Jacquelyn M 1. Speed Speed is a scalar quantity that refers to "how fast an object is moving.

" Speed can be thought of as the rate at which an object covers distance. Velocity Velocity is a vector quantity that refers to "the rate at which an object changes its position." Distance Distance is a scalar quantity that refers to "how much ground an object has covered" during its motion Displacement Displacement is a vector quantity that refers to "how far out of place an object is"; it is the object's overall change in position. Acceleration Acceleration is a vector quantity that is defined as the rate at which an object changes its velocity. An object is accelerating if it is changing its velocity. Normal force (FM) The normal force is the support force exerted upon an object that is in contact with another stable object. For example, if a book is resting upon a surface, then the surface is exerting an upward force upon the book in order to support the weight of the book. On occasions, a normal force is exerted horizontally between two objects that are in contact with each other. For instance, if a person leans against a wall, the wall pushes horizontally on the person. Balance force Balance forces are two forces acting in opposite directions on an object, and equal in size. Anytime there is a balanced force on an abject, the object stays still or continues moving continues to move at the same speed and in the same direction. It is important to note that an object can be in motion even if there are no forces acting on it. Unbalance force Unlike balanced forces, we say unbalanced forces when two forces acting on an object are not equal in size. Unbalanced forces causes can cause: a still object to move; a moving object to speed up or slow down; a moving object to stop; a moving object to change direction. Friction The resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10. Force

A force is any influence that causes an object to undergo a certain change, either concerning its movement, direction, or geometrical construction. 11. Concurrent force A concurrent force refers to a force that acts through the same point. 12. Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution. 13. Law of Inertia Newton's First Law (also known as the Law of Inertia) states that an object at rest tends to stay at rest and that an object in uniform motion tends to stay in uniform motion unless acted upon by a net external force. 14. Law of Acceleration Newton's Second law of motion: The vector sum of the forces on an object is equal to the total mass of that object multiplied by the acceleration of the object. In more technical terms, the acceleration of a body is directly proportional to, and in the same direction as, the net force acting on the body, and inversely proportional to its mass. . 15. Work Work may be described as energy or force that is applied or transferred to an object. Work may be done by a variable force or a constant force. Work is measured in joules and the equation is force multiplied by the displacement. You can 16. Energy Energy is the capacity of a system to do work. That system may be a jet, carrying hundreds of passengers across the ocean. A babys body, growing bone cells. A kite, rising on the wind. Or a wave of light crossing a space. In moving or growing, each of these systems is doing work, and using energy. 17. James Prescott Joule James Prescott Joule was an English physicist and brewer, born in Salford, Lancashire. Joule studied the nature of heat, and discovered its relationship to mechanical work (see energy). This led to the Law of conservation of energy, and this led to the development of theFirst law of thermodynamics. 18. Power Power is defined as the amount of energy consumed per unit time. For example, the rate at which a light bulb converts electrical energy into heat and light is measured in wattsthe more wattage, the more power, or equivalently the more electrical energy is used per unit time. 19. Kinetic Energy

Kinetic Energy is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity. 20. Potential Energy Potential energy is energy stored in a system of forcefully interacting physical entities. 21. Heat Heat seen as a form of energy arising from the random motion of the molecules of bodies, which may be transferred by conduction, convection, or radiation. 22. Temperature A temperature is a numerical measure of hot and cold in a body that is in its own state of internal thermal equilibrium. Its measurement is by detection of heat radiation or particle velocity or kinetic energy, or by the bulk behavior of a thermometric material. It may be calibrated in any of various temperature scales, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, etc. The fundamental physical definition of temperature is provided by thermodynamics. 23. Thermometer A thermometer (from the Greek , thermos, meaning "hot" and , metron, "measure") is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient using a variety of different principles. 24. Celsius Scale Celsius, also known as centigrade, is a scale and unit of measurement for temperature. It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (17011744), who developed a similar temperature scale. The degree Celsius (C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature interval, a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty. 25. Fahrenheit Scale Fahrenheit temperature scale, temperature scale in which the temperature difference between two reference temperatures, the melting and boiling points of water, is divided into 180 equal intervals called degrees. The freezing point is taken as 32F and the boiling point as 212F. 26. George Ohm Ohm, Georg Simon 17871854, German physicist. He was professor at Munich from 1852. His study of electric current led to his formulation of the law now known as Ohm's law. The unit of electrical resistance was named for him. 27. Electricity Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electric charge. Electricity gives a wide variety of well-known effects, such as lightning, static electricity, electromagnetic induction and electrical current. In

addition, electricity permits the creation and reception of electromagnetic radiation such as radio waves. 28. Electric Circuit An electrical circuit is a path in which electrons from a voltage or current source flow. Electric current flows in a closed path called an electric circuit. 29. Series Circuit When all the devices are connected using series connections, the circuit is referred to as a series circuit. In a series circuit, each device is connected in a manner such that there is only one pathway by which charge can traverse the external circuit. 30. Parallel Circuit When all the devices are connected using parallel connections, the circuit is referred to as a parallel circuit. In a parallel circuit, each device is placed in its own separate branch. 31. Fuse A fuse is a safety device consisting of a strip of wire that melts and breaks an electric circuit if the current exceeds a safe level. 32. Circuit Breaker An automatic device for stopping the flow of current in an electric circuit as a safety measure. 33. Electrical Energy Electrical energy is the energy carried by moving electrons in an electric conductor. It cannot be seen, but it is one of our most useful forms of energy because it is relatively easy to transmit and use. 34. Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. 35. Hydroelectric Power Plant Hydroelectric power plants use the potential energy of water stored in a reservoir to operate turbines. The turbines are connected to large generators, and can operate on varying volumes of water to adapt to changing demand for electricity. 36. Tsunami A long high sea wave caused by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or other disturbance. 37. Typhoon A tropical storm in the region of the Indian or western Pacific oceans 38. Flashflood

A sudden local flood, typically due to heavy rain. 39. Earthquake A sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action. 40. Magnitude A measure of the energy of an earthquake. 41. Stretch Extend or spread over an area or period of time. 42. Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: "pertaining to building") is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motions of Earth's lithosphere. The model builds on the concepts of continental drift, developed during the first few decades of the 20th century. 43. Masonry Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves. The common materials of masonry construction are brick, stone, marble, granite, travertine, limestone, cast stone, concrete block, glass block, stucco, tile, and cob. Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can significantly affect the durability of the overall masonry construction. 44. Earthquake Disaster An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity, seismism or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. 45. Landslide A landslide, also known as a landslip, is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows, which can occur in offshore, coastal and onshore environments. 46. Aftershock An aftershock is a smaller earthquake that occurs after a previous large earthquake, in the same area of the main shock. If an aftershock is larger than the main shock, the aftershock is redesignated as the main shock and the original main shock is redesignated as a foreshock. Aftershocks are formed as the crust around the displaced fault planeadjusts to the effects of the main shock.

47. Richter Scale The Richter magnitude scale (often shortened to Richter scale) was developed to assign a single number to quantify the energy that is released during an earthquake. The scale is a base-10 logarithmic scale. The magnitude is defined as the logarithm of the ratio of the amplitude of waves measured by a seismograph to an arbitrary small amplitude. An earthquake that measures 5.0 on the Richter scale has a shaking amplitude 10 times larger than one that measures 4.0, and corresponds to a 31.6 times larger release of energy. 48. Fault A fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement along the fractures as a result of earthmovement. Large faults within the Earth's crust result from the action of plate tectonic forces, with the largest forming the boundaries between the plates, such as subduction zones or transform faults. Energy release associated with rapid movement on active faults is the cause of most earthquakes. 49. Normal fault A geologic fault in which the hanging wall has moved downward relative to the footwall. Normal faults occur where two blocks of rock are pulled apart, as by tension. 50. Epicenter The epicenter or epicentre /psntr/ is the point on the Earth's surface that is directly above the hypocenter or focus, the point where an earthquake or underground explosion originates. 51. Intensity Intensity is a measure of earthquake impact 52. Magnitude Magnitude is a measure of the energy if an earthquake. 53. PHIVOLCS The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (abbreviated as PHIVOLCS) is aPhilippine national institution dedicated to provide information on the activities of volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis, as well as other specialized information and services primarily for the protection of life and property and in support of economic, productivity, and sustainable development. It is one of the service agencies of the Department of Science and Technology. 54. PAGASA The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (abbreviated as PAGASA) is a Philippine national institution dedicated to provideflood and typhoon warnings, public weather forecasts and advisories, meteorological, astronomical, climatological, and other specialized

information and services primarily for the protection of life and property and in support of economic, productivity and sustainable development. 55. Aristotle Aristotle was a Greek philosopher born in Stagirus, northern Greece, in 384 BCE. At eighteen, he joined Platos Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven (c. 347 BCE). His writings cover many subjects including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, heater, music, rhetoric, linguistics, politics and government - and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy. Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip of Macedonia, tutored Alexander the Great between 356 and 323 BCE. According to the Encyclopdia Britannica, Aristotle was the first genuine scientist in history. 56. Democritus Democritus was an Ancient Greek philosopher born in Abdera, Thrace, Greece. A pupil of Leucippus, he was an influential pre-Socratic philosopher who formulated an atomic theory for the universe. 57. Atom The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. 58. Matter Matter is a loosely defined term in science. The term often refers to a substance (often a particle) that has rest mass. Matter is also used loosely as a general term for the substance that makes up all observable physical objects. 59. Johann Dobereiner Johann Wolfgang Dbereiner (13 December 1780 24 March 1849) was a German chemist who is best known for work that foreshadowed the periodic law for thechemical elements. 60. John Newlands John Alexander Reina Newlands (26 November 1837 29 July 1898) was an English chemist who worked on the development of the periodic table. 61. Lothar Mejer Julius Lothar von Meyer (August 19, 1830 April 11, 1895) was a German chemist. He was contemporary and competitor of Dimitri Mendeleev to draw up the first periodic table of chemical elements. Some five years apart, both Mendeleev and Meyer worked with Robert Bunsen. 62. Dmitri Mendelev Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (Russian , 8 February 1834 2 February 1907 O.S.27 January 1834 20 January 1907) was a

Russian chemist and inventor. He formulated the Periodic Law, created his own version of the periodic table of elements, and used it to correct the properties of some already discovered elements and also to predict the properties of elements yet to be discovered. 63. Electron Shells An electron shell, also called a principal energy level may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus. 64. Electronic Configurations The electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals. For example, the electron configuration of the neon atom is 1s2 2s2 2p6. 65. Valence Shell The valence shell is the outermost shell of an atom. It is usually (and misleadingly) said that the electrons in this shell make up its valence electrons, that is, the electrons that determine how the atom behaves in chemical reactions. 66. Valence Electron A valence electron is an electron that is associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond; in a single covalent bond, both atoms in the bond contribute one valence electron in order to form a shared pair. 67. Atomic Mass of Element The atomic mass (ma) is the mass of an atomic particle, sub-atomic particle, or molecule. It may be expressed in unified atomic mass units; by international agreement, 1 atomic mass unit is defined as 1/12 of the mass of a single carbon-12 atom (at rest). When expressed in such units, the atomic mass is called the relative isotopic mass 68. Biodiversity Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life. This can refer to genetic variation, species variation, or ecosystem variation within an area, biome, or planet. 69. Domain A domain (also superregnum, superkingdom, empire, or regio) is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in the three-domain system of taxonomy designed by Carl Woese, an American microbiologist and biophysicist. According to the Woese system, introduced in 1990, the Tree of Life consists of three domains: Archaea (a term which Woese created), Bacteria, and Eukarya. The first two are all prokaryotic microorganisms, or single-celled organisms whose cells have no nucleus. All life that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and most multi-cellular life is included in the Eukarya. 70. Eukaryotes

A eukaryote is any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other structures (organelles) enclosed within membranes. Eukaryotes are formally the taxon Eukarya or Eukaryota. 71. Prokaryotes The prokaryotes are a group of organisms whose cells lack a membranebound nucleus (karyon). Most prokaryotes are unicellular organisms, although a few such as myxobacteria have multicellular stages in their life cycles or create large colonies like cyanobacteria. 72. Eukarya Eukaryotes are formally the taxon Eukarya or Eukaryota. 73. Archaea The Archaea are a domain or kingdom of single-celled microorganisms. These microbes are prokaryotes, meaning they have no cell nucleus or any other membranebound organelles in their cells. 74. Bacteria Bacteria constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. 75. Methanogens Methanogens are microorganisms that produce methane as a metabolic by product in anoxic conditions. They are classified as archaea, a domain distinct from bacteria. They are common in wetlands, where they are responsible for marsh gas, and in the digestive tracts of animals such as ruminants and humans, where they are responsible for the methane content of belching in ruminants and flatulence in humans. 76. Halophiles Halophiles are organisms that live in high salt concentrations. They are a type of extremophile organism. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving". While most halophiles are classified into theArchaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga. 77. Thermopiles A thermophile is an organism a type of extremophile that thrives at relatively high temperatures, between 45 and 122 C (113 and 252 F). Many thermophiles are archaea. Thermophilic eubacteria are suggested to have been among the earliest bacteria. 78. Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus anthracis is the etiologic agent of anthrax a common disease of livestock and, occasionally, of humans and the only obligate pathogen within the genusBacillus. B. anthracis is a Gram-positive, endospore-forming, rodshaped bacterium, with a width of 11.2m and a length of 35m. It can be grown in an ordinary nutrient medium under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. 79. Antibiotic An antimicrobial or antibiotic is an agent that kills microorganisms or inhibits their growth. Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against. For example, antibacterials are used against bacteria and antifungals are used against fungi. 80. Streptomyces venezuelas Streptomyces venezuelae is a species of soil-dwelling Gram-positive bacterium of the genus Streptomyces. S. venezuelae is filamentous. In its spore-bearing stage, hyphae perfuse both above ground as aerial hyphae and in the soil substrate. Chloramphenicol, the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale, was originally derived from S. venezuelae. 81. Bioremediation Bioremediation is a waste management technique that involves the use of organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site. According to the EPA, bioremediation is a treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non toxic substances. 82. Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria , also known as Cyanophyta, is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis. The name "cyanobacteria" comes from the color of the bacteria (Greek: (kyans) = blue). They are often called blue-green algae, but some consider that name a misnomer as cyanobacteria are prokaryotic and algae should be eukaryotic, although other definitions of algae encompass prokaryotic organisms. 83. Spirulina Spirulina is a genus of cyanobacteria. 84. Anabaena azollae Anabaena is a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria that exists as plankton. It is known for its nitrogen fixing abilities, and they form symbiotic relationships with certain plants, such as the mosquito fern. 85. Rhizobium Rhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria that fix nitrogen. Rhizobium forms an endosymbiotic nitrogen fixing association with roots of legumes and Parasponia.

86. Protists Protists /protst/ are a large and diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms, which belong to the kingdom Protista. There have been attempts to remove the kingdom from the taxonomy but it is still very much in use. The use of Protoctista is also preferred by various organisations and institutions. 87. Phototrophs Phototrophs (Gr , = light, = nourishment) are the organisms that carry out photon capture to acquire energy. They use the energy from light to carry out various cellular metabolic processes. 88. Heterotrophs A heterotroph (/htrtrof/; heteros = "another", "different" and trophe = "nutrition") is an organism that cannot fix carbon and uses organic carbon for growth. Heterotrophs can be further divided based on how they obtain energy; if the heterotroph uses light for energy, then it is considered a photo heterotroph, while if the heterotroph uses inorganic/organic energy sources, it is considered a chemoheterotroph. 89. Sporozoan The Apicomplexa also called Apicomplexia are a large group of parasitic protists, most of which possess a unique organelle, a type of plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure involved in penetrating a host's cell. They are unicellular, spore-forming, and exclusively parasites of animals. 90. Algae Algae are a very large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelp (large brown alga), that may grow up to 50 meters in length. 91. Caulerpa lentillifera Caulerpa lentillifera is one of the favored species of edible Caulerpa due to its soft and succulent texture. They are also known as sea grapes or green caviar. C. lentillifera is farmed in the Philippines, where it is locally called ar-arosep, arosep or ar-arosip (as variant names), latok in the Malaysian state of Sabah, and in Okinawa where the plant is eaten fresh. 92. Ammonite Ammonites /mnats/ are an extinct group of marine invertebrate animals in the subclass Ammonoidea of the class Cephalopoda. These molluscs are more closely related to living coleoids (i.e. octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish) than they are to shelled nautiloids such as the living Nautilus species. 93. Toadstool

A mushroom (or toadstool) is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source. The standard for the name "mushroom" is the cultivated white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus; hence the word "mushroom" is most often applied to those fungi (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes) that have a stem (stipe), a cap (pileus), and gills (lamellae, sing. lamella) or pores on the underside of the cap. 94. Yeast Yeasts are eukaryotic microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with 1,500 species currently described (estimated to be 1% of all fungal species). Yeasts are unicellular, although some species with yeast forms may become multicellular through the formation of strings of connected budding cells known as pseudohyphae, or false hyphae, as seen in most molds. 95. Peniccilium Penicillium is a genus of ascomycetous fungi of major importance in the natural environment as well as food and drug production. 96. Molds A mold (US / CA) or mould (UK / NZ / AU) is a fungus that grows in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae. In contrast, fungi that can adopt a single celled growth habit are called yeasts. 97. Budding Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on another one due to cell division at one particular site. The new organism remains attached as it grows, separating from the parent organism only when it is mature, leaving behind scar tissue. 98. Hyphae A hypha (plural hyphae) is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, and also of unrelated Actinobacteria. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium; yeasts are unicellular fungi that do not grow as hyphae. 99. Aspergillus oryzae Aspergillus oryzae is a filamentous fungus (a mold). It is used to ferment soybeans. It is also used to saccharify rice, other grains, and potatoes in the making of alcoholic beverages. The domestication of A. oryzae occurred at least 2000 years ago. A. oryzae is used for the production of rice vinegars. 100. Penecillium notatum Penicillium chrysogenum is a fungus, common in temperate and subtropical regions and can be found on salted food products, but it is mostly found in indoor environments, especially in damp or waterdamaged buildings. It was previously known as Penicillium notatum.

101. Trichoderma Harzianum Trichoderma harzianum is a fungus that is also used as a fungicide. It is used for foliar application, seed treatment and soil treatment for suppression of various disease causing fungal pathogens. 102. Phloem Phloem is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients (known as photosynthate), hence the name, derived from theGreek word (phloios) meaning "bark". The phloem is concerned mainly with the transport of soluble organic material made during photosynthesis. This is called translocation. 103. Xylem Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants . The word xylem is derived from the Greek word (xylon), meaning "wood"; the bestknown xylem tissue is wood, though it is found throughout the plant. Its basic function is to transport water, but it also transports some nutrients. 104. Gametophyte A gametophyte is a haploid multicellular adult stage in the alternation of generations during the life cycle of land plants and algae. 105. Antheridium An antheridium or antherida (plural: antheridia) is a haploid structure or organ producing and containing male gametes (called antherozoids or sperm). It is present in the gametophyte phase of cryptogams like bryophytes and ferns, and also in the primitive vascular psilotophytes. 106. Capsule A capsule is a type of simple, dry fruit produced by many species of flowering plants. A capsule is a structure composed of two or more carpels. 107. Alternation of generation Alternation of generations (also known as alternation of phases or metagenesis) is a term primarily used to describe the life cycle of plants(taken here to mean the Archaeplastida). 108. Tracheophytes Vascular plants (from Latin vasculum: duct), also known as tracheophytes (from the equivalent Greek term trachea) and also higher plants, form a large group of plants that are defined as those land plants that have lignified tissues (the xylem) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant. 109. Seine A fishing net that hangs vertically in the water with floats at the top and weights at the bottom edge, the ends being drawn together to encircle the fish.

110. Tracheid Tracheids are elongated cells in the xylem of vascular plants that serve in the transport of water and mineral salts. 111. Water Water is a chemical compound with the chemical formula H2O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms. Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface, is vital for all known forms of life . 112. Transpiration Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as from leaves but also from stems and flowers. 113. Osmosis Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a partially permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. It may also be used to describe a physical process in which any solvent moves, without input of energy, across a semipermeable membrane (permeable to the solvent, but not the solute) separating two solutions of different concentrations. 114. Lanthanides The lanthanide /lnnad/ or lanthanoid /lnnd/ series of chemical elements comprises the fifteen metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum through lutetium. These fifteen lanthanide elements, along with the chemically similar elements scandium and yttrium, are often collectively known as the rare earth elements. 115. Actinides The actinide /ktnad/ or actinoid /ktnd/ (IUPAC nomenclature) series encompasses the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers from 89 to 103,actinium through lawrencium. 116. Reactivity Reactivity then refers to the rate at which a chemical substance tends to undergo a chemical reaction in time. 117. Corrosion Corrosion is the gradual destruction of materials, (usually metals), by chemical reaction with its environment. 118. Microorganism

A microorganism (from the Greek: , mikros, "small" and , organisms, "organism") or microbe is a microscopic organism, which may be a single cell or multicellular organism. 119. Kingdom Kingdom (Latin: regnum, pl. regna) is the second highest taxonomic rank below domain. 120. Phylum A phylum (/falm/; plural: phyla) is a taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division is used instead of "phylum", although in 1993 the International Botanical Congress accepted the designation "phylum". 121. Class A taxonomic rank, a taxonomic unit, a taxon, in that rank. In that case the plural is classes (Latin classes) 122. Order A taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms, a taxonomic unit, a taxon, in that rank. In that case the plural is orders (Latin ordines) 123. Family A taxonomic rank, As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the prefix sub-: subfamily (Latin: subfamilia); a taxonomic unit, a taxon, in that rank. In that case the plural is families (Latin familiae) 124. Genus Genus /dins/ (plural: genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms. The composition of a genus is determined by a taxonomist. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. 125. Species A species (plural: species) is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often described as the largest group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. 126. Methane Methane (/men/ or /mien/) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH4. It is the simplest alkane and the main component of natural gas. The relative abundance of methane makes it an attractive fuel. 127. Biogas

Biogas typically refers to a mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced from regionally available raw materials such as recycled waste and is a renewable energy source and in many cases exerts a very small carbon footprint. 128. Cocci Coccus (plural cocci or coccuses) can be used to describe any bacterium that has a spherical shape. 129. Bacilli Bacilli refers to a taxonomic class of bacteria. It includes two orders, Bacillales and Lactobacillales, which contain several well-known pathogens like Bacillus anthracis(the cause of anthrax). 130. Spirilla Spirillum in microbiology refers to a bacterium with a cell body that twists like a spiral. It is the third distinct bacterial cell shape type. 131. Diplococcus A diplococcus (plural diplococci) is a round bacterium (a coccus) that typically occurs in the form of two joined cells. 132. Staphylococcus Staphylococcus (from the Greek: , staphyl, "grape" and , kkkos, "granule") is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria. Under the microscope, they appear round (cocci), and form in grape-like clusters. 133. Streptobacillus Streptobacillus is a genus of aerobic, gram-negative facultative anaerobe bacteria, which grow in culture as rods in chains. 134. Tuberculosis Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB (short for tubercle bacillus), in the past also called phthisis, phthisis pulmonalis, or consumption, is a common, and in many cases fatal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis typically attacks the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. 135. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a pathogenic bacterial species in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of most cases of tuberculosis(TB). First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, M. tuberculosis has an unusual, waxy coating on its cell surface (primarily mycolic acid), which makes the cells impervious to Gram staining. 136. Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is caused by infection with bacteria of the genus Leptospira and affects humans as well as other animals. Leptospirosis is among the world's most common diseases that transmits from animals to people (zoonosis). 137. Saprophytes Saprophytes are a plant, fungus, or micro-organism, more accurately called mycoheterotrophs because they actually parasitize fungi, rather than dead organic matter directly. They live on dead or decomposing matter. 138. Escherichia coli Escherichia coli (/rki kola/; commonly abbreviated E. coli) is a Gramnegative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts, and are occasionally responsible for product recalls due to food contamination. The harmless strains are part of the normal flora of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K2, and preventing colonization of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria. 139. Latobacili bulgaricus Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (until 1984 known as Lactobacillus bulgaricus) is one of several bacteria used for the production of yogurt. It is also found in other naturally fermented products. First identified in 1905 by the Bulgarian doctor Stamen Grigorov, the bacterium feeds on lactose to produce lactic acid, which is used to preserve milk. 140. Streptococcus themophilus Streptococcus thermophilus is a Gram-positive bacteria and a homofermentative facultative anaerobe, of the viridans group. It is also classified as a lactic acid bacterium; also found in fermented milk products, and is generally used in the production of yogurt, alongside Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 141. Dinoflagellates The dinoflagellates (Greek dinos "whirling" and Latin flagellum "whip, scourge") are a large group of flagellate protists. Most are marine plankton, but they are common in fresh water habitats as well. 142. Euglenoids Euglenoids (or euglena) are one of the best-known groups of flagellates, commonly found in freshwater especially when it is rich in organic materials, with a few marine and endosymbiotic members. Most euglenids are unicellular. 143. Green algae The green algae (singular: green alga) are the large group of algae from which the embryophytes (higher plants) emerged. As such, they form a paraphyletic group,

although the group including both green algae and embryophytes is monophyletic (and often just known as kingdom Plantae). 144. Caulerpa lentillifera Caulerpa lentillifera is one of the favored species of edible Caulerpa due to its soft and succulent texture. 145. Chlorella Chlorella is a genus of single-cell green algae, belonging to the phylum Chlorophyta. It is spherical in shape, about 2 to 10 m in diameter, and is without flagella.Chlorella contains the green photosynthetic pigments chlorophylla and -b in its chloroplast. Through photosynthesis, it multiplies rapidly, requiring only carbon dioxide,water, sunlight, and a small amount of minerals to reproduce. 146. Draparnaldia Draparnaldia is a genus of algae, in the family Chaetophoraceae. Draparnaldia are uniseriate; each filament is composed of a chain of cells arranged in one row. 147. Pediastrum Pediastrum is a genus of algae, in the family Hydrodictyaceae. It is a nonmotile coenobial (fixed number of cells) green algae that inhabits freshwater environments. 148. Spirogyra Spirogyra is a genus of filamentous green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is diagnostic of the genus. It is commonly found in freshwater areas. 149. Golden algae The Chrysophyceae, usually called chrysophytes, golden-brown algae or golden algae are a large group of algae, found mostly in freshwater. Golden algae is also commonly used to refer to a single species, Prymnesium parvum, which causes fish kills. 150. Brown algae The Phaeophyceae or brown algae (singular: alga), is a large group of mostly marine multicellular algae, including many seaweeds of colder Northern Hemispherewaters. They play an important role in marine environments, both as food and for the habitats they form. 151. Red algae The red algae, or Rhodophyta , are one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae, and also one of the largest, with about 5,0006,000 species of mostly multicellular, marine algae, including many notable seaweeds. 152. Eucheuma murilatum

Eucheuma or Guso in the Philippines is a group of red seaweeds/seaplants representing the Tribe Eucheumatoideae used in the production of carrageenan, an important product used in cosmetics, food processing, and industrial uses, as well as a food source for those living in Indonesia and the Philippines. 153. Euglena Euglena is a genus of unicellular flagellate protists. It is the best known and most widely studied member of the phylum Euglenozoa, a diverse group containing some 44 genera and at least 800 species. Species of Euglena are found in fresh and salt waters. They are often abundant in quiet, inland waters, where they may bloom in numbers sufficient to color the surface of ponds and ditches green. 154. Radiolarians The Radiolaria are protozoa of (diameter 0.10.2 mm) that produce intricate mineral skeletons, typically with a central capsule dividing the cell into the inner and outer portions of endoplasm and ectoplasm. They are found as zooplankton throughout the ocean, and their skeletal remains make up a large part of the cover of the ocean floor as siliceous ooze. 155. Foraminiferans The Foraminifera ("hole bearers", or forams for short) are a phylum or class of amoeboid protists. They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. 156. Amoeba Amoeba (sometimes amba or ameba, plural amoebae or amoebas) is a genus of Protozoa that consists of unicellular organisms which do not have a definite shape. 157. Entamoeba histolytica Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasitic protozoan, part of the genus Entamoeba. Predominantly infecting humans and other primates, E. histolytica is estimated to infect about 50 million people worldwide. 158. Paramecium Paramecium is a genus of unicellular Ciliate protozoa, commonly studied as a representative of the Ciliate group. Parameciaare widespread in freshwater, brackish and marine environments, and are often very abundant in stagnant basins and ponds. 159. Didinium Didinium is a genus of unicellular ciliate protists with at least ten accepted species. All are free-living carnivores. Most are found in fresh and brackish water, but three marine species are known. Their diet consists largely of Paramecium, although they will also attack and consume other ciliates.

160. Vorticella Vorticella is a genus of protozoa, with over 16 known species. They are stalked, inverted bell-shaped ciliates, placed among the peritrichs. Each cell has a separate stalk anchored onto the substrate, which contains a contractile fibril called a myoneme. When stimulated, this shortens, causing the stalk to coil like a spring. Vorticella species mainly live in freshwater ponds and streamsgenerally anywhere protists are plentiful. 161. Slime molds Slime mold or slime mould is a broad term describing some organisms that use spores to reproduce. Slime molds were formerly classified as fungi but are no longer considered part of this kingdom. 162. Water molds Oomycota or oomycetes (omycetes) form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of funguslike eukaryotic microorganisms. They are filamentous, microscopic, absorptive organisms that reproduce both sexually and asexually. They are also often referred to as water molds(or water moulds), although the water-preferring nature which led to that name is not true of most species, which are terrestrial pathogens. 163. Plasmodium Plasmodium is a genus of parasitic protozoa. Infection with this genus is known as malaria. The parasite always has two hosts in its life cycle: a mosquito vector and avertebrate host. At least ten species infect humans. Other species infect other animals, including birds, reptiles and rodents. 164. Malaria Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a type of unicellular microorganism) of the genusPlasmodium. Commonly, the disease is transmitted via a bite from an infected female Anopheles mosquito, which introduces the organisms from its saliva into a person's circulatory system. 165. Anopheles mosquito Anopheles (Greek anofels: good-for-nothing) is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818. About 460 species are recognised; while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 3040 commonly transmit parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which cause malaria in humans in endemic areas. 166. Unicellular A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of only one cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of multiple cells. Historically the simple single celled organisms have sometimes been referred to as monads.

167. Giardia lamblia Giardia lamblia is a flagellated protozoan parasite that colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine, causing giardiasis. The parasite attaches to the epithelium by aventral adhesive disc, and reproduces via binary fission. 168. Trypanosoma gambiense Trypanosoma brucei is a species of salivary trypanosome which causes African trypanosomiasis, known also as sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in animals. T. brucei has traditionally been grouped into three subspecies: T. b. brucei, T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense, the first of which is unable to infect humans. 169. Trichonympha Trichonympha is a genus of parabasalian protists that live in the intestines of many, if not most, termite species. They are symbiotes, in that they break down the cellulosein the wood and plant fibers their hosts eat. 170. Fungi A fungus (/fs/; plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts andmolds (British English: moulds), as well as the more familiar mushrooms. 171. Saprophytes Saprophytes are a plant, fungus, or micro-organism, more accurately called mycoheterotrophs because they actually parasitize fungi, rather than dead organic matter directly. They live on dead or decomposing matter 172. Cnidarians Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 10,000 species of animals found exclusively in aquatic and mostly marineenvironments. Their distinguishing feature is cnidocytes, specialized cells that they use mainly for capturing prey. 173. Rhizoids Rhizoids are simple hair-like protuberances that extend from the lower epidermal cells of bryophytes, Rhodophyta and pteridophytes. They are similar in structure and function to the root hairs of vascular land plants. 174. Rhizopus Rhizopus is a genus of common saprobic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals. They are found on a wide variety of organic substrates, including "mature fruits and vegetables", faeces, jellies, syrups, leather, bread, peanuts and tobacco. 175. Non vascular plants

Non-vascular plants are plants without a vascular system (xylem and phloem). Although non-vascular plants lack these particular tissues, many possess simpler tissues that are specialized for internal transport of water. 176. Vascular plant Vascular plants (from Latin vasculum: duct), also known as tracheophytes (from the equivalent Greek term trachea) and also higher plants, form a large group of plants that are defined as those land plants that have lignified tissues (the xylem) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant. 177. Sphagnum Sphagnum is a genus of approximately 120 species of mosses. Sphagnum accumulations can store water, since both living and dead plants can hold large quantities of water inside their cells; plants may hold from 16-26 times as much water as their dry weight depending on the species. 178. Peat Peat (turf) is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter that is unique to natural areas called peatlands or mires. The peatland ecosystem is the most efficient carbon sink on the planet because peatland plants capture the CO2 which is naturally released from the peat maintaining an equilibrium. 179. Ferns A fern is any one or more of a group of roughly 12,000 species of plants belonging to the botanical group known as Pteridophyta. Unlike mosses, they have xylem and phloem (making them vascular plants). They have stems, leaves, and roots like other vascular plants. Ferns reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. Most ferns have what are called fiddleheads. The fiddleheads expand into what are called fronds, which are each delicately divided. 180. Spores A spore is a unit of asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavorable conditions. By contrast, gametes are units of sexual reproduction. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, fungi and protozoa. 181. Gymnosperms The gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greekword gymnospermos (), meaning "naked seeds", after the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). 182. Cycads Cycads are seed plants typically characterized by a stout and woody trunk with a crown of large, hard and stiff, evergreen leaves. They usually have pinnate leaves.

183. Conifers Conifer is a Latin word, a compound word of conus and ferre (to bear), meaning the one that bears (a) cone(s). The conifers, division Pinophyta, also known as division Coniferophyta or Coniferae,. Pinophytes are gymnosperms. They are conebearing seed plants with vascular tissue; all extant conifers are woody plants, the great majority being trees with just a few being shrubs. 184. Ginkgoes Ginkgo is a genus of highly unusual non-flowering plants. The scientific name is also used as the English name. 185. Gnetophytes Gnetophyta or gnetophytes consists of three genera of woody plants grouped in the gymnosperms. The living Gnetophyta comprise some 70 species across the three genera Gnetum (family Gnetaceae), Welwitschia (family Welwitschiaceae), and Ephedra (family Ephedraceae). 186. Angiosperms The flowering plants (angiosperms), are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphies (derived characteristics). These characteristics include flowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. 187. Annuals The botanical term, annual refers to a plant which completes its life cycle, from germination to the production of seed, within one year, and then dies. Summer annuals germinate during spring or early summer and mature by fall of the same year. Winter annuals germinate during the fall and mature during the spring or summer of the following calendar year. 188. Biennials A biennial plant is a flowering plant that takes two years to complete its biological lifecycle. In the first year the plant grows leaves, stems, and roots (vegetative structures), then it enters a period of dormancy over the colder months. 189. Monocotyledons Monocotyledons, also known as monocots, are one of two major groups of flowering plants (or angiosperms) that are traditionally recognized, the other being dicotyledons, or dicots. 190. Perennials A perennial plant or simply perennial (from Latin per, meaning "through", and annus, meaning "year") is a plant that lives for more than two years. The term is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term

is also widely used to distinguish plants with little or no woody growth from trees and shrubs, which are also technically perennials. 191. Dicotyledons The dicotyledons, also known as dicots, was a grouping formerly used for the flowering plants whose seed typically has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. There are around 199,350 species within this group. Flowering plants that were not dicotyledons were called monocotyledons, typically having one embryonic leaf. 192. Jatropha curcas Jatropha curcas is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, that is native to the American tropics, most likely Mexico and Central America. J. curcas is a poisonous, semi-evergreen shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 6 m (20 ft). It is resistant to a high degree of aridity, allowing it to be grown in deserts. 193. Manihot esculenta Cassava (Manihot esculenta), a woody shrub of the Euphorbiaceae (spurge) family native to South America, is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its ediblestarchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates. 194. Echinochloa crus-galli Echinochloa crus-galli is a type of wild grass originating from tropical Asia that was formerly classified as a type of panicum grass. This plant can grow to 60" (1.5 m) in height and has long, flat leaves which are often purplish at the base. 195. Digitaria sanguinalis Digitaria sanguinalis is a species of grass known by the common name hairy crabgrass or large crabgrass. It is one of the better-known species of crabgrass, and one that is known nearly worldwide as a common weed. 196. Multicellular Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to single-celled organisms. To form a multicellular organism, these cells need to identify and attach to the other cells. 197. Invertebrates Invertebrates are animal species that do not possess or develop a vertebral column, derived from the notochord. This in effect includes all animals apart from the subphylum Vertebrata. Familiar examples of invertebrates include insects, worms, clams, crabs, octopus, snails, and starfish. 198. Vertebrates Vertebrates are animals that are members of the subphylum Vertebrata. Vertebrates include the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently about 64,000 species described. Vertebrates include the jawless fish and

the jawed vertebrates, which includes the cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) and the bony fish. 199. Sponges Sponges are animals of the phylum Porifera. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells. 200. Phylum porifera phylum Porifera; meaning "pore bearer", they have unspecialized cells that can transform into other types and that often migrate between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process. 201. Tropical storm A tropical storm is an organized system of strong thunderstorms with a defined surface circulation and maximum sustained winds between 34 knots (39 mph) and 64 knots (74 mph). At this point, the distinctive cyclonic shape starts to develop, although an eye is not usually present. 202. Spicules Spicules are tiny spike-like structures of diverse origin and function found in many organisms, such as the copulatory spicules of certain nematodes or the grains on the skin of some frogs. 203. Osculum The osculum is an excretory structure in the living sponge, a large opening to the outside through which the current of water exits after passing through the spongocoel. 204. Tropical depression A tropical depression is an organized system of clouds and thunderstorms with a defined, closed surface circulation and maximum sustained winds of less than 34 knots (39 mph). It has no eye and does not typically have the organization or the spiral shape of more powerful storms. 205. Typhoon A typhoon is a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean. A typhoon is a system with sustained winds of at least 34 metres per second (66 kn) or 74 miles per hour (119 km/h). 206. Super typhoon Super typhoon category when wind speed reaches 130 kn. 207. Tropical cyclones

A tropical cyclone is a rapidly-rotating storm system characterized by a lowpressure center, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain. 208. Latitude Latitude () is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north-south position of a point on the Earth's surface. Latitude is an angle (defined below) which ranges from 0 at the Equator to 90 (North or South) at the poles. Lines of constant latitude, or parallels, run eastwest as circles parallel to the equator. 209. Longitude Longitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface. It is an angular measurement, usually expressed in degrees and denoted by the Greek letter lambda (). 210. Meteoroid A meteoroid is a small rocky or metallic body travelling through space. Meteoroids are significantly smaller than asteroids, and range in size from small grains to 1 meter-wide objects. 211. Meteor A meteor or "shooting star" is the visible streak of light from a meteoroid or micrometeoroid, heated and glowing from entering the Earth's atmosphere, as it sheds glowing material in its wake. Meteors typically occur in the mesosphere at altitudes between 76 to 100 km (47 to 62 mi). 212. Meteorite A meteorite is a solid piece of debris, from such sources as asteroids or comets, that originates in outer space and survives its impact with the Earth's surface. It is called a meteoroid before its impact. 213. Atmosphere An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a planet or other material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body. An atmosphere is more likely to be retained if the gravity is high and the atmosphere's temperature is low. 214. Meteor shower A meteor shower is a celestial event in which a number of meteors are observed to radiate, or originate, from one point in the night sky. 215. Phenomena A phenomenon plural phenomena, is any observable occurrence. Phenomena are often, but not always, understood as 'appearances' or 'experiences'. 216. Comets

A comet is an icy small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, heats up and begins to outgas, displaying a visible atmosphere or coma, and sometimes also a tail. These phenomena are due to the effects of solar radiation and the solar wind upon the nucleus of the comet. 217. Asteroids Asteroids are minor planets, especially those of the inner Solar System. The larger ones have also been called planetoids. 218. Properties Is the intrinsic or extrinsic qualities of an object 219. Mass Mass is a property of a physical body which determines the body's resistance to being accelerated by a force and the strength of its mutual gravitational attraction with other bodies. 220. Volumes Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by some closed boundary, for example, the space that a substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or contains. 221. Hardness Hardness is a measure of how resistant solid matter is to various kinds of permanent shape change when a force is applied. 222. Texture The feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface or a substance. 223. Color Color or colour is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, blue, yellow, green and others. Color derives from the spectrum of light (distribution of light power versus wavelength) interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors. 224. Flexibility The quality of bending easily without breaking. Stiffness is the rigidity of an object the extent to which it resists deformation in response to an applied force. The complementary concept is flexibility or pliability: the more flexible an object is, the less stiff it is. 225. Malleability Malleability, a similar property, is a material's ability to deform under compressive stress; this is often characterized by the material's ability to form a thin sheet by hammering or rolling.

226. Solid Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being liquid, gas, and plasma). It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. 227. Liquid Liquid is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas, and plasma), and is the only state with a definite volume but no fixed shape. A liquid is made up of tiny vibrating particles of matter, such as atoms and molecules, held together by intermolecular bonds. 228. Angstrom The angstrom or ngstrm is a unit of length equal to 1010 m (one ten-billionth of a meter) or 0.1 nm. Its symbol is the Swedish letter . The ngstrm is often used in the natural sciences and technology to express the sizes of atoms, molecules, and microscopic biological structures, the lengths of chemical bonds, the arrangement of atoms in crystals, the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, and the dimensions of integrated circuit parts. 229. Microscope A microscope is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. 230. Gas Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid, and plasma). What distinguishes a gas from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation usually makes a colorless gas invisible to the human observer. 231. Evaporation Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid into a gaseous phase that is not saturated with the evaporating substance. The other type of vaporization is boiling, which is characterized by bubbles of saturated vapor forming in the liquid phase. 232. Condensation Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from gas phase into liquid phase, and is the reverse of vaporization. It can also be defined as the change in the state of water vapor to liquid water when in contact with any surface. 233. Water vapour Water vapor or water vapour or aqueous vapor is the gas phase of water. It is one state of water within the hydrosphere. Water vapor can be produced from the evaporation or boiling of liquid water or from the sublimation of ice. Unlike other forms of water, water vapor is invisible.

234. Melting Melting is a physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid. The internal energy of a substance is increased, typically by the application of heat or pressure, resulting in a rise of its temperature to the melting point, at which the ordering of ionic or molecular entities in the solid breaks down to a less ordered state and the solid liquefies. 235. Freezing Freezing, or Solidification, is a phase transition in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point. 236. Nuclear model Nuclear model, any of several theoretical descriptions of the structure and function of atomic nuclei (the positively charged, dense cores of atoms). Each of the models is based on a plausible analogy that correlates a large amount of information and enables predictions of the properties of nuclei. 237. Slightly felt To a small degree; not considerably. 238. Very strong Capable of extreme force 239. Strong powerful; capable of exerting great force 240. Moderately strong average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree 241. Weak Lacking intensity 242. Scarcely perceptible Almost never, seldom sense something. 243. Destructive Causing great and irreparable harm or damage 244. Devastating Highly destructive or damaging. 245. Completely devastating Entirely destructive or destroyed. 246. Heat

Heat seen as a form of energy arising from the random motion of the molecules of bodies, which may be transferred by conduction, convection, or radiation. 247. Current A flow of electricity which results from the ordered directional movement of electrically charged particles; a quantity representing the rate of flow of electric charge, usually measured in amperes. 248. Voltage Voltage is electric potential energy per unit charge, measured in joules per coulomb ( = volts). It is often referred to as "electric potential", which then must be distinguished from electric potential energy by noting that the "potential" is a "per-unit-charge" quantity. 249. Ammeter An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. Instruments used to measure smaller currents, in the milliampere or microampere range, are designated as milliammeters or microammeters. 250. Bulb In botany, a bulb is a short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf bases[1] that function as food storage organs during dormancy. (In gardening, other kinds of storage organ are also called "bulbs" or "ornamental bulbs".)