'8ect since the s!'8ect nee s not to 'e $!t the&e% Yet/ this sentence still 'e !n e&stoo ') In onesian $eo$le% He&e ;e&o s!'8ects $la) &ole/ an it is co(e&a'le "&o# the conte*t% In the sentence Whe&e o )o! sta) no6B/ the s!'8ect is e"inite/ an in this case the s!'8ect is +)o!,% '. Ter(s of Address

In In onesia/ The te&# o" a &ess is !se to i""e&entiate $ositions o" $eo$le% It is also !se to sho6 $oliteness in con(e&sation% To a &ess so#eone 6ho is ol e& than !s/ 6e #!st !se the $&o$e& a &ess/ e%g Ba$a5/ I'!/ Aan8ennengan% In English/ those te&#s a&e not !se % English onl) a &esses +Yo!, to all o" thei& inte&loc!to&s% Indonesian An a Ba$a5?I'! Aa5 A i5?.a5a5?>'a5?>as He&i?A!s$ita *. Code la$a&B S+itching and Code ,i-ing Roni?B! s! ah #a5anB English Ha(e )o! ha )o!& inne&B A&e )o! h!ng&)B De6i

The ne*t isc!ssion in this to$ic lies in the te&# o" Co e S6itching an Co e #i*ing that occ!&s in In onesian an English s$o5en co##!nit)% The e*istence o" these t6o $heno#ena is "a#ilia& in ail) con(e&sations con !cte a#ong the#% >an) Co e s6itching an co e #i*ing@s e(ents occ!& 'oth in In onesian $eo$le con(e&sation an inte&changea'l) -Val es97allis/ <=LL3% Chana -<=CJ3 English s$o5en co##!nit)% He&e/ Co e9s6itching &e"e&s the !se o" t6o lang!ages si#!ltaneo!sl) o& esc&i'es co e9s6itching as the 8!*ta$osition 6ithin the sa#e s$eech e*change o" $assages o" s$eech 'elonging to t6o i""e&ent g&a##atical s)ste#s o& s!'s)ste#s% Co e #i*ing on the othe& han can 'e e"ine as the in(ol(e#ent o" the eli'e&ate #i*ing o" t6o lang!ages 6itho!t an associate to$ic

change% The e*a#$le gi(en ') A"a"" -<=L=3 $heno#enon HI 6ent 'et6een to English

e#onst&ates this e(ent/ a co e #i*ing an the S$anish ho!se lang!age% chi4!ita

I 6ent to the little ho!se -A"a""/ <=L=3 In this session/ 6e a&e going to tal5 sho&tl) a'o!t Co e #i*ing $heno#enon that occ!&s in In onesian% Belo6/ )o! 6ill "in clea& e*a#$les o" co e #i*ing in a con(e&sation 'et6een t6o A: B: >ana Wah/ Aa5 Wen i ale# Li#/ #'oten 5o5 'el!# nge&tos/ Ma(aneseD atangB Aa5

A: Lho/ 5e#a&in 5an 5a#! sa)a s!&!h #en)a#$ai5an nota sa)a 5e 5anto&n)a% B: Wa5t! sa)a so6an 5e sana/ 'elia! ti a5 a a% Se ang tin a5an 5e >a i!n/ 5ata >'a5 N!n!ng A: >'a5 N!n!ng 'ilang Se5&eta&isn)a% a$aB

B: >!ng5in so&e ata! #ala# ha&i Aa5 Wen i 'a&! $!lang a&i >a i!n% Lal! 'ilang/+Notan)a itinggal i sini sa8a% .ala! Ba$a5 &a6!h/ nanti sa)a hat!&5an, -.a a&is#an/ 0110:N3% .. s!'8ect an *ender versus Kinship $rientation

The i ea o" gen e& o&ientation in English is co##onl) !se in the "o&# o" $&ono!n/ 'oth o'8ect% It #a) a$$ea& as he/ she/ hi# o& he&% >o&e than that/ the gen e& o&ientation is also !se to i""e&entiate s!'8ects in a sentence% The&e a&e #an) te&#s to i""e&entiate s!'8ect% One is !se to i""e&entiate si'lings% We "in the 6o& s +'&othe&, an +siste&, is ai#e to i""e&entiate #ale an "e#ale si'lings/ o& son o& a!ghte& to i""e&entiate #ale an "e#ale chil % In In onesian the te&# o" gen e& o&ientation is not 6ell 5no6n% When 6e tal5 a'o!t a chil / 6e co##onl) sa) ana5 6itho!t &e"e&&ing 6hat se* the chil has% English 6ill sa) a 'o) o& a gi&l instea o" a chil % In this case 6e can sa) that English is a st&ongl) gen e& o&iente lang!age% Belo6 )o! 6ill "in e*a#$le "o& that: Indonesian .e#ana ia $e&giB Whe&e oes Whe&e oes she goB English he goB

B!5!

it!

#ili5

ia

The

'oo5

'elongs

to

he&

The 'oo5 'elongs to hi# Ana5 it! 'e&#ain i la$angan The 'o) $la)s on the $la)g&o!n

The gi&l $la)s on the $la)g&o!n In In onesian lang!age/ the i eas o" 5inshi$ a&e (e&) $o$!la&% These i eas $la) 'asic &ole in con !cting a con(e&sation% It see#s the c!lt!&al 'ac5g&o!n #a) s!$$o&t these I eas% The c!lt!&al 'o!n o" In onesian $eo$le c&eate a close an &es$ect"!l &elationshi$ 6ith othe&s% So#eone 6ho is close to !s 6ill 'e t&eate i""e&entl) 6ith so#eone 6ho has no &elati(e connection% The i""e&entiation o" a &ess #a) 'e the &eali;ation "o& that% Indonesian Na5 >as Aa5 Sa! a&a O# Deni Concluding /e(arks Deni #a! 5e#anaB Whe&e a&e )o! English goingB Deni Deni Deni

The $a$e& sta&ts ') #a5ing a '&ie" e*$lanation a'o!t Cont&asti(e anal)sis% Then it contin!o!s "!&the& ') gi(ing #an) e*a#$les o" i""e&ences an si#ila&ities 'et6een t6o lang!ages/ In onesian an English% This cont&asti(e anal)sis #a) not $&o(i e a (e&) signi"icant &ole to schola&s/ )et in ce&tain case/ it hel$s #!ch to L0 lea&ne& o& to teache&s o" English lang!age to gi(e the# a clea& $ict!&e a'o!t the i""e&ences an the si#ila&ities lie 'et6een t6o lang!ages% /E'E/E CES A;a&/ Sc&a#"e&/ Bett)% <=C=% Un e&stan ing an A&entice9Hall%Inc Using English G&a##a&% Ne6 Me&se):

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