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With this modular design, the switch can be tailored to various applications or
have its capabilities enhanced in the future by adding or deleting different units.
Within a unit, different circuit packs can be equipped to make the unit compatible
with various signaling systems, etcetera. Many of the units currently used in the
switch are designed to be able to function with ISDN (integrated services digital
network) capabilities. Most of the units can be equipped in a basic configuration
to serve small exchanges. As the exchanges grow, the units can also grow to
meet the new demands of the exchange.
The circuits within the switch are designed using very large scale integrated
circuits. In many instances, a custom integrated circuit has been created to
perform a function unique to the switch. The use of large scale integrated circuits
allows the switch hardware to be more compact, consume less power, and
operate more reliably than systems that rely on smaller scale integration. Also,
many of the units are designed with microprocessors for control. This allows a
flexible hardware design that can accommodate growth and enhancements
through software and firmware changes rather than hardware changes.
5 ESS is divided into three functional parts or modules. These are the switching
module, the communication module, and the administrative module. Figure 1.1
illustrates the architecture of the switch.
SWITCHING MODULE INTRODUCTION
The Switching Module (SM) within a switch performs 90% of the
call processing functions, as well as the circuit maintenance. Among the
functions provided for call processing are lines scanning for origination,
dialed tone generation, digit collection and analysis and call supervision.
An SM terminates analog lines, analog trunks and digital trunks and lines.
Within the switch architecture SMs perform the time division switching
functions.
There are three basic type of SM: -
1. Local
2. Host
3. Remote (RSMs)
The distinction is made according to the location and function of the SM.
RSMs is located at sites up to 175 Kms from the remainder of the switch. An
RSM is an economical way of providing digital services to communities that
would normally be too small to justify the cost of an entire switch. Both the local
and host SMs are located at the same site as the CM and AM. The difference
between a local SM and a host SM is that a host SM serves as the interface
between the remainder of the switch and one or more RSMs. 5ESS System
Architecture is given in Fig. 2.1
SWITCHING MODULE DISCRIPTION
The SM (Fig. 2.2) performs the main telephone functions within the
system. An SM only needs communication with the AM for maintenance
purposes or for obtaining routing information.
There are three main functional areas that exist in an SM are as under: -
(i) CONTROL UNIT:-
The control unit controls the operation of the SM and performs the
time switching of a speech sample. A speech sample can be switched either
between two subscriber connected to the same switching module, or between
two subscriber on different SM’s via the CM.
The SMs are connected to the duplicated CM via NCT (Network Control
and Timing) links. Two NCT links connects an SM to the active side of CM and
two links connect an SM to the standby side of the CM. In standard
configuration, the total switching capacity of the SM control is 512 time slots,
which is also the transmission capacity of each of 2 NCT links pairs. Control
messages needed for communication between an SM and the AM or between
two SMs are also transmitted over the NCT links. Of the 512 time slots, two time
slots (one time slots per NCT links) are reserved for this purpose. Also,
maintenance messages arrive from the AM to initiate tests of circuits within an
SM via the control time slots. These tests are executed under the direction of
the control unit, which transmit the results to AM. Therefore three of the 512 time
slots per SM are required for idle code, audible ring, and (DLI) diagnostics,
leaving 509 time slots for engineering of the office.
The latter situation will need a path through the switching stage of the
control unit to one of the two-network control and timing links. Of the 512 time
slots, the odd time slots are injected in one network control and timing link and
the even timeslots are injected in the other network control and timing link.
Since the control unit is duplicated, the interface units will send the time slots to
both control units. However, only the information of the active control unit is
accepted when information is received.
The time slot interchanger in the SM terminates 4 duplex TSI links carrying 768
time slots each. Each TSI is capable of handling 3072 time slots; up to a
maximum of over 30,000.The TSI internally makes no distinction between
network or peripheral time slots. The SM architecture allows for the concentration
of peripheral time slots relative to network time slots.
The NLI is the interface between the SM and the CM2.It transfers timeslots
back and forth from the TSI links on one side and the NCT2 links on the other
side. One NCT2 link is one physical 64 Mbps optical link carrying 512 time slots
of 16 bits each, and one NCT2 pair are two NCT2 links carrying a total of 1042
time slots.
SM MAINTENANCE
Throughout the SM, extensive use is made of error check circuits,
whereby duplication of hardware guarantees a minimal impact of an error of
operation. Also the interface unit performs checks on the connected lines in order
to detect error, which has occurred during the interface. As soon as the error is,
the error is signaled to the control unit, which will start isolation of the faulty
circuit and try to locate faulty circuit pack.
Two types of RSM configurations exist: the single-module and the multimodule.
The single- module RSM configuration consists of one SM remotely located from
the switch. The multimodule RSM configuration consists of up to four SMs
remotely located from the exchange. The SMs used in a multimodule RSM
configuration are interconnected with each other and can route calls between
themselves.
The number of equipped digital lines between the RSM and its host is primarily
determined by traffic characteristics. A minimum of two digital lines is
recommended to provide reliable communication to the host exchange.
During the normal mode of operation, the ASM is connected by control and data
links to its host exchange. In the rare event of a total transmission failure, the
RSM can process calls to subscriber lines and trunks directly connected to it.
This process is called stand-alone operation.
During the transition to or from stand-alone operation, intra-RSM calls will be
maintained to minimize call cutoffs. Normal dialing patterns will be accepted.
When it is not possible to process a request (because the call is destined for
lines reached through the host exchange or because features require host
resources not available at the RSM), the subscriber will be connected to reorder
tone or to a recorded announcement. Calls routed to RSM trunks and tandem
calls will continue to be processed in the normal manner.
— Switching Module Hardware: This is the normal hardware found in any SM.
Included are the processor unit, time slot interchange unit, service units, and
interface units. The interface units can consist of integrated services line units,
line units, analog trunk units, and digital trunk units. The service units that may
be equipped at an RSM site are limited. All ASMs will have a local digital service
unit, but none are allowed to have a global digital service unit. Other service
units, such as the modular metallic service unit, are optional.
— RSM Digital Facility Interfaces: These are special circuits which interface with
the digital carrier facilities that provide the communication link between the RSM
and the host SM. Both control information and call data are transmitted over the
digital facilities.
— Facility Interface Unit: This unit is totally unique to RSMs. The facility interface
unit takes the information received by the RSM digital facility interfaces and
transmits the information to the SM control hardware via NCT links.
• Two SMs
The CM can be divided into two units: -
• The time multiplex switch, which handles the setup of paths between the
SMs and between the message switch and the SMs
MESSAGE SWITCH
The message switches control messages between the SMs, and between the
AM and SMs. The message switch also used for time synchronization. Overall
the control of the message switch is executed by the AM. The message switch
consists of three functional units: -
• Message switch control unit, which controls the operation of the message
switch . This control unit receives control message from the AM and either
executes these control message or distributes them to correct destination.
Response message are returned to the AM.
• Part of the communication module control unit, which contain the clock
used for timing in the CM and the interface used for communication with
the time-multiplexed switch.
In both the AM and the message switch, units are duplicated in an
active/standby configuration. The main functions that are performed by the
message switch are as follows:
(a) Switching of control messages
(b) Generation of timing synchronization signals
(c) Performing the maintenance of the message switch
In both the AM and the message switch, units are duplicated in an active/standby
configuration. Two dual serial channel buses, which perform the interface with
the AM, are present in each duplicated half of the message switch, one from
each duplicated half of the AM. However, only the active half of the AM will send
control messages to the message switch. Response messages are always
transmitted to both halves of the AM. Cross connections exist between the
message switch peripheral unit and the communication module control unit for
easy reconfiguration in case of detected errors.
Control messages for the CM units are detected during analysis of the received
control message in the message switch control unit. The message switch control
unit then transmits the control message to a message switch peripheral unit or to
the communication module control unit. Response messages are collected in the
message switch control unit and returned to the AM.
The generated timing synchronization signals are used within the communication
module control unit and within the time multiplexed switch. The synchronization
signals are then distributed to other hardware units throughout the exchange. In
these other hardware units, all locally generated clocks are synchronized to the
timing synchronization signal.
Because of the use of intelligent units within the message switch, many
maintenance functions are performed autonomously. However, the overall
control of the message switch is executed by the AM. Therefore, communication
with the AM is necessary.
For a speech connection, two paths through the time multiplex switch unit need
to be setup. One from the source SM to the destination SM and one vice versa.
In this way a full duplex connection is built.
Control messages destined for the SMs are received from the message switch.
These control messages are switched by the time multiplex switch unit to the
control time slot of the network control and timing link to the correct SM.
TMS Maintenance
Within the time multiplexed switch, the same maintenance philosophy is
supported as in the SM. Error checks are used to detect errors and these errors
are signaled while the system tries to reconfigure to minimize the impact of the
error. Diagnostic software is used to determine the faulty circuit pack.
Additionally, a special test link is present. Via this test link, test patterns are
switched through the time multiplexed switch and transmitted to a destination
where the test patterns are compared with the expected patterns. When both
patterns are found not to be identical, an error signal will result.
ADMINISTRATIVE MODULE
The AM (Administrative Module Fig. 4.1) is the unit within the system
has overall control of all operations. This control mainly concerns routing,
resource allocation, data storage, backup, and input/output functions in addition
to the execution of the system software.
The AM is a 32-bit minicomputer to which a wide range of utility equipment
can be connected. The administrative module consists of the following three
functional units:
(i) Control unit, which is the actual 32-bit processor .The control unit,
is used for the execution of the software, via which the control of
the system is performed. Another function of the control unit is the
storage of data and software, which is directly needed.
(ii) Disk file controller, which is an independent processor used for the
control of the disk units. The disk units perform the backup memory
function. Data and software that is not directly needed id stored on
the disk units.
(iii) Input/output processor, which is an independent processor used for
control of the other utility equipment. Via this equipment the
input/output functions are performed as well as the alarm signaling
and tape storage functions. The independent disk file controller and
input/output processor are present to reduce the load on the control
unit.
AM Control Unit: The control unit executes the software instructions and is used
for the storage of data that is immediately needed. The control unit consists of
the following units:
(i) Central control, which actually executes the instructions
(ii) Main store, which is the memory of the control unit
(iii) Direct memory access controller, which performs the input/output for the
central control
(iv) Maintenance channel, which is used for Maintenance purposes.
The control unit is duplicated in an active/standby configuration. It is the
responsibility of the active control unit to keep the standby control unit updated.
This update function is accomplished via the main store update bus. Every word
written into the main store of the active control unit is automatically written into
the main store of the standby control unit. This operation enables a smooth
switch between standby and active when an error occurs in the active control
unit.
When the active control unit requires access to the standby control unit for
maintenance purposes, use is made of the maintenance channel bus. Via this
bus, the active control unit can perform tests and can retrieve information from
the standby unit. The main functions performed by the control units are as follows
:-
(i) Execution of software
(ii) Data storage
(iii) Input/output to the rest of the system
When the results are stored in the main store, the main store will automatically
take care of updating the main store of the standby control unit. The update of
the main store is accomplished through the use of the main store update bus.
In order to increase the reliability of the main store, an additional Hamming code
is used with every data word. Single bit errors can be detected and corrected,
and double bit errors can be detected and reported.
— Input/output
Every function starts with the reception of a command from the control unit and
follows the same procedure as for the disk file controller. The input/output
processor controller will receive the command plus associated data, and transmit
the command to the correct peripheral controller within one of the peripheral
communities.
Data that is input at the terminal will cause the maintenance teletypewriter
controller to be interrupted, after which the data is retrieved from the terminal.
The data is then loaded in the input/output processor controller and transmitted
to the control unit.
This tape controller is in control of the tape unit and converts the received data
from the input/output processor controller into the appropriate tape format. The
tape controller is also in control of the positioning of the tape to the correct
position for loading or retrieving the information.
In the controller, the information is converted to the correct format and then is
transmitted via the input/output processor controller to the control unit. When the
execution of the command results in data to be returned to the remote control
center, the same procedure is ed, but in a reverse order.
Certain points within the system, such as main power units, need to be monitored
in order to detect a failure. This monitoring function is performed by the
scanner/signal distributor controller. At regular intervals, the controller will receive
scan commands from the control unit. The controller will store the status of the
various monitored points and compare this with the previous status. When one or
more of the monitored points have changed the input/output processor controller
signals the control unit that will investigate the cause of the status change.
POWER: The recommended power plant for the exchange is a –48 Volt,
positive ground, 100-through 600-ampere plant that provides float and recharge
capability. The operation of the plant is fully automatic.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
Environmental Requirements
Environment Long term limits Long term limits
Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
Temperature 0 oC 44 oC 0 oC 50 oC
Relative 10% 75% 5% 95%
Humidity
Note: Long term refers to continuous operation. Short terms limits are defined as
a period of not more than 72 consecutive hours (3 full days) and a total of not
more than 15 days per year.
CABLING LIMITATION
To prevent excessive signal loss and delay times, limits are placed on
conductor lengths and resistances. For the restriction on a lead which is delay
limited, the conductor length is specified. For the restriction on a lead which is
resistance limited, the conductor resistance is specified. For some restrictions,
both the length and resistance of a cable may be specified. Cabling limitations for
the interface to the various modules are shown in figure 9.1. Cabling lengths
specified in the floor plan are based on the initial office configuration and the
expected growth of the exchange.
CALL PROCESSING
INTRODUCTION:
Fig. 1
SERVICE CATEGORIES:
ADMINISTRATIVE MODULE:
The AM performs controls routing of inter module calls (i.e. calls between
different SMs ).
• DFC(Disk File Controller ): The DFC is the AM interface with the MHDs
(Moving Head Disks).disks provide storage for the programmers and the
database. all programmers subject to real time constraints are
permanently resident in the computers memory and backed up on the
disk.
COMMUNICATION MODULE
The CM provides for message communication between the AM and the SMs and
also between SMs. it also provides voice/data path connections between the
SMs.the major component of the CM are as follows:
• MSGS (Message Switch): this facility receives intermeddle messages
from the AM and the SMs and routes them to their destinations.
• TMS (Time Multiplexed Switch): the TMS provides space division
switching of time slots among the SMs in the exchange. Those time slots
that are permanently reserved for transmission of control messages are
switched to MSGS.
SWITCHING MODULE
The SM provides the following exchange functions:
• Line and trunk terminations
• Digital time slot switching
• Service circuit functions
• First level of calls processing
The main units in the SM are:
• TSIU (Time Slot Interchange Unit):the primary component of the TSIU is
the TSI(time slot interchanger) which provides time division switching of
512 time slots for the ''classic'' SM ,and 30K time slots for the SM-
2000.additional components of the TSIU provides interfaces from the ISI
to the peripheral units in the SM and to the CM.
• SMPU (Switching Module Processor Unit); the SMPU provides the main
processing capabilities in the SM. it handles the call processing and
maintenance functions for the SM by receiving signals and data from other
units in the exchange, controlling the peripheral units in the SM, and
sending messages to other module in the exchange as need to perform its
call processing task.
• BTSR (Bootstrapped): the BTSR is a microprocessor-controlled device
used to reload the SM processor memory quickly during booting.
• SM Interface Units: interface units connect lines and trunks to the
exchange. four types of interface units exists:
* LU (LINE UNIT): the LU is the interface unit that provides for termination of
analog line. The LU performs the no. of functions. The first of these functions is
origination scanning. Each analog line is connected to an origination scanner,
which monitors the line to detect off-hook condition. When subscriber goes off-
hook, which indicate a request to initiate a call, the origination scanner detects
the current flow through the subscribers a and b wires. The origination scanner
then sets a flag to inform the SMPU that service is needed. The LU also provides
for concentration of the lines terminated on it. Furthermore it contains two service
groups with channel circuits. During a call, one of the channel circuits is
connected to a subscriber line. The service groups perform the BORSCHT
functions, which stands for the following:
B - Battery feed.
0 - Over-voltage protection for power crosses, lightning, etc.
R - Ringing (applying ringing current to the subscriber line). This is done by
connecting the subscriber line to one of the HLSCs (High Level Service
Circuits).
S - Supervision, such as on-hook detection during the speech phase to
determine call termination.
C - CODEC: coding and decoding for conversion from (external) analog to
(internal) digital representation, and vice versa.
H - Hybrid: conversion of a 2-wire circuit to a 4-wire circuit. This is necessary
for analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog coding and decoding.
T - Testing. Per-call testing functions needed by an analog line (power
cross, false cross to ground, etc.) are provided by connecting the line to
one of the HLSCs. Metallic line testing for maintenance purposes is
performed by establishing a metallic test path via an MTB (Metallic Test
Bus) to the MMSU (Modular Metallic Service Unit).
* ATU (Analog Trunk Unit): it provides termination of analog trunks and
contains trunk circuits, which provide functions similar to those of the channel
circuit in the LU. a trunk circuit also provide signaling to the trunk.
* ISLU (Integrated Services Line Unit): they are used to terminate both
analog and digital lines. They are suited to the function within ISDN
environment.
*DLTU (Digital Line Trunk Unit): it provide communication with other
exchanges or remotely located units of the same exchange via PCM
*PSU (packet switch unit): The PSU functions as the interface between the
SM interface units (ISLU or DLTU) and the SMPU for packets switched data
in an ISDN environment. Also it takes acre of the protocol handling of the ITU-
T No.7 signaling system and the protocol handling for ISDN subscribers
- SM service unit:
*DSU (digital service unit): The DSU provides service unit functions at the
digital service unit. Its main functions are generation and detection of digitally
encoded tones. Examples of tones that must be generated and sent to a
subscriber are: Dial tone and audible ringing. Tones that must be decoded after
reception from a subscriber include the MFC (multi-freq. coding) dialing input.
The DSU can also interpret dial pulse digit by monitoring the signaling bits in the
time slot from an LU. Apart from tone generation and detection the DSU can be
used for two additional applications: RAF (recorded announcement functions)
and ISTF (integrated services test functions). RAF provides digitize
announcement phrases.
*GDSU (global digital service unit):It is not required in each SMs, provides
transmission test function of lines and trunks.
*MMSU (modular metallic service unit): It provides MTB (metallic test bus)
connection to each LU, ATU and other units in the exchange.
*PPMU (periodic pulse metering unit): It generates control signal for coin
boxes and for home meter at the subscriber premises.
The Exchange dedicates two of the 512 NCT time slots for intermeddle
message communication by permanently connecting them to the MSGS in
the CM. Control messages flowing between two different module in exchange
are transmitted over these links to the MSGS, which then routes them to there
destination.
The exchange software is divided into five main functional areas they are
• Operating systems
• Call processing
• Administrative services
• Data base manager
• Maintenance.
OPERATING SYSTEM:
CALL PROCESSING:
The call processing software consists of four sub systems.
• PC (peripheral control)
• FP (feature POTs)
• FC (feature control)
• RTA (routing and terminal allocation)
The FP and FC subsystems are the main call processing software. They
are responsible for sequencing all call handled by the exchange by receiving
events signals peripheral through the PC.
It invokes the routing function by RTA .FP also invokes the administrative
services to execute charging function and provides traffic data to other software
parts.
ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES:
The administrative services system provides information services to the
telephone administration these services include traffic, plant and service
measurement, billing, network management and interfaces to other centers.
DATA BASE MANAGER:
In the exchange two main relational databases are present: The ECD
(Equipment config. database), which contains the logical and physical comfit.
For the AM processor and its periphery and the ODD (Office dependent
database), which contains all application oriented data such as lines trunks,
SMs numbers and etc. The database manager subsystems control the
access to the database via either of two modes. It provides an interactive
multi-user mode.
MAINTANANCE:
The maintenance software is not involved directly in call processing. Its
purpose is to guarantee system integrity by detecting and isolating hardware and
software faults it also aids the maintenance personnel with control, diagnostic
and routine maintenance procedure.
IDLE STAGE
Every subscriber served by the exchange has a line that connects to an
SM interface unit via the MDF (Main Distribution Frame) or DDF (Digital
Distribution Frame) of the exchange. This line is in one of two states: idle (on-
hook) or busy (off-hook). Associated with each line is a current sensing device in
the origination scanner. The subscriber requests service by lifting the telephone
handset. This closes the subscriber loop circuit and causes a current to flow in
the loop. The line is monitored (scanned) for an off-hook condition, which
indicates a request for service.
RINGING STAGE
After the dialed digits have been analyzed and the routing to the called
subscriber has occurred, the ringing stages reached. During the stage, several
functions are performed. If the called subscriber line is busy, the calling
subscriber is connected to a busy tone circuit. If the called subscriber line is
idled, several tests are performed to ensure proper operation. The test is as
follows:
The digit reception and analysis stage is the result of the other exchange out-
pulsing the address digits. This transient state is usually referred to as in-pulsing.
Therefore, the exchange must be prepared to receive dial pulse digits
immediately following receipt of the seizure signal. The dialed digits are received
and analyzed to determine routing in a very similar manner as described for an
intra-exchange call.