Chapter 5

Deflection and Stiffness

A. Aziz Bazoune 23-Oct-07 Chapter 5 1

Outline
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Spring Rates Deflection in Tension, Compression & Torsion Deflection due to Bending Strain Energy Castiglianos Theorem Statically Indeterminate Problems Compression Members
Long Columns with Central Loading Intermediate Length Columns with Central Loading

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Lec. Lec . 13
Long Columns with Central Loading IntermediateIntermediate -Length Columns with Central Loading

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5-11 Long Columns with Central Loading

Figure 5-18 (a) Both ends rounded or pivoted (b) Both end fixed (c) One end free (d) One end rounded and pivoted and one end fixed

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5-11 Long Columns with Central Loading

Referring to the Figure shown, assume a bar of length L loaded by a force P acting along the centroidal axis on rounded or pinned ends. The bar is bent in the positive y direction. This requires a negative moment, and hence

M = Py
Remember Eq. (5-12)

d2y M = EI 2 dx
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5-12 Long Columns with Central Loading

Equating between the two above equations gives

d2y P + y =0 2 dx EI
The previous equation represents a second order ordinary differential equation generally known for simple harmonic motion . It can be written as

d2y 2 y=0 + 2 dx
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where 2 = P EI is known as the frequency of oscillations. The general solution of the previous differential equation is

y = A sin ( x ) + B cos ( x )
where A and B are constants of integration must determined from the B.Cs The first B.C. yields B=0, and the second leads to

y ( 0) = 0 y ( L) = 0
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A sin ( L ) = 0
The foregoing is satisfied if either A = 0 or sin L = 0 . The first of these corresponds to a condition of no buckling and yields a trivial solution. The second case is satisfied if

( L ) = n ( n = 1,2,3,)
or

P L = n EI

( n = 1,2,3,)

Solving for

gives

n2 2 EI P= L2

( n = 1,2,3,)

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Euler Column Formula

The value of ( n = 1) has a physical significance, as it determines the smallest value of P for which a buckled shape or mode can occur under static loading. Therefore, the critical load for a column with pinned/ rolled end is

Pcr =

2 EI
L
2

( n = 1,2,3,)

The preceding result, after L. Euler (1707-1783), is known as Eulers Formula; the corresponding load is called the Euler Buckling Load.

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The First Three Mode Shapes

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The radius of gyration k is a distance, (from a reference axis or point) at which the entire area of a section may be considered to be distributed for the purpose of calculating the moment of inertia. Thus

k=

I A

or

I = Ak 2

The critical unit load is obtained by substituting the above relation into Euler column formula,

Pcr 2E = A ( L k )2

(5-43)

where L k is called as the slenderness ratio, that is used in classifying columns according to their length. The quantity P cr A is the critical unit load. It is the load per unit area necessary to place the column in a condition of unstable equilibrium.

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Effect of End Conditions

The previous equations are valid only for round-round end conditions. For different end conditions 1. Critical Load

C EI Pcr = ( L) 2
(5-47)

2. Critical Unit Load

Pcr C E = 2 A ( L / k )
2

where C is end condition constant (Fig. 5-18 and table 5-2, use recommended values)
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Figure 5-18
(a) both ends rounded or pivoted; (b) both ends fixed; (c) one end free, one end fixed; (d) one end rounded and pivoted and one end fixed
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Table 5-2

End-Condition Constants for Euler Columns (To be used with Eq. (5-47)

End-Condition Constant Column End Conditions Theoretical Value Fixed-Free Rounded-rounded Fixed-rounded Fixed-Fixed 1/4 1 2 4

Conservative Recommended Value Value 1/4 1 1 1 1/4 1 1.2 1.2

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Effective Length
Eq. (5-47) can be written as 1. Critical Load

le : is the effective
Pcr =

EI
( L) C
2

EI
L
2 e

length

2. Critical Unit Load

2 2 2 P cr C E E E = = = 2 2 2 ( L ) 1 A L k ( / ) ( Le k ) C k2

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Effective Lengths of Columns for Various End Conditions

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5-14 Intermediate Intermediate-Length Columns with Central Loading

Many columns formulas have been proposed over the years. The parabolic or J. B. Johnson Formula seems to be the most preferred one among designers. The general form of the parabolic formula is

Sy L 1 Pcr = Sy A 2 k CE
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L L k k 1
18

When Eq. 5-47 is solved for various values of the unit load Pcr A in terms of the slenderness ratio l k , we obtain the curve PQR shown in Figure 5-19.

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Problem
A column is pinned at both ends has a length of 4.50 ft and a solid circular cross-section of 1.25 in diameter. If it is made of steel AISI 1020 CD what would be a safe column loading?

Solution
Material AISI 1020 CD Steel = Ends: Pinned = Eq. (5-48)
2

Sy = 57 ksi (Table A-20) E = 30 Mpsi (Table A-5) Rounded-rounded case = C=1 (Table 5-2)
1/2 1/2

l 2 CE = k 1 S y

2 1 30 10 = 3 57 10
2 6

= 101.9

l Calculate the slenderness ratio k

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Problem
Calculate the slenderness ratio ( l k )

(l k ) =

( I A)
l

( d
l

64 ) ( d 2 4 )

4.5 ft 12in = = = = 172.8 2 d 16 d 4 1.25 in / 4

Since ( l k ) > ( l k )1
2

==

Eulers Column
2 6

Pcr C E 1 30 10 = = 9906 = 2 2 (172.8) A (L / k )

Therefore

D2 1.252 Pcr = 9906 A = 9906 = 9906 = 12150 lb 4 4

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Problem
Determine the critical load on a steel column having a rectangular crosssection, 12 mm X 18 mm and a length of 280 mm? It is proposed to use AISI 1040 HR Steel. The lower end of the column is inserted into a close-fitting socket and welded securely. The upper end is pinned.

Solution
Material AISI 1020 HR Steel Sy = 290 MPa (Table A-20) E = 207 GPa (Table A-5) Fixed-rounded end Condition C=1.2 (Table 5-2) Radii of gyration

k xx =

I xx = A

(1 12 ) b h3
b h

h 18 = = = 5.196 mm 12 12
Chapter 5 28

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Problem
k yy = I yy A =

(1 12 ) h b 3
bh

b 12 = = 3.464 mm 12 12

It is clear that k yy

< k xx and ( l / k ) = ( l / k yy ) = 280 / 3.464 = 80.83

1/2

On the other hand we have from Eq. 5-48

2 CE ( l / k )1 = S y
2

2 1.2 207 10 = 6 290 10

2 9

1/2

= 130

Since

( l / k ) < ( l / k )1

Johnson's Column

Apply the formula for Johnsons column to find the critical load on the steel column.
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Problem
Sy L 1 Pcr = Sy A 2 k CE 290 10 1 6 2 = 290 10 80.8 = 234 10 N/m 9 2 1 .2 2 07 1 0
6 6 2 2

Therefore

Pcr = 234 106 A = 234 106 (18 12 106 ) = 50,544 N

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Euler
Leonhard Paul Euler (pronounced Oiler; IPA [l]) (April 15, 1707 September 18 [O.S. September 7] 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist, who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. He published more papers than any other mathematician of his time.[2] Euler made important discoveries in fields as diverse as calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, s uch as the notion of a mathematical function.[3] He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, optics, and astronomy. Euler is considered to be the preeminent mathematician of the 18th century and one of the greatest of all time. He is also one of the most prolific; his collected works fill 6080 quarto volumes.[4] A statement attributed to Pierre-Simon Laplace expresses Euler's influence on mathematics: "Read Euler, read Euler, he is the teacher (master) of us all".[5] Euler was featured on the sixth series of the Swiss 10-franc banknote[6] and on numerous Swiss, German, and Russian postage stamps. The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor. He is also commemorated by the Lutheran Church on their Calendar of Saints on May 24.

Leonhard Euler
Portrait by Johann Georg Brucker Born Died April 15, 1707(1707-04-15) Basel, Switzerland September 18 [O.S. September 7] 1783 St Petersburg, Russia Prussia Russia Switzerland Swiss Mathematics and physics Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences Berlin Academy University of Basel Calvinist[1]

Residence Nationality Field Institutions Alma mater Religion

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QUESTIONS ?

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