Magnetic Optics for Charged Particles

Ying K. Wu
Duke University
Charged Particle Beam Optics: Light Optics
Light Optics
Basic Elements
www.tedpella.com/mscope_html/BA400full.jpg
www.rifeenergymedicine.com/idafig1.jpg
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%!optics%"
lens
Flat mirror
Magnets Modeling: Magnetic Multipole Epansion
!mpulse Boundar" Condition
Magnetic field is longitudinall" uniform inside the magnet and #ero outside
Magnetic field is modeled as a $% field

B=
(
B
x
(x , y), B
y
(x , y), 0
)
=A
z
( x , y),

A=
(
0# 0# A
z
( x , y)
)
&ol'e Laplace E(uation:
B
y
+i B
x
=B
0

n=0

(b
n
+i a
n
)(x+iy)
n
,
b
n
=
1
B
0

0
1
n!

n
B
y
( x , y)
x
n

x=0# y=0
,
a
n
=
1
B
0

0
1
n!

n
B
x
( x , y)
x
n

x=0# y=0

B=(r , ),
(r , )=B
0

m=0

r
n+1
n+1
(
b
n
sin(n+1)+a
n
cos(n+1)
)
B
x
=

x
=B
0

m=0

r
n
(
b
n
sin(n)+a
n
cos(n)
)
,
B
y
=

y
=B
0

m=0

r
n
(
b
n
cos(n)a
n
sin(n)
)
,

=0
)eneral solution:
Each term
*ormal components:
&+e, components:
B
y
( x ,y)=B
y
( x , y)
B
y
( x ,y)=B
y
(x , y)
B
x
( x ,y)=B
x
(x , y)
B
x
( x ,y)=B
x
( x , y)
- single multipole
%ipoles
&etupoles
.uadrupoles
$
%
$
%
%
$
$
% %
%
$ $
B
x
=0
B
y
=B
0
B
x
=G y
B
y
=G x
B
x
= S x y
B
y
=S ( x

)
n/0
n/1
n/$
E(uation of Motion in Magnetic Field
Charged particles can 2e guided and confined 2" electric field and magnetic field
3o pro'ide the same amount of force4 the magnetic field is eas" to reali#e
d p
dt
=
d (y

m
0
c)
dt
=q(

E+v

B)
-'alanche electric 2rea+do,n in air occurs at a fe, M56m
!n con'entional magnets4 magnetic field can reach a2out $ 3esla 2efore 2ecoming full"
saturated7 e'en higher magnetic field can 2e reali#ed in the superconducting magnets
Magnets can produce a much larger force than the electric field for a relati'istic 2eam
Most of accelerators use magnetic optics
Coordinate &"stem and 8amiltonian
Coordinate &"stem: Cur'ilinear Coordinate &"stem:
y x
s
Figure by David Robin, LBNL
Cartesian or C"lindrical Coordinate &"stems4 depending on the geometr" of magnets
!n Cartesian coordinate4 longitudinal coordinate # is used as independent
'aria2le for the e(ui'alent ne, 8amiltonian
,here4
6=
PP
0
P
0
=scaled momemtun deviation
l =pathlengthof the orbit
8amiltonian for the charged particle in a static magnetic field 9m / rest mass:
H( x , P
x
, y , P
y
, z , P
z
t )=
.
(
P
x
q A
x
)

+
(
P
y
q A
y
)

+
(
P
z
q A
z
)

+m

c
4
!( x , p
x
, y , p
y
, 6 , l z)=
.
( 1+6)

(
p
x
a
x
)

(
p
y
a
y
)

a
z
p
x , y
=
P
x , y
P
0
=scaled canonical momentum
Phase;space 'ector

"=x , p
x
, y , p
y
, 6 , l
a
x , y , z
( x , y , z)=
q A
x , y , z
( x , y , z)
P
0
=scaled vector potential
8amiltonians of Multipoles
*ormal dipole magnets
!mpulse Boundar" -pproimation
Paraial -pproimation
!( x , p
x
, y , p
y
, 6 , l z)=
.
( 1+6)

p
x

p
y

a
z
( x , y)
!( x , p
x
, y , p
y
, 6 , l z)=6+
p
x

+p
y

(1+6)
a
z
( x , y)
!( x , p
x
, y , p
y
, 6 , l z)=6+
p
x

+p
y

(1+6)
+ !
0
x
*ormal (uadrupole magnets
!( x , p
x
, y , p
y
, 6 , l z)=6+
p
x

+p
y

(1+6)
+
1

!
1
( x

)
*ormal setupole magnets
!( x , p
x
, y , p
y
, 6 , l z)=6+
p
x

+p
y

(1+6)
+
1
&
!

( x
&
& x y

)
Cartesian Coordinate
&"stem
E(uations of Motion: %ipole and .uadrupole
Linear E(uation of motion for a magnet ,ith 2oth dipole and (uadrupole field
x
# #
+
(
1
p
0

+!
1
)
x=
6
p
0
y
# #
!
1
y=0
1
p
0

is the ,ea+ focusing term produced 2" the dipole field

where,
x
# #
=
d

x
ds

, y
# #
=
d

y
ds

)eneral solution
Consider a simple harmonic oscillator
u
# #
+$ u = 0#
u( s)=%( s)u(0)+S ( s)u
#
(0)
$=constant
u
#
( s)=%
#
( s)u(0)+S
#
( s) u
#
(0)
%(s)=cos(

$ s), S( s)=
1
$
sin(

$ s), $>0
%(s)=cosh(

$s) , S(s)=
1

$
sinh(

$s) , $0
(
u( s)
u
#
( s)
)
=
(
%( s) S (s)
%
#
(s) S # ( s)
)
(
u(0)
u
#
(0)
)
Matri representation
,here4
Matri <epresentation: - %rift &pace
For a draft space ,ithout magnetic field4 L = s - s
0
!n a drift4 the slope of the tra=ector" remains constant ,hile the position changes linearl"
,ith distance
(
u( s)
u
#
( s)
)
=
(
1 &
0 1
)
(
u
0
u
0
#
)
'
drift
( ss
0
)=
(
1 &
0 1
)
, &=ss
0
0 L
>

> L
s
u( s) = u
0
+( ss
0
) u
0
#
= u
0
+&u
0
#
u
#
( s) = u
0
#
x
# #
=0
y
# #
=0
Figure by David Robin, LBNL
Matri <epresentation: &ector %ipole
For a sector dipole magnet
?
L
'
x , sector
=
(
cos 0 psin 0 p(1cos0)

1
p
sin0 cos 0 sin0
0 0 1
)
0=
&
p
'
y , sector
=
(
1 &
0 1
)
3his is a hard;edge model4 neglecting the edge focusing.
%rift
Focusing
x
# #
+
1

x=
o

0
y
# #
=0
3he transfer matri for a sector dipole of arc length L
Matri <epresentation: <ectangular %ipole
3he rectangular dipole of length L can 2e considered as a sector dipole
sand,iched 2" entrance and eit ,edges
'
rect
='
exit
'
sector
'
entrance
'
x , rect
=
(
1 psin 0 p(1cos 0)
0 1 tan
0

0 0 1
)
'
y , rect
=
(
10 tan
0

p0

1
p
( 0tan
0

) tan
0

10tan
0

)
Figure 2" %a'id <o2in4 LB*L
?
'
x , edge
=
(
1 0 0
1
p
tan o 1 0
0 0 1
)
, o=entrance/ exit angle
For s"mmetric tra=ector"4 and a small 2ending angle ( @@ 1
%rift
Focusing
Matri <epresentation: - .uadrupole
E(uations of motion:
'
x
( ss
0
)=
(
cos (
.
!
1
&)
1
.
!
1
sin(
.
!
1
&)

.
!
1
sin(
.
!
1
&) cos(
.
!
1
&)
)
'
y
( ss
0
)=
(
cosh(
.
!
1
&)
1
.
!
1
sinh(
.
!
1
&)
.
!
1
sinh(
.
!
1
&) cosh(
.
!
1
&)
)
Figure 2" %a'id <o2in4 LB*L
!
1
>0# horizontal focusing
>

0 L s
B
x
=G y=B
0
p
0
!
1
y
!
1
=
G
B
0
p
0
units( m

B
y
=G x=B
0
p
0
!
1
x
x
# #
+!
1
x=0
y
# #
!
1
y=0
3he transfer matri for a focusing (uadrupole of length L
vertical defocusing
Question: Please give the
matrices for K1<0
Matri <epresentation: - 3hin Lens
When the length of a quadrupole is very short, it can be considered as a thin lens
After a thin lens, the position remains unchanged while the slope reduces
(focusing) or increases (defocusing)
(
u( s)
u
#
( s)
)
=
(
1 0

1
f
1
)
(
u
0
u
0
#
)
Figure 2" %a'id <o2in4 LB*L
0 f
>

>

0
f
Focusing
%efocusing
f >0# focusing
f 0# defocusing
&-0
!
1
-
!
1
&-constant=
1
f
3he transfer matri for a thin lens
2efore
after
after
2efore
Matri <epresentation: - %ou2let
Consider a (uadrupole dou2lets modeled 2" t,o thin lens4 f
1
and f
$

Figure 2" %a'id <o2in4 LB*L
'
doublet
=
(
1 0

1
f

1
)
(
1 &
0 1
)
(
1 0

1
f
1
1
)
=
(
1
&
f
1
&

1
f
eff
1
&
f

)
- special case4 f
1
/ ;f
$
/ f4
1
f
eff
=
&
f

-lternating gradient4 f
1
A0 and f
$
@ 04
f
eff
=
f
1
f

&(f
1
+f

)
,
&f
1#
&>(f
1
f

)
f
eff
=
f
1
f

&( f
1
+f

L
8illBs E(uation and Piece,ise Focusing
x
# #
+!
x
( s) x=0
y
# #
+!
y
(s) y=0
!
x , y
(s+%)=!
x , y
( s)
u
# #
+! (s) u=0 !( s+%)=! ( s)
Hill's equation for x or y motion
General solution
u( s)=. c . ( s)cos(( s)+
0
)
where
( s)
is the beta-function satisfying
1

# #

1
4
(
#
)

! ( s)=1
( s)
is the betatron phase
d ( s)
ds
=
1
( s)
( s)=
|
s
0
s
ds
( s)
+
0
( s+%)= ( s)
( s+%)=( s)+
M. &ands4 &L-C;1$1 9CC;$D: 91EF0:
8illBs E(uation and Piece,ise Focusing
u( s)=. c . ( s)cos(( s)+
0
)
u
#
( s)=
.
c
#

.
( s)
cos(( s)+
0
)
c
.

sin(( s)+
0
)
is a constant determined by the initial condition
c
Defining a set of Twiss parameters or lattice functions:
Machine Twiss parameters
( s)
o( s)=
1

d (s)
ds
y( s)=
1+(o( s))

( s)
1+o

= y
u
#
( s)=

.
c
.
( s)
(
o( s) cos(( s)+
0
)+sin(( s)+
0
)
)
Courant;&n"der !n'ariatn and Phase Ellipse
Courant-Synder Invariant
y(s)u

(s)+o(s)u( s)u
#
( s)+u
#
(s)=c
-rea of the ellipse is p e7 e
determines amplitude of 2etatron
motion for a particle
3he en'elope of the motion is
. c( s)
3he en'elope of uB9s:
. cy( s)
Figure 2" %a'id <o2in4 LB*L
Machine ellipse: 3,iss
parameters shared 2" 2etatron
motion of indi'idual particles
u
u
#
Particle 1
Particle $
c
1
c

$ ellipses are similar to each

other
Beam En'elope
Beam en'elope4 2eta function4 and amplitude of motion
A-
One oscillation period
Question: Ho many !eam "osition monitors are nee#e# in a storage ring$

M. &ands4 &L-C;1$1 9CC;$D: 91EF0:
3ransport of Machine Ellipse
3ransport of 3,iss parameters using the transfer matri
(

o
y
)

=
(
)
11

)
11
)
1
)
1

)
11
)
1
1+'
1
)
1
)
1
)

)
1

)
1
)

)
(

o
y
)
1
'
1-
=
(
)
11
)
1
)
1
)

)
3he transfer matri can 2e epressed in terms of t,iss parameters
'
1-
=
(
.

1
(
cos
1
+o
1
sin
1
) .

1

sin
1

(o

o
1
)cos
1
+(1+o
1
o

)sin
1
.

1

.

1

(
cos
1
o

sin
1
)
)

1
=

1 ,here
e
- %rift &pace '
1-
=
(
1 s
0 1
)
e
- 3hin Lens
'
1-
=
(
1 0

1
f
1
)

=
1
o

=o
1
+

1
f
y

=y
1
+
o
1
f
+

1
f

A=0
( s)=
0
o
0
s+y
0
s

o( s)=o
0
y
0
s
y( s)=y
0
( s)=
0
(
1+
(
s

0
)

)
Phase ad'ance in a drift
space starting from the
,aist a / 0
A
0-s
=
|
0
s
ds
( s)
=arctan(
s

0
)
Maimum phase ad'ance
A
-
-
Changes of 3,iss Parameters
E'olution of Phase Ellipses
%rift space 's thin lens (uadrupole
Maps and One;3urn Maps
- map is a functional relationship ,hich associate the final phase
space 'ector to the initial phase space 'ector of the charged particle

"
0
=
(
x
p
x
y
p
y
6
l
)
initial

" =
(
x
p
x
y
p
y
6
l
)
final
(ap
- transfer matri is a linear map
- one;turn matri is a linear one;turn map
8igher order maps can 2e constructed using Lie transformations or Lie
maps
- one;turn map can 2e generated 2" trac+ing a particle ,ith a small
de'iation ,ith respect to the closed or2it for one turn
Closed or2it
"
$
=

*=1
)
)
$*
"
0j
+

* , l =1
)
+
$*l
"
0j
"
0l
+
One;turn Matri
e
-ppl"ing the periodic condition4 the one;turn matri can 2e ,ritten as
e
Computing tune and t,iss parameters
'
oneturn
=
(
cos +osin sin
y sin cos+osin
)
=
(
)
11
)
1
)
1
)

)
,here is the one;turn 2etatron phase ad'ance
cos =
)
11
+)

tune , v=

y=
)
1
sin
=
)
1
sin
o=
)
11
cos
sin
e
&ta2ilit" Condition for linear 2etatron motion
+r '
oneturn
=cos
)
11
+)

1 or
=
s+%

s
-c+no,ledgement
We ,ould li+e to than+ %a'id <o2in4 Fernando &anni2ale4 and &oren Prestemon at
La,rence Ber+ele" *ational La2 for sharing ,ith us their lecture notes and 'ie,;
graphs used in C&P-&4 Michigan &tate Cni'ersit"4 Lansing4 Gune H I 1J4 $00F.
3his ac+no,ledgment also goes to Y. Papaphilippou and *.Catalan;Lasheras ,ho
shared their transparencies 9C&P-&4 Cornell Cni'ersit"4 !thaca4 $00J: ,ith the
a2o'e LB*L colleagues.