Economic Geology 1514 Vol. 98, 2003, pp.

15151533

*. P. +,$-&+(.

3 t t#e !t 0y o" large-!cale tectono-magmatic proce!!e! #a! "ore- to 3ac;-arc'. &00itionally, an0 mo!t importantly, !tre!! generally 3een le"t to ot#er 0i!cipline! in t#e geological !cicon0ition! 2ary o2er time an0 !ometime! on 2ery !#ort time Tectono-Magmatic Prec r!or! "or Porp#yry $ -%Mo-& ' (epo!it )ormation ence!. ,n an attempt to 3ring !ome o" t#e in!ig#t! "rom t#i! !cale! %M1 m.y.D :ott et al., 1989D *ame! an0 .ac;!, 1999'. re!earc# to 3ear on t#e 6 e!tion o" porp#yry $ metallogeny, Tran!mi!!ion o" compre!!ional or !#ear !tre!! into t#e o2er*. P. +,$-&+(. , re2ie8 c rrent #ypot#e!e! "or magma generation an0 tran!ri0ing/ plate re6 ire! "rictional co pling 8it# t#e 0o8ngoing port in arc! an0 0i!c !! t#e role o" tectoni!m in controlling !la3, 8#ic# in t rn 0epen0! on a n$ana0a m3er o" parameter! ! c# (epartment o" Eart# an0 &tmo!p#eric .cience!, 1ni2er!ity o" &l3erta, E0monton, &l3erta T4G 2E3 t#e timing an0 locali7ation o" porp#yry $ -"orming magma a! con2ergence rate, relati2e con2ergence 2ector, !la3 0ip, emplacement an0 2olatile e9!ol tion. ,t i! concl 0e0 t#at t#e an0 !la3 3 oyancy. ,t i! 8ell ;no8n "rom !ea-"loor !prea0ing &3!tract pro!pecti2ity o" magmatic ! ite! in arc! can 3e e2al ate0 "rom recor0! an0 #ot-!pot trace! t#at con2ergence rate! an0 0irec$ -%Mo-& #i!tory, ' 0epo!it! are t#at relati2ely ct! o" ! 30 ction-relate0 magma!t 0ie! o" regionalPorp#yry tectono-magmatic an0 largerare 3 t repro0 ci3le tion!pro0 c#ange "re6 ently on a time !cale o" million! o" year! or 5o aro ni6 e proce!!e! appear to 3e re6 ire0 "or t#eir "ormation, a00iti2e com3ination! o" comporp#yry copper ti!m. 0epo!it! n0 t#e 8orl0 !#are a common le!! alt#o %e.g., g# Pilger, 198HD Par0o-$a!a! an0 Molnar, 198G', an0 proce!!e!, or optimi7ation can an0 a""ect gra0e %at an0lea!t !i7e a! 8ell a!to t#e arc' c#ange o2er relati2e timing atmon t#e tectono-magmatic en0 o" ma<or tectono-magmatic cycle!. o" t#e!e proce!!e!, !la3 0ip 3 t#e oyancy relati2e t#e location o" t#e re! lting 0epo!it!. T#e!e 2ario ! contri3 ting proce!!e! are re2ie8e0, "rom partial melting perio0! o" a "e8 million year! %.oler an0 :on#omme, 1990'. in t#e mantle 8e0ge o2erlying t#e ! 30 cting plate, t#ro g# proce!!e! o" magma interaction 8it# t#e lit#o!,n tion a00ition, an0 0iac#rono p#ere, to mec#ani!m! "or magma emplacement an0 2olatile e9!ol in t#e intermittent pper cr !t. .peci"ic ore-"orm- ! !tre!!e! may 3e &rc Tectonic! ca not !e0 3y ! 30 ction o" anomalo ! "eat re! on t#e !ea "loor, ing proce!!e!, ! c# a! magmatic-#y0rot#ermal "l i0 e2ol tion, are 0i!c !!e0. &rc magmati!m -ot, i! ine9trica3ly lin;e0 o9i0i7e0, to tectonic proce!!e! ! c# a! !eamo nt! an0 ri0ge! in %e.g., +amo! an0 Jay, 1992D #y0ro !, relati2ely ! l" r-ric# ma"ic magma! %pre0ominantly 3a!alt!' generate0 t#e metaat con2ergent plate margin!D a! ! 8e0ge c#, all arc magma! are !ynan0 $an0e, 199GD +amo! et !omati7e0 mantle a3o2e a ! 30 cting oceanic !la3 ri!e 3 :ang! oyantly to t#e 3a!e o" t#e o2erlying cr al., !t 2002'. 8#ere t#ey !tall 0 e to 0en!ity contra!t!. :eca !e t#e!e magma! are o9i0i7e0, ! l" !cope r i! 0ominantly pre!ent o" a! !tre!! "iel0! an0 retectonic or !yn;inematic %Vignere!!e, 19953'. $on!i0eration! Nit# ! c# ric# "or 2aria3ility ! l"ate, an0 c#alcop#ile element! !cannot, c# a! $ an0 & are incompati3le %i.e., t#ey are retaine0 t#e melt'. &! o" magma gene!i!, tran!port, an0 emplacement ! ltant !train in t#e pper in plate, t#e e9i!tence o" long-li2e0 magma! 3egin to!tre!! cry!talli7e t#ey relea!e #eat 8#ic# ca !e! partial melting o" ! cr c# !tal Mi9ingarc! 3e- mig#t !eem ! rpri!t#ere"ore, ignore t#e!e t#e role o" tectonic an0 !train. $ontectonic "eat re! a!roc;!. cor0illeran t8een cr !talan0 magma! yiel0! e2ol2e0 %an0e!itic to 0acitic', 2olatile-ric#, metalli"ero !, #y2ergent margin 0ynamic! imply amantle-0eri2e0 0i""erential !tre!! "iel0, ing. -o8e2er, 8#en !t 0ying t#e geologic #i!tory o" ! c# 3ri0 magma!, 8#ic# are o" ! ""iciently lo8 0en!ity to ri!e t#ro g# t#e cr !t. Magma a!cent i! 0ri2en primarily 8#ic# i! o"ten a!! me0 to 3e compre!!ional in t#e 0irection arc!, it rapi0ly 3ecome! clearan0 t#at t#eypat0o not repre!ent 3y 3 oyancy "orce! an0 i! 0ominantly a "ract re-controlle0 p#enomenon. &! ! c#, cr !tal !tre!! !train o" con2ergence 3et8een t#e impinging plate!. T#i! 2ie8 i! !tea0y-!tate con0ition! 3 t are in a con!tant !tate o" "l 9 on a tern! play an important role in g i0ing t#e a!cent o" magma "rom t#e lo8er cr !t. ,n partic lar, tran!lit#o!o2erly !impli!ticp#eric, at !e2eral le2el!, #o8e2er. &lt#o g#re! comtime !cale !imilar to t#e one!in note0 !tre!! c#ange %e.g., orogen-parallel, !tri;e-!lip !tr ct !er2e a! a primary control on magma emplacement many"or 2olpre!!ional !tre!! canic c#aracteri7e! many & con2ergent margin! operate!, 8#ere3y $oira et al., "a 1982D *or0an magma an0 Gar0e8eg, arc! 8orl08i0e. "ee03ac; mec#ani!m pree9i!ting lt! "acilitate a!cent, t#e1989'. Nit#in t#i! #eat "rom 8#ic# " rt#er 8ea;en! t#e cr !t an0 "oc !e! !train. $ertain !tr t#e ct ral geometrie!, ! c# "a lt <og!, %Io3ac;, 1992', ot#er! are clearly n0er ten!ional !tre!! %e.g., conte9t, epoc#al nat re o" a! porp#yry copper gene!i! in !tep-o2er!, an0 "a lt inter!ection!, o""er lo8-!tre!! me! 0 ring tran!pre!!ional c# !ite! 1ye0a an0 Janamori, 19G9D Mercier, 1981D -amilton, 1988, e9ten!ional 2ol many arc !y!tem! can 3egin!train. to 3e . rationali7e0, an0 a po!!i3le 2ertical con0 it! o" relati2ely permea3ility, p 8#ic# magma! 8ill pre"erentially a!cen0. 1995'. ,n partic repre!ent lar, t#e e9i!tence o" ten!ional !tre!!#ig# in 3ac;e9planation in term! o" tran!ient arc=arge tectono-magmatic cr ring !tal pl tonic comple9e! t#ere"ore t#e!e !tr ct ral !etting!. -a2ing 0eli2ere0 arc en2ironment! pper an0 0 arc ri"ting i! 8ell may ;no8n, an0 3e locali7e0 8it#in proce!!e! i! o""ere0 3elo8. a ! ""icient 2ol me o" e2ol2e0, "ertile arc magma to a "oc !e0 po!ition in t#e pper cr !t, magmatic "ractiona-amilton %1995, tion, p. G8' #a! gone !o "ar a! to !ay t#at Kt#e rec#arge, an0 2olatile e9!ol tion lea0 to t#e 0e2elopment o" ore-"orming magmatic-#y0rot#ermal !y!tem!. common regime To a3o2e ! appro9imation, 30 cting !la3! i! !i7e e9ten!ional a "ir!t t#e o" t#e re!an0 lting 0epo!it 8ill 3e limite0 3y t#e magma 2ol me 0eli2ere0 to t#e not, a! in pop lar pper "anta!y, compre!!ional.L T#e !o rce o" t#i! cr !tal magma c#am3er. .y!tem-!peci"ic 0etail! ! c# a! magmatic-#y0rot#ermal e2ol tion, t#e nat re &rc Magmagene!i! ten!ion lie! partly t#e mo!t larly ol0er o"in t#e co "act ntryt#at roc;!, an0!la3!, ! 3!e6partic ent ero!ional an0 8eat#ering #i!tory 8ill ltimately control t#e 2al e o" t#e T#eorie! o" arc magmagene!i! #a2e e2ol2e0 ! 3!tantially 3 t t#e!e "all o t!i0e to t#et#e !cope an0 col0er one!, 0epo!it, #a2e negati2e 3 "actor! oyancy relati2e a!-o" t#i! paper. !ince early mo0el!, 8#ic# propo!e0 t#at an0e!itic magma! t#eno!p#ere an0 are act ally !in;ing a8ay "rom t#e trenc# 8ere "orme0 3y 0irect melting o" t#e ! 30 cte0 !la3 %ala9i! %!la3 roll3ac;'. T#e pper plate i! t#ere"ore 0ra8n tot#o g# a0a;itic la2a! may repre!ent rare e9ample! o" ! c# 8ar0 t#e trenc# 3y trenc# ! ction or !la3 p ll %:ott et al., melt! "orme0 n0er !pecial con0ition! o" !#allo8 ! 30 ction 1989D &pper!on, ,ntro0 1991D +oy0en, ction 1993D .#emen0a, 1993'. Teni! note0 t#at t#e 3roa0, glo3al ni"ormity o"arg yo ment, ng, 3 it oyant !la3!D (e"ant an0 (r mmon0, 1990D o" !ion in t#e 3ac;-arc region o" t#e pper plate may re"lect P>+P-?+? $ -%Mo-& ' (EP>.,T. %#erea"ter re"erre0 to a! porp#yry $ 1993D 0epo!it!, in term! o"199HD t#eir a!!ociate0 magma.a<ona et al., Peacoc; et al., Martin, 1999D ?otran!mi!!ion t#i! !tre!! "rom trenc# 3 t may porp#yry $ o"0epo!it!' are t#e t#e 8orl0@! primary !o al!o rce relate o" $ ti!m, alteration, an0 minerali7ation !tyle!, #a! 3een 0emon-at go07in!;i et al., 2001'. ,t no8 !eem! li;ely t#at 0e#y0ration toan0 a!t#eno!p#eric p8elling, or to cr !tal t#ic;ening, pli"t, Mo an0 an important !o rce o" & . T#e occa!ionally giant !trate0 in many !t 0ie!, an0 t#eat !eminal 8or; o" =o8ell t#e 3l e!c#i!t-eclogite tran!ition a 0ept# o" O100 ;m, an0 an0 8ea;ening, lea0ing%!e2eral to local 0epo!it! gra2itational !i7e o" t#e!e 0epo!it! o2er collap!e 1 3illion %&ppermetric G il3ert %19G0' !till !tan0! a! t#e type-0e!cription o" rat#er t#an melting, i! t#e ;ey proce!! a""ecting mo!t ! t#i! 3!on, 1991D Iiegler, ton! A B0.5C $ 1992'. D e.g., :ing#am $anyon, 1ta#D $olla# a!i, cla!! o" 0epo!it %alt#o g#, o" co19GGD r!e, 2ariant! e9i!t'. T#i! mi, ni0 cting !la3! %)ig. 1D +ing8oo0, Nyllie, 19G8D Tat! ,n a00ition to normal compre!!ional an0 ten!ional !tre!!, $# 6 icamata, =a E!con0i0a, El Teniente, $#ile' ma;e! "ormity 8o an0 l0 !eem to precl1992D 0e t#e e!!ential in2ol2ement in 1989D (a2ie! .te2en!on, Peacoc;, 1993'. .ol te!#ear !tre!! i! 3i6 ito ! in 0e!tr cti2e margin! 3eca !e t#e t#em 2al a3le e9ploration target!. T#e!e 0epo!it! are "orme0 orea6 "ormation proce!! t#at i! !la3 not common in arc t#e tecric# eo ! "l o" i0!any relea!e0 "rom t#e meta!omati7e con2ergence 0irection rarely ort#ogonal. $ompre!!i2e or n0 in a!!ociation 8it# ! i! 30 ction-relate0 magma! an0 are "o tonic! an0 magmagene!i!, an0 , #erein a0opt t#e concl !ion o2erlying 8e0ge o" mi0-ocean ri0ge 3a!alt-li;e %M>+:-li;e' ten!ional !#earin !tre!! may 3e tran!mitte0 into t#e "ormation pper platein!pora0ically magmatic arc! 8orl08i0e. T#eir o" (ille! %198G' an0 $line an0 :o0nar %1991' ! t#at a!t#eno!p#eric mantle, enric#ing it in 2olatile!, l" calc-al;ar, !ilica, 3y "rictional co pling, 8#ere !train i! commonly partitione0 2ol2e! t#e e9!ol tion o" metalli"ero ! an0 ! l" r-ric# #yline magma! in large general #a2e t#e potential to "orm porp#yry an0 "l i0-mo3ile ion lit#op#ile element! %=,=E', ! c# into contractional an0Eor e9ten!ional an0 !#ear component! 0rot#ermal "l i0! "rom calc-al;aline arc magma an0 0epo!i$ 0epo!it!. a! +3, J, $!, :a, an0 .r %Tat! mi et al., 1984D (a2i0!on, 1994D %*arrar0, 1984D &pper!on, 1991D Tey!!ier al., 1995D Mc5 lty tion o" ore mineral! in re!pon!e to "l i0 et p#a!e !eparation, Mo!t et e9po!e0 0epo!it! in ;no8n porp#yry $ element! 0i!trict! #a2e 0e -oog al., 2001'. $ertain #ig# "iel0 !trengt# etcooling, al., 1998', re! lting in t#e coe9i!tence o" cr !tal !#ortening 8all-roc; reaction, an0 mi9ing 8it# e9ternal "l i0!. 3een 0i!co2ere0, an0 pre!ent-0ay i! "oc !e0 on %-).E', ! c# a! Ti, 53, an0 Ta, aree9ploration not mo3ili7e0 3y t#i! an0Eor an0 !tri;e-!lip "a lting. T# !, contractional E9!ole9ten!ion tion o" magmatic 2olatile! i! a common p#enomenon in !earc#ing "or co2ere0 0epo!it!, !ing in0irect geop#y!ical an0 proce!!, #o8e2er, an0 may 3e retaine0 in t#e 0o8ngoing !la3 "ol0! or t#r !t! may "orm3int a!!ociation !tri;e-!lip lt! cooling intr !i2e roc;! it! e9tent in8it# large porp#yry"a 0egeoc#emical met#o0! an0 geological in"ormation 0eri2e0 in mineral! ! c# a! r tile %:renan et al., 199HD )oley et al., inpo!it!, a tran!pre!!ional orogen, e9ten!ional 0omain! may a! e2i0ence0 3y t#ean0 !cale o" #y0rot#ermal alteration "rom T#e 0i!tal e9po! re!. . c# t#e !trategie! re6 ire ;no8le0ge 2000'. e""ect i! to enric# a!t#eno!p#eric 8e0ge in o" e9i!t 8it#in !#ear or contractional !tr ct re!, ! c# a! p ll- in an0 minerali7ation, implie! an optimi7ation o" proce!!e! geological #i!tory on a regional !cale an0&lternati2e an n0er!tan0ing 2olatile! an0 =,=E 3 t not Ti, 53, an0 Ta. mo0- o" apart! "a lt !tep-o2er! or in2ario "ol0 #inge!. 3ot# at !pace an0 time. T#e!e ! proce!!e! are not in t#emporp#yry $ t#i! gene!i! 8it#in t#e 3roa0er conte9t o" tectonoel! to e9plain relati2e 0epletion in Ti, 53, an0 Ta ! gge!t )rom t#e a3o2e it i! clear t#at t#ere i! no ni6 com3ination e !et o" !el2e! rare or ni6 e, 3 t t#e !e6 ence o" t#eir magmatic proce!!e!, in a00ition to a 0epo!it-!cale appret#at r tile orarc titanite are retaine0 a! a re!tite p#a!e 0 ring !tre!! con0ition! in t#e o2erri0ing plate in colli!ional arc!D an0 t#e magnit 0e o" t#eir e""ect! are cr cial in 0etermining ciationo" o"t#e ore-"orming proce!!e!. T#e latter 3<ect #a! 3een melting !la3 or t#e mantle 8e0ge %e.g., ! +yer!on an0 t#ey may 2ary "rom compre!!ional to"ormation ten!ional 8ill a! 8ell 8#et#er con0ition! ! ita3le "or ore 3e a! t#e "oc ! o" inten!e !t 0y 3y economic geologi!t! "or many Nat!on, 198GD )oley an0 N#eller, 1990D Pro tea et al., 1999'. !#ear an0 may 2ary in t#ree %2ertically t#roo" g# ac#ie2e0 %e.g., -enley an00imen!ion! :erger, 2000'. ,n ! pport t#i! 0eca0e! an0 i! not 0i!c !!e0 #ere %!ee re2ie8! 3y :eane an0 -y0ration an0 meta!omati!m o" t#e peri0otitic ! 3arc mant#e lit#o!p#ere, laterally along t#e arc, an0 tran!2er!ely "rom Titley, 1981D Titley an0 :eane,p#a!e! 1981D ! -e0en6 i!t an0 tle 8e0ge generate ne8 mineral c# a! amp#i3ole +ic#ar0!, 1998D -enley an0 :erger, 2000D +ic#ar0!, 200H',
E-mail, *eremy.+ic#ar0!A1&l3erta.ca

0341-0128E98E000E000-00 0341-0128E01E3392E1515-19 F4.00 F4.00

1514 1515

TE$T>5>-M&GM&T,$ $>5T+>=. >5 =&+GE P>+P-?+? $ -%Mo-& ' (EP>.,T.

151G

Volcanic arc

.ea le2el >ceanic cr !t >ceanic mantle lit#o!p#ere 400P$ 1000P$ ( e# y0 ra tio n

1pper cr !tal 3at#olit#

$ontinental cr !t

=o8er cr !tal M&.- 7one :a!altic n0erplating Mantle"lo oc ea ni c 400P$ . 3continental mantle lit#o!p#ere 1000P$ 8 &!t#eno!p#ere 1H00P$

o"

&!t#eno!p#ere

cr

Partial melting o" #y0rate0 mantle ! t

1H00P$

1000P$
),G. 1. $ro!! !ection t#ro g# a ! 30 ction 7one an0 continental arc %mo0i"ie0 "rom Ninter, 2001'. (e#y0ration o" t#e ! 30 cting oceanic cr !t lea0! to #y0ration o" t#e o2erlying mantle. Partial melting occ r! 8#en t#i! #y0rate0 material i! con2ecte0 into #otter region! o" t#e a!t#eno!p#eric mantle 8e0ge. -y0ro ! 3a!altic melt! intr 0e t#e o2erlying lit#o!p#ere an0 pool at t#e 3a!e o" t#e cr !t %a 0en!ity 3arrier', 8#ere t#ey "ractionate an0 interact 8it# cr !tal material! %M&.proce!!Q !ee te9t "or 0etail!'. More e2ol2e0, le!! 0en!e magma! ri!e to pper cr !tal le2el!.

an0 mica an0 lo8er t#e mantle !oli0 ! temperat re to t#e point at 8#ic# melting 3egin! %Tat! mi et al., 1984D Peacoc;, 1993D &rc l !, 199H'. T#e pro0 ct! o" ! c# melting are 3a!altic 3 t are 0i!ting i!#e0 "rom M>+: 3y t#eir #ig#er -2> an0 =,=E an0 anomalo !ly lo8 Ti, 53, an0 Ta content!, re"lecting t#e meta!omati7e0 !o rce compo!ition %)ig. 2D +ing8oo0, 19GGD Per"it et al., 1980D Pearce, 1983D Plan; an0 =angm ir, 1988D &rc l !, 199HD .tolper an0 5e8man, 199HD Pearce an0 Peate, 1995'. -o8e2er, er ption o" primiti2e 1 arc 3a!alt! i! rare e9cept in immat re i!lan0 arc!, an0 an0e!ite! an0 0acite! pre0ominate in continental arc! %-il0ret# an0 Moor3at#, 1988D $armic#ael, 2002'. &rc an0e!ite! #a2e 3een mo0ele0 a! 0irect 0i""erentiate! "rom primary mantle melt! %e.g., +ing8oo0, 19GGD Gro2e an0 Jin7ler, 1984'. -o8e2er, t#ere i! no8 o2er8#elming e2i0ence "or m ltiple an0 m lti!tage proce!!e! in an0e!ite

1 (e"inition o" t#e term! Kprimiti2eL an0 KprimaryL magma "ollo8! t#at o" t#e Glo!!ary o" Geology, Ht# e0ition %*ac;!on, 199G'Q & primary magma i! one t#at #a! not 3een c#emically mo0i"ie0 !ince it! e9traction "rom t#e !o rce region %in t#i! ca!e t#e mantle', 8#erea! a primiti2e magma i! one t#at #a! not !igni"icantly e2ol2e0 "rom t#e primary magma compo!ition. ,n partic lar, primiti2e magma! #a2e #ig# magne!i m n m3er! an0 #ig# concentration! o" compati3le element! ! c# a! 5i an0 $r, in0icating little "ractionation o" oli2ine an0 !pinel.

petrogene!i!, "or e9ample, in2ol2ing cr !tal melting an0 a!!imilation 3y primary 3a!altic magma!, magma !torage at t#e 3a!e o" t#e cr !t, an0 magma #omogeni7ation %a! en2i!age0 in t#e M&.- mo0el o" -il0ret# an0 Moor3at#, 1988D !ee al!o (ePaolo an0 Na!!er3 rg, 19GGD -a8;e!8ort#, 1982D an0 :ro8n et al., 198H, "or early 0i!c !!ion!'. (e!pite t#e apparent comple9ity o" t#i! m lticomponent M&.- proce!!, t#e glo3al ni"ormity an0 0i!tri3 tion o" arc an0e!ite! %e.g., Gill, 1981' ! gge!t t#at it i! go2erne0 3y repeata3le an0 pre0icta3le mec#ani!m!. ) n0amental to t#e M&.- #ypot#e!i! i! t#at ma"ic magma! a!cen0ing "rom t#e mantle 8e0ge are more 0en!e t#an mo!t cr !tal roc;! %-er73erg et al., 1983D )ig. 3' an0 8ill t#ere"ore pool near t#e 3a!e o" t#e cr !t, "orming an n0erplate0 layer %-il0ret#, 1981D )y"e, 1992D )ig. 1'. T#e cr !t act! a! a 0en!ity "ilter, an0 t#e cr !t-mantle 3o n0ary repre!ent! t#e le2el o" ne tral 3 oyancy "or ma"ic magma! %Nal;er, 1989'. 5ote t#at t#e concept o" le2el o" ne tral 3 oyancy i! 0i!tinct "rom t#e concept o" #y0ra lic #ea0 %Nal;er, 1989D =i!ter an0 Jerr, 1991'. ,n t#eory, a magmatic !y!tem 8it# #y0ra lic connecti2ity "rom t#e a!t#eno!p#ere to t#e ! r"ace 8o l0 al8ay! er pt 3eca !e t#e 3 l; 0en!ity o" t#e lit#o!p#ere i! greater e2en t#an t#at o" ma"ic magma %)ig. 3'. -o8e2er, t#e 0 ctility o" t#e lit#o!p#ere !er2e! to 3rea; t#i!

0341-0128E98E000E000-00 F4.00

151G

1518
10000

*. P. +,$-&+(.

$#im3ora7o E!con0i0a %+P' E!con0i0a %EP' 1000 Ial0R2ar %=P' +egional 0iorite!

Primiti2e Mantle 5ormali7e0

100

&le tian! $olima *a2a

10

0.1
$! Tl +3 :a T# 1 53 J =a $eP3 Pr M .rP 50 .m Ir-" E .n .3Ti G0 T3 (y=i ? -o ErTm ?3 =

Element
),G. 2. Primiti2e mantle normali7e0 trace element compo!ition! o" !electe0 primiti2e arc 2olcanic roc;!, compare0 to compo!ition! o" late Eocene-early >ligocene porp#yry $ intr !ion! "rom E!con0i0a, Ial0R2ar, an0 $#im3ora7o, nort#ern $#ile, an0 coe2al regional 0iorite intr !ion!. 5egati2e anomalie! "or all roc;! in 53 an0 Ti %Ta not plotte0' an0 po!iti2e anomalie! in P3, .3, an0 =i, a! 8ell a! a general enric#ment in incompati3le element!, are c#aracteri!tic "eat re! o" arc magma! %. n an0 Mc(ono g#, 1989D Pearce an0 Peate, 1995'. 5ote t#at t#e geoc#emical pattern! "or t#e porp#yrie! an0 0iorite! are clo!ely !imilar, ! gge!ting t#at t#ey are cogenetic. ,n 0etail, t#e more e2ol2e0 %0acitic to r#yolitic' porp#yrie! 0i!play #ig#er concentration! o" incompati3le element! %le"t !i0e o" 0iagram' an0 lo8er concentration! o" compati3le element! %rig#t !i0e o" 0iagram' compare0 to t#e 0iorite!, con!i!tent 8it# "ractionation "rom 0ioritic parent magma!. (ata "rom (e:ari an0 .leep %1991', = #r %1992', +ic#ar0! et al. %2001', an0 +e 3i et al. %2002'D primiti2e mantle normali7ation 2al e! "rom . n an0 Mc(ono g# %1989'. EP S E!con0i0a porp#yry, =P S =lamo porp#yry, +P S +#yolitic porp#yry.

connecti2ity 3y con0 it collap!e, ! c# t#at magma! ri!e largely in re!pon!e to local 3 oyancy "orce!. &n analogy may 3e !o g#t in a !ip#on ma0e "rom a p nct re0 or !o"t r 33er #o!eQ t#e #o!e 8ill lea; or 0e"orm 0 e to t#e "l i0 pre!! re an0 it 8ill 3e impo!!i3le to 0ra8 li6 i0 p to t#e le2el o" it! #y0ra lic #ea0 in t#e re!er2oir. ,n contra!t, a rigi0 #o!e 8ill ! !tain t#e e9ce!! "l i0 pre!! re an0 ! pport t#e #y0ra lic #ea0. T#e #y0ro ! nat re o" primary arc magma! %1.22.5 8t C -2>D .o3ole2 an0 $#a !!i0on, 1994' re! lt! in t#e ! ppre!!ion o" plagiocla!e precipitation an0 cry!talli7ation o" oli2ine, pyro9ene, !pinel, an0 #orn3len0e o2er an e9ten0e0 "ractionation range % p to 50CD MTntener et al., 2001' a! t#e magma cool!. Precipitation o" t#e!e 0en!e ma"ic mineral! lea0! to t#e 0e2elopment o" t#ic; ltrama"ic c m late layer! at t#e 3a!e o" t#e cr !t, 8#ic# may 0e"ine t#e !ei!mic Mo#o in e2ol2e0 continental arc! %-il0ret#, 1981D -er73erg et al., 1983D - ppert an0 .par;!, 1988D :ergant7 an0 (a8e!, 199HD MTntener et al., 2001'. T#e acc m lating 2ol me o" ma"ic magma al!o repre!ent! a !igni"icant a00ition o" #eat to t#e 3a!e o" t#e cr !t, 8#ic# i! relea!e0 a! t#e magma 3egin! to cry!talli7e an0 "ractionate to more e2ol2e0 an0 2olatile-ric# compo!ition! %)ig. HD Green, 1982D -er73erg et al., 1983D - ppert an0 .par;!, 1988'. T#i! 3 il0- p o" #eat, com3ine0 8it# in2a!ion 3y increa!ingly e2ol2e0 an0 #y0ro ! magma!, 8ill ca !e partial melting an0 a!!imilation o" lo8er cr !tal roc;!. T#e "ormation o" a layer o"

lo8er 0en!ity #y3ri0 magma 8ill " rt#er limit t#e a3ility o" 0en!e ma"ic magma to penetrate t#e cr !t, an0 t#i! 7one 8ill 3ecome a region o" e9ten!i2e interaction an0 e9c#ange 3et8een mantle- an0 cr !t-0eri2e0 material! %:ergant7 an0 (a8e!, 199H'. T#e pro0 ct o" t#i! proce!! 8ill 3e a melt o" interme0iate %3a!altic an0e!itic to 0acitic' compo!ition, to 8#ic# -il0ret# an0 Moor3at# %1988' ! gge!t t#at t#e 0eep cr !t may #a2e ma0e a contri3 tion o" p to ten! o" percent. Mo!t importantly "rom t#e point o" 2ie8 o" metallogenic potential, t#e!e e2ol2e0 #y3ri0 melt! 8ill 3e enric#e0 in 2olatile!, ! l" r, an0 ot#er incompati3le c#emical component!. T#e relati2ely #ig# o9i0ation !tate o" arc magma! % p to t8o log "> nit! a3o2e t#e "ayalite-magnetite-6 art72 3 ""erD :ran0on an0 (raper, 1994' en! re! t#at t#e 3 l; o" t#e ! l" r i! 0i!!ol2e0 in ! l"ate "orm %$arroll an0 + t#er"or0, 1985', 8it# t#e re! lt t#at ! l"i0e-compati3le %c#alcop#ile' element! ! c# a! $ an0 & 8ill al!o 3e#a2e a! incompati3le element! an0 8ill 3e retaine0 in t#e e2ol2ing magma! %-amlyn et al., 1985D :orn#or!t an0 +o!e, 1984D +ic#ar0! et al., 1991D .pooner, 1993D +ic#ar0!, 1995'. . c# e2ol2e0 an0 #y0ro ! melt! #a2e 0en!itie! compara3le to grano0ioritic an0 granitic roc;! an0 8ill t#ere"ore #a2e ! ""icient 3 oyancy to ri!e into t#e pper cr !t %)ig. 3D -er73erg et al., 1983D Nal;er, 1989'. -il0ret# an0 Moor3at# %1988' 0e!cri3e0 t#e M&.- 7one a! a comple9 o" intr !ion!, 0i;e!, an0 !ill! an0 ! gge!te0 t#at

0341-0128E98E000E000-00 F4.00

1518

TE$T>5>-M&GM&T,$ $>5T+>=. >5 =&+GE P>+P-?+? $ -%Mo-& ' (EP>.,T.

1519

%&'

2.5
Granite Grano0io

2.G
U7

rite &n0 e!ite 0iorite

(en!ity %gEcm3' 2.9

(iorite

Ga33ro, &

M> mp#i3olite

+:

t#ol

eiite e

Jom

atiit

3.1
Peri0otite

3.3
Eclogite

3.5 0 10 P %;3ar' 20 30

%:' 0
+oc;! le!! 0en!e t#an magma =5:

%$' 0

(en!ity %gEcm3' 123

%('
#

P %;3ar' 510

15

%E' 0

VP %;3ar' 12

+oc;! =5: Magma +oc;!

(ept# %;m'
+oc;! 0en!er t#an magma

Magma

50
),G. 3. &. Variation o" 0en!itie! o" magma! an0 roc;! 8it# pre!! re %a"ter -er73erg et al., 1983'. :a!altic magma! are 0en!er t#an typical continental cr !tal roc;! an0 may 3ecome trappe0 at t#e 3a!e o" t#e cr !t. ,n contra!t, an0e!itic magma! are le!! 0en!e t#an mo!t cr !tal roc;! an0 3ecome increa!ingly !o a! t#ey 0epre!! ri7e on t#eir a!cent to8ar0 t#e ! r"ace. :.E. (epiction o" t#e e""ect o" contra!ting 0en!ity in a cr !tal col mn on t#e le2el o" ne tral 3 oyancy %=5:' o" a magma %a"ter Nal;er, 1989'. Magma in a c#am3er at 50-;m 0ept# e9perience! a lit#o!tatic pre!! re 0 e to t#e 8eig#t o" t#e col mn o" o2erlying roc; %$, ('. :eca !e t#e net 0en!ity o" t#e o2erlying roc; i! greater t#an t#at o" t#e magma %$', i" #y0ra lic connection to t#e ! r"ace i! ma0e %e.g., along a 0i;e', t#e magma 8ill #a2e a #y0ro!tatic #ea0 %#' an0 may er pt %('. -o8e2er, i" #y0ra lic connecti2ity i! 3loc;e0 %e.g., 3y con0 it collap!e', t#en local 3 oyancy "orce! 8ill re!trict t#e a!cent o" magma to t#e =5:.

Kt#e 0i!tinction 3et8een mi9ing o" magma! an0 0 ctile mi9ing o" partially molten roc;! may 3l rL %-il0ret# an0 Moor3at#, 1988, p. H83'. T#ey " rt#er propo!e0 t#at t#e 3a!e-le2el geoc#emical an0 i!otopic !ignat re! o" local arc magmatic ! ite! are 0e"ine0 3y t#e mi9 ac#ie2e0 in t#eir !o rce M&.0341-0128E98E000E000-00 F4.00

7one!. . 3tle geoc#emical 2ariation! 3et8een 2olcanic center! 8it#in a gi2en arc may t#ere"ore re"lect t#e 2agarie! o" t#e M&.- proce!!, rat#er t#an " n0amental in#omogeneitie! in t#e a!t#eno!p#eric mantle !o rce %e.g., Jay et al., 1991, 1999D NWrner et al., 1992, 199HD )eeley an0 -ac;er, 1519

1520
1pper continental cr !t
&!cent o" e2ol2e0, #y3ri0 magma!

*. P. +,$-&+(.

Partial melting o" cr !tal roc;!D magma mi9ing an0 e!cape T#ermal 3o n0ary layerD e9c#ange o" #eat

=o8er continental cr !t
Partial melting Mi9ing an0 cry!talli7ation

M&.7one Pon0ing o" ma"ic magma!

$ontinental mantle lit#o!p#ere

),G. H. Vi! ali7ation o" t#e M&.- 7one at t#e 3a!e o" t#e cr !t, 8#ere #ot, 0en!e, ma"ic magma! pool an0 interact 8it# cr !tal roc;! to generate le!! 0en!e, #y3ri0, an0e!itic-0acitic magma! %mo0i"ie0 "rom -il0ret#, 1981D in!et "rom - ppert an0 .par;!, 1988'.

1995D +ic#ar0! an0 Villene 2e, 2002'. . pport "or t#i! geoc#emical mo0el i! "o n0 in recent m ltitec#ni6 e geop#y!ical ! r2ey! o" t#e $entral &n0e!, 8#ic# clearly in0icate t#e e9i!tence o" partial melt! % p to 20C 3y 2ol' t#ro g#o t t#e cr !tal col mn 3eneat# t#e acti2e 2olcanic arc %.c#mit7 et al., 199GD Ma!!on et al., 2000D .c#illing an0 Part7!c#, 2001'. ,n partic lar, .c#illing an0 Part7!c# %2001' arg e0 on t#e 3a!i! o" t#ermal con!i0eration! t#at t#e!e magma! are "el!ic an0 t#ere"ore contain a #ig# proportion o" cr !tal anatectic melt. ,t i! emp#a!i7e0 t#at arc! are e2ol2ing tectono-magmatic !y!tem! 3ot# in !pace an0 time, an0 t#at t#e 0e2elopment o" M&.- 7one! i! li;ely to 3e an ep#emeral proce!!. &t t#e on!et o" ! 30 ction or a"ter a " n0amental !#i"t in t#e loc ! o" arc magmati!m %e.g., 0 e to a c#ange in 0ip o" t#e ! 30 cting !la3', primiti2e magma! may penetrate to !#allo8 le2el! t#ro g# relati2ely col0 an0 3rittle lit#o!p#ere, 0ri2en 3y #y0ro!tatic pre!! re %a !imilar proce!! may 3e in2ol2e0 in t#e er ption o" ma"ic magma! in 3ac;-arc en2ironment!'. -o8e2er, contin e0 magmatic inp t lea0! to cr !tal !o"tening an0 trapping o" 0en!e melt! at 0ept#, lea0ing to " rt#er cr !tal #eating an0 melting. T#e 0 ration an0 inten!ity o" t#e magmatic n0erplating e2ent 8ill control #o8 "ar t#i! proce!! goe! an0 may ltimately lea0 to orogenic cr !tal t#ic;ening e2ent! an0 epoc#! o" e9plo!i2e "el!ic 2olcani!m. ,t i! al!o li;ely to #a2e an important e""ect on metallogeny, a! 0i!c !!e0 3elo8.

&rc Magma Tran!port T#e mec#anic! o" "el!ic magma tran!port t#ro g# t#e cr !t #a2e 3een t#e ! 3<ect o" #eate0 0e3ate "or o2er t8o

cent rie!, !ince *ame! - tton "ir!t propo!e0 t#at granite! 8ere "orme0 "rom molten roc;! a!cen0ing "rom 0ept# %- tton, 1G88, 1G9HD Pitc#er, 199G'. T#e arg ment contin e! to0ay an0 i! polari7e0 largely 3et8een t#o!e 8#o "a2or 0iapiric a!cent o" magma! %e.g., .inger et al., 1989D Miller an0 Pater!on, 1999', an0 t#o!e 8#o "a2or a!cent along "ract re! %i.e., 0i;e!D e.g., $lemen! an0 Ma8er, 1992D + 3in, 1993D Pet"or0, 1994'. T#e 0e3ate i! complicate0 3y t#e "act t#at t#e !#ape! o" !oli0i"ie0 pl ton! e9po!e0 "or in!pection recor0 arri2al proce!!e! an0 tell ! not#ing a3o t tran!port proce!!e! en ro te %$lemen! an0 Ma8er, 1992'. ,n "act, t#ey may not e2en acc rately repre!ent t#e !#ape! o" magma c#am3er!, 8#ic# are tran!ient "eat re! 8it#in cry!talli7ing pl ton! an0 8#ic# e9pan0 an0 contract relati2e to pre2io !ly !oli0i"ie0 material. (i;e a!cent an0 0iapiri!m are pro3a3ly 3ot# 2ali0 mec#ani!m! "or magma a!cent n0er 0i""erent circ m!tance!. Jey parameter! t#at 8ill control a!cent 3e#a2ior incl 0e magma 2i!co!ity an0 #o!t-roc; 0 ctilityQ in 0 ctile roc;!, 2i!co ! magma! may ri!e 3 oyantly a! 0iapir!, 8#erea! in 3rittle roc;!, e2en 6 ite 2i!co ! magma! 8ill a02ance 3y crac; propagation %.#a8, 1980D Emerman an0 Marrett, 1990D =i!ter an0 Jerr, 1991D :ergant7 an0 (a8e!, 199HD Pet"or0 et al., 199HD Vignere!!e, 1995aD Nein3erg, 1994'. T#i! 0i2i!ion implie! a " n0amental c#ange in tran!port 3e#a2ior at t#e 3rittle-0 ctile tran!ition in t#e mi0cr !t, alt#o g# e2en t#i! in"erence i! an o2er!impli"ication. &! i! 8ell ;no8n to ore 0epo!it! geologi!t! 8#o #a2e 8or;e0 on me!ot#ermal 2ein 0epo!it!, t#e nat re o" t#e 3rittle-0 ctile tran!ition i! al!o 0epen0ent on !train rate, r#eology, an0 "l i0 pre!! re, an0 t#ere i! clear e2i0ence "or

0341-0128E98E000E000-00 F4.00

1520

TE$T>5>-M&GM&T,$ $>5T+>=. >5 =&+GE P>+P-?+? $ -%Mo-& ' (EP>.,T.

1521

"ract ring o" roc;! e2en at mantle 0ept#! %Gla7ner an0 1!!ler, 1988'. T# !, t#e lit#o!p#ere 3elo8 t#e !o-calle0 3rittle0 ctile tran!ition i! not tr ly 0 ctile 3 t i! 3etter 0e!cri3e0 a! 2i!co-ela!tic %e.g., + 3in, 1993'. $on!e6 ently, ! c# roc;! can 3e e9pecte0 to "ract re n0er con0ition! o" #ig# !train rate or #ig# "l i0 %magma' pre!! re. &ccepting t#at #ig#ly 2i!co ! granitic magma! may a!cen0 3y 0iapiri!m n0er certain cr !tal con0ition!, t#e a!cent o" le!! 2i!co ! #y0ro ! magma! ! c# a! t#o!e generate0 in 0eep cr !tal M&.- 7one! !eem! mo!t li;ely to 3e controlle0 3y "ract re propagation. Geop#y!ical mo0eling o" t#e 0eep cr !t 3eneat# t#e $entral &n0ean arc %.c#illing an0 Part7!c#, 2001' an0 0irect o3!er2ation! o" e9# me0 migmatite terrane! %$ollin! an0 .a8yer, 1994D :ro8n an0 .olar, 1999' 3ot# point to melt connecti2ity in "ract re net8or;!, an0 $ollin! an0 .a8yer %1994' an0 :ro8n an0 .olar %1999' " rt#er ! gge!t t#at migmatite le co!ome! connect to an0 "ee0 larger con0 it! or 0i;e! t#at may ltimately ! pply !#allo8er le2el pl ton!. T#e role o" !train in ai0ing melt !egregation an0 a!cent i! 0i!c !!e0 !eparately 3elo8. &n e9ten!i2e literat re e9i!t! relating to t#e mec#anic! o" 0i;e propagation %e.g., .#a8, 1980D =i!ter an0 Jerr, 1991D + 3in, 1995a' an0 opinion! 2ary a! to it! e""icacy "or large!cale magma tran!port, "rom t#o!e 8#o con!i0er t#at "el!ic magma! 8ill "ree7e p clo!e to t#eir !o rce %e.g., + 3in, 19953' to t#o!e 8#o ! gge!t t#at "el!ic 0i;e! 8ill 3e !el"-propagating %e.g., $lemen! an0 Ma8er, 1992'. Magma 2i!co!ity i! a ;ey 2aria3le in t#e 3alance 3et8een 3 oyancy-0ri2en crac; propagation an0 t#e ten0ency to !oli0i"y 0 e to cooling, 3eca !e 2i!co!ity control! t#e rate o" magma "lo8Q a "a!ter "lo8ing 3o0y o" magma 8ill con2ect #eat more rapi0ly an0 8ill t#ere"ore ten0 to !tay molten. )lo8 2ol me i! important too, 3eca !e a narro8 0i;e 8ill lo!e #eat to it! 8all roc;! more 6 ic;ly per nit 2ol me o" melt t#an a t#ic; 0i;e. T# !, $lemen! an0 Ma8er %1992' arg e0 t#at "el!ic magma! 8ill a!cen0 e""iciently in 0i;e! o" X3-m 8i0t#, an0 Pet"or0 et al. %199H' ga2e e!timate! o" 2 to 10 m "or t#e critical 0i;e 8i0t# o" cor0illeran granitoi0 magma!. ,nitial 3 oyancy-0ri2en e9p l!ion o" magma "rom t#e !o rce region i! ai0e0 3y t#e !igni"icant 2ol me increa!e o" melting, 8#ic# may range "rom 2 to 18 2ol percent in roc;! containing #y0ro ! mineral!, e!pecially m !co2ite %$lemen! an0 Ma8er, 1992D Vignere!!e et al., 1994D + !#mer, 2001'. &! ! gge!te0 3y e2i0ence "rom migmatite terrane!, melt "ir!t !egregate! into a net8or; o" !mall "ract re! 8#ic#, 8it# contin e0 melting, coale!ce to "ee0 larger magma 3o0ie!. T#e melt "raction re6 ire0 "or e""icient !egregation 8ill 0epen0 again on magma 2i!co!ity %an0 al!o on !trainD !ee 3elo8' an0 #a! 3een e!timate0 to range 3et8een 20 an0 30 2ol percent %Nic;#am, 198GD Vignere!!e an0 Ti;o"", 1999', compara3le to t#e 20 2ol percent o" melt in"erre0 to 3e pre!ent in t#e cr !t 3eneat# t#e $entral &n0ean arc %.c#illing an0 Part7!c#, 2001'. >nce ! ""iciently #ig# melt "raction! an0 2ol me! are ac#ie2e0, 0i;e! 8ill 3egin to propagate p8ar0. =i!ter an0 Jerr %1991' mo0ele0 t#e "l i0 mec#anic! o" 0i;e propagation an0 "o n0 t#at magma 3 oyancy 0ominate! tectonic or #y0ro!tatic "orce! in 0ri2ing 0i;e gro8t#. ,n t#e a3!ence o" "ree7ing, t#i! p8ar0 "orce i! 3alance0 3y 2i!co ! 0rag in t#e magma to control gro8t# rate an0 minim m 0i;e 8i0t#, 8#erea! ma9im m 0i;e 8i0t# i! controlle0 3y magma ! pply

rate. =i!ter an0 Jerr %1991' al!o arg e0 t#at t#e "ract re !trengt# o" mo!t roc;! i! !mall compare0 to t#e a2aila3le 0ri2ing "orce!, ! c# t#at magma! 8ill create t#eir o8n "ract re! in t#e a3!ence o" pree9i!ting plane! o" 8ea;ne!!. Magma a!cent in a 0i;e 8ill contin e ntil eit#er t#e magma "ree7e! or it! 0ri2ing "orce i! e9#a !te0 or 3alance0. $ooling 8ill ine2ita3ly occ r a! t#e magma a!cen0! into col0er co ntry roc;! 3 t, a! note0 a3o2e, t#i! e""ect can 3e o""!et 3y #ig# 2ol me "lo8 8#ic# contin o !ly con2ect! "re!# #ot magma into t#e propagating 0i;e tip. .imilarly, repeate0 emplacement o" 0i;e! along a con0 it o2er a !#ort time inter2al %8it# re!pect to cooling rate' 8ill 8arm t#e cr !tal colmn, t#ere3y ai0ing t#e a!cent o" ! 3!e6 ent magma p l!e! %c". .inger et al., 1989'. &!cent o" magma to8ar0 t#e ! r"ace a3o2e a ! !taine0 !o rce mig#t t#ere"ore occ r progre!!i2ely o2er time a! t#e t#ermal anomaly i! e9ten0e0 p8ar0 3y repeate0 0i;e in<ection. ," t#e magma 0oe! not "ree7e, it 8ill contin e to a!cen0 ntil it! 0ri2ing "orce i! lo!t or 3alance0. )or a 3 oyancy-0ri2en magma, t#i! 8ill typically occ r at it! le2el o" ne tral 3 oyancy, a! 0i!c !!e0 a3o2e "or 3a!altic melt!. ,n contra!t to 3a!alt!, #o8e2er, t#e lo8er 0en!ity o" "el!ic or #y0ro ! interme0iate melt! mean! t#at t#i! le2el 8ill 3e in t#e pper cr !t or e2en at t#e ! r"ace i" lo8-0en!ity ! pracr !tal roc;! are a3!ent or i" t#e magma 2e!ic late! %El0er, 19G8E19G9D Nal;er, 1989'. Magma emplacement an0 er ption p#enomena are 0i!c !!e0 " rt#er in a later !ection, 3 t "ir!t t#e e""ect! o" tectonic !tre!! an0 !train on magma a!cent are re2ie8e0.

Tectonic $ontrol! on Magma &!cent To a!!e!! t#e potential e""ect! o" tectoni!m on arc magmagene!i! an0 tran!port 8e ret rn to t#e M&.- 7one at t#e 3a!e o" t#e cr !t, 8#ere partial melt! m !t "ir!t 3e !eparate0 an0 a!!em3le0 into a ! ""icient 2ol me to initiate a!cent. Vignere!!e an0 Ti;o"" %1999' !t 0ie0 t#e !egregation o" magma "rom partial melting 7one! an0 "o n0 t#at !#ear !train re0 ce! t#e melt e!cape t#re!#ol0 an0 "oc !e! melt acc m lation into !#ear 3an0! %)ig. 5&'D !ee al!o .a8yer, 199H'. T#e!e re! lt! imply t#at o3li6 e tectonic !tre!! 8ill en#ance !egregation o" magma "rom it! !o rce region an0 concentrate it in !ite! o" !#ear !train. &n alternati2e per!pecti2e i! t#at t#e pre!ence o" melt "oc !e! !#ear !train %(@=emo! et al., 1992D (a2i0!on et al., 199HD Tomma!i et al., 199HD $orti et al., 2002'. &! re2ie8e0 a3o2e, t#eoretical, geop#y!ical, an0 "iel0 e2i0ence ! gge!t t#at magma! a!cen0 t#ro g# t#e cr !t a! 0i;e!. Magma pre!! re %ari!ing mainly "rom 3 oyancy "orce! 3 t al!o initially 0 e to 2ol me e9pan!ion on melting' 8ill re0 ce t#e e""ecti2e !tre!! on t#e #o!t roc;, 3 t it 8ill not remo2e any !tre!! 0i""erential %$o9 et al., 2001'. ,n ot#er 8or0!, magma pre!! re %Pmagma' i! ! 3tracte0 "rom all o" t#e principal !tre!! component! %Yn' ! c# t#at e""ecti2e normal !tre!! YnZ S Yn PmagmaD t# !, t#e 0i""erential !tre!! Y1 Y3 S Y1Z Y3Z %8#ere Y1 an0 Y3 are t#e ma9im m an0 minim m principal !tre!!e!, re!pecti2elyD )ig. 4'. N#ere 0i""erential !tre!! i! lo8, increa!e0 magma pre!! re may in0 ce e9ten!ional "ract ring an0 0i;e "ormation %(a2i0!on et al., 199H', 8#erea! n0er #ig#er 0i""erential !tre!!, !#ear "ail re 8ill occ r %c". con0ition! "or #y0ra lic "ract ringD $o9 et al., 2001'. & 0i;e i! merely a

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1522

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),G. 5. .c#ematic cro!! !ection o" a tran!lit#o!p#eric !#ear 7one, in!pire0 3y :ro8n %199H' an0 Vignere!!e an0 Ti;o"" %1999'. &. Migmatitic %i.e., M&.-' 7one in t#e lo8er cr !t. T#e 3 l; o" t#e region contain! partial melt at 2ol me! 3elo8 t#e critical melt "raction %metate9ite', ! c# t#at melt migrate! 3y percolation to region! o" lo8er pre!! re. 1n0er general #ori7ontal compre!!ion, magma 8ill ten0 to acc m late in #ori7ontal len!e! or !ill! %0epicte0 in 3lac;'. =ocali7e0 !#ear !train generate! e9ten!ional !#ear 3an0! into 8#ic# magma i! 0ra8n an0 p 8#ic# it 8ill 3egin to ri!e a! 3 oyant pl g! or 0iapir! %0iate9ite 7one', coale!cing p8ar0 to "orm more contin o ! 0i;e!. :. ,n t#e pper cr !t %note !cale c#ange', t#e !#ear 7one i! repre!ente0 3y a !et o" 3rittle !tri;e-!lip "a lt!, along 8#ic# <og! or !tep-o2er! may gi2e ri!e to e9ten!ional 2ol me! %p llapart 3a!in! at ! r"ace'. Magma a!cent i! "oc !e0 along t#e!e !tr ct re! a! 0i;e! an0 may pool at a !#allo8 le2el o" ne tral 3 oyancy 8it#in an e9ten!ional 7one. Porp#yry copper 0epo!it! %P$(' may "orm at t#i! point, an0 2olcani!m may occ r at t#e ! r"ace.

magma-"ille0 crac; in roc; an0 t# ! o3ey! t#e !ame r le! a! e9ten!ional 2ein! an0 "a lt! "or "ract re orientation an0 opening 0irection %e.g., -o33! et al., 19G4D .i3!on, 2001'. ,n general, "ract re! open perpen0ic lar to Y3 an0 propagate in t#e Y1Y2 plane, an0 t# ! t#e orientation o" 0i;e! can 3e pre0icte0 "rom local an0 regional !tre!! "iel0!D con2er!ely, t#e orientation o" !oli0i"ie0 0i;e! can 3e !e0 to interpret paleo!tre!! "iel0! %e.g., 5a;am ra, 19GGD M[ria 9 an0 =i!ter, 2002'. ,n !tri;e-!lip an0 e9ten!ional en2ironment!, t#e lea!t principle !tre!!, Y3, i! in t#e #ori7ontal plane, an0 0ilational !tr ct re! %incl 0ing 0i;e!' 8ill 3e 2ertical. Gi2en t#at 3 oyancy "orce! 0ri2ing magma a!cent are al!o oriente0 2ertically, ! c# !tr ct re! pro2i0e pat#! o" lea!t re!i!tance an0 #ig#e!t

permea3ility "or magma "lo8. 1n0er compre!!ional !tre!! 8it# Y3 oriente0 2ertically, #o8e2er, e9ten!ional !tr ct re! 8ill lie in a #ori7ontal plane, "a2oring t#e "ormation o" !ill! %Par!on! et al., 1992'. &lt#o g# magma 3 oyancy may o2erri0e t#i! con!traint %=i!ter an0 Jerr, 1991D Pater!on an0 )o8ler, 1993', a compre!!ional !tre!! regime i! clearly not a! "a2ora3le "or 2ertical magma "lo8 a! a ten!ional or !#ear regime an0 may 0elay magma a!cent ntil #ig#er 0egree! o" partial melting are ac#ie2e0 %.ima;in an0 Tal3ot, 2001'. ,n !tri;e-!lip en2ironment!, e9ten!ional 0omain! #a2e a more comple9 relation!#ip to t#e ma<or !tr ct re! t#at accommo0ate !#ear !train. (ilation o" !#ear !tr ct re! i! po!!i3le n0er con0ition! o" lo8 0i""erential !tre!! an0 #ig# "l i0

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1523

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),G. 4. Mo#r circle 0iagram, !#o8ing t#e e""ect o" "l i0 %magma' pre!! re on re0 cing e""ecti2e normal !tre!! YnZ S Yn Pmagma %mo0i"ie0 "rom $o9 et al., 2001'. &. 1n0er con0ition! o" lo8 0i""erential !tre!! %!mall ^Y1 Y3_' an0 #ig# magma pre!! re, "ail re 8ill occ r 3y e9ten!ion to "orm a magma-"ille0 "ract re, or 0i;e. :. 1n0er con0ition! o" #ig#er 0i""erential !tre!! %large ^Y1 Y3_' an0 #ig# magma pre!! re, "ail re 8ill occ r 3y !#ear "orming a clo!e0 "ract re along 8#ic# magma 8ill not nece!!arily 3e a3le to "lo8. T#i! analy!i! ! gge!t! t#at con0ition! o" relati2ely lo8 0i""erential !tre!! are re6 ire0 "or e""icient magma "lo8 in 0i;e!. T S ten!ile !trengt# o" roc;D \ S !#ear !trengt# o" roc;.

%magma' pre!! re, 3 t e9ten!ion i! more commonly ac#ie2e0 8#ere "a lt 3en0!, inter!ection!, or !tep-o2er! promote "ract ring an0 0ilation perpen0ic lar to Y3, at appro9imately H5P to t#e tren0 o" t#e !#ear !tr ct re %)ig. 5:'. ,n arc !etting!, tran!lit#o!p#eric e9ten!ion or tran!ten!ion i! pro3a3ly 6 ite rare e9cept 0 ring ri"ting, an0 at t#e!e time! magmati!m i! c#aracteri7e0 3y ma"ic 2olcani!m %not pro!pecti2e "or porp#yry copper 0epo!it!D e.g., 1ye0a an0 5i!#i8a;i, 1980D = #r, 199G'. $ontractional 0e"ormation, alt#o g# li;ely promoting M&.- proce!!e! at t#e 3a!e o" t#e cr !t t#ro g# cr !tal t#ic;ening, 0oe! not "acilitate magma a!cent into t#e !#allo8 cr !t 3eca !e increa!e0 #ori7ontal !tre!!e! 8ill oppo!e t#e propagation o" 0i;e! an0 promote !ill "ormation %: !!ell, 19G4D Par!on! et al., 1992D Pitc#er, 199GD ,0a, 1999D +ic#ar0!, 2000D +ic#ar0! et al., 2001D To!0al an0 +ic#ar0!, 2001'. ,n contra!t, optim m con0ition! "or "oc !e0 magma a!cent are ac#ie2e0 0 ring perio0! o" !#ear !tre!!, 8#en tran!pre!!ional 0e"ormation pro2i0e! !tr ct rally locali7e0 "oci "or magma a!cent an0 emplacement along e9ten!ional con0 it! at "a lt inter!ection! an0 <og! %)ig. 5D :ro8n, 199H'. T#e literat re contain! n mero ! e9ample! o" t#e locali7ation o" pl ton!,

2olcanoe!, an0 relate0 ore 0epo!it! in tran!pre!!ional !etting! 8it#in arc! %e.g., : !!ell, 19G4D &y0in et al., 1990D Gla7ner, 1991D (@=emo! et al., 1992D Ti;o"" an0 Tey!!ier, 1992D :ellier an0 .[3rier, 199HD Tomma!i et al., 199HD To3i!c# an0 $r 0en, 1995D +om`n-:er0iel et al., 199GD &cocella et al., 1999D :ro8n an0 .olar, 1999D :enn et al., 2000D GarcRa-Palomo et al., 2000D &0iyaman et al., 2001D Glei7e! et al., 2001D -il0en3ran0 et al., 2001D +ic#ar0! et al., 2001D $#ernico"" et al., 2002'. &00itionally, n mero ! !t 0ie! #a2e !#o8n #o8 regional !tre!! "iel0! an0 re! ltant cr !tal !train in"l ence t#e orientation an0 !tr ct re o" 2olcanic-pl tonic !y!tem! %+o3!on an0 :arr, 194HD Pollar0 an0 M ller, 19G4D 5a;am ra, 19GGD Nea2er et al., 198GD G 0m n0!!on, 1988D Ta;a0a, 199HD &lani7-&l2are7 et al., 1998D +om`n-:er0iel, 1999D M[ria 9 an0 =i!ter, 2002'. T#e 6 e!tion o" 8#et#er e9i!ting tran!lit#o!p#eric !#ear! promote an0 "oc ! magma a!cent or 8#et#er magmati!m "oc !e! !#ear !train an0 t#ere3y propagate! cr !tal !#ear! i! a cla!!ic Kc#ic;en-an0-eggL 0e3ate. -o8e2er, "rom t#e point o" 2ie8 o" mineral e9ploration !trategie! t#at !ee; !tr ct ral 2ector! to ore 0epo!it!, t#e 0e3ate may 3e !i0e-!teppe0 3eca !e 3ot# proce!!e! pro0 ce t#e !ame empirical relation!#ip 3et8een regional-!cale "a lt! an0 pl ton!. Pater!on an0 .c#mi0t %1999' an0 .c#mi0t an0 Pater!on %2000' recently arg e0 on t#e 3a!i! o" !tati!tic! t#at no ! c# relation!#ip e9i!t!. -o8e2er, in a 0i!c !!ion o" t#e!e paper!, +ic#ar0! %2001' pointe0 o t t#at pl ton emplacement not only o3literate! e2i0ence o" prec r!or !tr ct re! %initially t#ey 3ecome 0i;e!', 3 t al!o t#at pl toni!m i! "oc !e0 in locali7e0 region! o" e9ten!ion 8it#in or perip#eral to 3roa0 tran!pre!!ional "a lt 7one! an0 not nece!!arily along t#e !tri;e-!lip "a lt! t#em!el2e! %in m c# t#e !ame 8ay a! gol0 lo0e! in !#ear 7one#o!te0 me!ot#ermal 0epo!it! occ r in !econ0- or t#ir0-or0er !tr ct re! an0 not in t#e "ir!t-or0er !#ear!'. ,n ! mmary, alt#o g# con0ition! o" 3 l; compre!!ional or e9ten!ional !tre!! in t#e lit#o!p#ere 0o not pro#i3it magma a!cent to t#e pper cr !t, "oc !e0 a!cent o" "ertile M&.7one magma!, a!! me0 to 3e a prere6 i!ite "or ! 3!e6 ent porp#yry $ 0epo!it "ormation, i! 3e!t ac#ie2e0 n0er con0ition! o" mil0 !#ear !tre!!. Tran!pre!!ional !train pro0 ce! 2ertical, e9ten!ional 2ol me! %p ll-apart!' at locali7e0 0i!contin itie! on !tri;e-!lip "a lt !y!tem!, 8#ic# can c#annel t#e a!cent an0 pooling o" magma in t#e pper cr !t.

&rc Magma Emplacement T#e prece0ing !ection! #a2e con!i0ere0 proce!!e! a""ecting mantle an0 0eep-cr !tal magmagene!i! an0 p8ar0 tran!port o" t#o!e magma! t#ro g# t#e cr !t. ,n t#e "ollo8ing !ection!, "actor! t#at control magma emplacement an0 er ption are 0i!c !!e0. T#e le2el o" ne tral 3 oyancy concept pro2i0e! one e9planation "or t#e pper cr !tal emplacement o" "el!ic to interme0iate compo!ition pl ton! o" 0imen!ion! ranging "rom !mall !toc;! to 3at#olit#!, 3eca !e t#e le2el o" emplacement i! in0epen0ent o" magma 2ol me an0 0epen0ent only on t#e relati2e local 0en!ity o" magma an0 cr !t %+yan, 198G'. ," magma i! contin ally "e0 to t#i! le2el, an0 i" t#e co ntry roc;! are not impermea3le an0 rigi0 ! c# t#at t#ey can ! pport a #y0ro!tatic #ea0, magmatic o2erpre!! re 8ill 0e"orm or "ract re t#e con0 it 8all! to "orm !ill! or laterally e9ten0ing 3la0e0 0i;e! %Nal;er, 1989D =i!ter an0 Jerr, 1991'.

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152H E2en 8#ere "el!ic magma! #a2e po!iti2e 3 oyancy relati2e to t#e pper cr !t, t#ey may ne2ert#ele!! !tall 3eneat# t#e ! r"ace "or ot#er rea!on!, incl 0ing re0 ction o" magma pre!! re or ! pply, inter!ection o" a r#eologically !trong #ori7on t#at act! a! a p#y!ical 3arrier to magma a!cent, or t#e increa!ing 2i!co!ity o" t#e magma a! it cool! to near-!oli0 ! temperat re! %$lemen! an0 Ma8er, 1992'. & ;ey "actor in ! !taining pper cr !tal magmati!m i! t#e magma ! pply rate. ," t#e ! pply 08in0le!, t#en t#e "l 9 o" #eat re6 ire0 to maintain t#e "lo8 o" magma in 0i;e! 8ill 0imini!#, an0 t#e magma 8ill "ree7e p %$lemen! an0 Ma8er, 1992'. -o8e2er, i" t#e ! pply rate i! maintaine0, an pper cr !tal intr !i2e comple9 o" 3at#olit#ic 0imen!ion! can 3e con!tr cte0 in a remar;a3ly !#ort !pace o" time. )or e9ample, Pet"or0 %1994' e!timate0 t#at "or reali!tic magma a!cent rate! in 0i;e! o" O102 mE!, large "el!ic pl ton! can 3e "ille0 on a time !cale o" M10H yr. .imilarly, Pater!on an0 To3i!c# %1992, p. 291' allo8e0 Kno more t#an a "e8 million year!L "or t#e !ame proce!!. . c# "ig re! are ! pporte0 3y "iel0 an0 geoc#ronological !t 0ie! o" 3at#olit#ic terrane!, 8#ic# commonly in0icate rapi0 3at#olit# a!!em3ly. )or e9ample, t#e =a Po!ta ! ite grano0iorite! o" t#e Penin! lar +ange! 3at#olit# in !o t#ern an0 :a<a $ali"ornia, 8#ic# crop o t o2er an area o" 15,000 ;m2, 8ere apparently emplace0 o2er a time inter2al o" aG m.y. 3et8een 99 an0 92 Ma %Jim3ro g# et al., 2001'. Vario ! mec#ani!m! #a2e 3een propo!e0 "or t#e pper cr !tal emplacement o" pl ton! t#at en0ea2or to a00re!! t#e

*. P. +,$-&+(.

pro3lem o" !pace "or intr !ion. Many arc pl ton! appear to 3e ta3 lar in !#ape, 8it# !pace 3eing create0 eit#er 3y "loor 0epre!!ion %lopolit#!' or roo" li"ting %laccolit#!D $r 0en, 1998D Vignere!!e et al., 1999D 0e .aint-:lan6 at et al., 2001D &cocella an0 +o!!etti, 2002'. Magma! are en2i!age0 to !prea0 laterally at t#eir le2el o" ne tral 3 oyancy or 3eneat# a #ori7ontal r#eological 3arrier 3y 2ertically 0i!placing t#e co ntry roc;!. ,n contra!t, #ori7ontal 0i!placement! o" t#e #o!t roc;!, partic larly in t#e pper 3rittle cr !t, are limite0 3y t#eir capacity "or ela!tic !train or t#e rate o" tectonic e9ten!ional !train %Pater!on an0 To3i!c#, 1992D *o#n!on et al., 2001D &cocella an0 +o!!etti, 2002'. $on!e6 ently, pl ton! in arc terrane! %incl 0ing porp#yry $ -"orming pl ton!' are commonly intr 0e0 at t#e 3a!e o" a coe2al 2olcanic pile or at t#e 3a!ement-! pracr !tal contact, 3eca !e t#e o2erlying 2olcanic an0 !e0imentary roc;! are typically 8ea; an0 o" lo8er 0en!ity t#an an0e!itic-0acitic magma!. &rc Volcani!m .illitoe %19G3' "ir!t ! gge!te0 t#at porp#yry $ 0epo!it! mig#t 3e o2erlain 3y compo!ite 2olcanoe! at t#e time o" "ormation %)ig. G'. &lt#o g# t#i! i! 2ery li;ely t#e ca!e, t#ere i! no act al re6 irement in c rrently accepte0 mo0el! o" porp#yry metallogene!i! "or 2olcani!m to play a critical role in magmatic-#y0rot#ermal ore "ormation %alt#o g# 2olcano !ector collap!e #a! 3een propo!e0 a! a trigger "or 2olatile e9!ol tion t#ro g# ! 00en 0epre!! ri7ationD .illitoe, 199H'. ,n0ee0,

&02ance0 argillic alteration %&&'

&&&& &&&

$entral 2olcano

P#

0 ;m
P#

P#

Pota!!ic alteration %J' o2erprinte0 3y p#yllic %P#'' . pracr !tal !e6 ence

J JJJ JJ J JJJ J JJ J J J J J J JJ J JJ J J JJ J J

P#

. 3-2olcanic pl ton!

5 ;m

$ry!talline 3a!ement

)ee0er 0i;e comple9p ),G. G. .c#ematic cro!! !ection t#ro g# a porp#yry $ -"orming 2olcano-pl tonic !y!tem. &n pper cr !tal 3at#olit# comple9 o" an0e!itic compo!ition i! "e0 3y 0i;e! ri!ing "rom a lo8er cr !tal M&.- 7one. &"ter " rt#er "ractionation at t#i! le2el, e2ol2e0, 2olatile-ric# 0acitic magma! are emplace0 at !#allo8 le2el! an0 may 2ent to t#e ! r"ace to 3 il0 a 2olcanic e0i"ice. Volatile! e9!ol2e0 "rom t#e large 2ol me o" cry!talli7ing 3at#olit#ic magma are c#annele0 p8ar0 along t#e ! 32olcanic !tr ct ral a9i! o" t#e !y!tem an0 generate magmatic-#y0rot#ermal pota!!ic alteration %J', potentially 8it# $ minerali7ation. &! t#e magmatic-#y0rot#ermal !y!tem 8ane!, p#yllic alteration %P#' o2erprint! t#e perip#eral pota!!ic alteration an0 a02ance0-argillic alteration %&&D " marolic alteration at ! r"ace' a""ect! t#e 2olcanic e0i"ice. Propylitic alteration %not !#o8n' ca !e0 3y circ lating #eate0 gro n0 8ater! a""ect! t#e co ntry roc;! in a 8i0e 7one aro n0 t#e !y!tem.

0341-0128E98E000E000-00 F4.00

152H

TE$T>5>-M&GM&T,$ $>5T+>=. >5 =&+GE P>+P-?+? $ -%Mo-& ' (EP>.,T.

1525

Pa!teri! %1994' #a! ! gge!te0 t#at lo!! o" ;ey 2olatile! ! c# a! ! l" r 0 ring ma<or 2olcanic er ption!, a! in t#e ca!e o" Mo nt Pinat 3o in 1991, mig#t !#ort-circ it t#e porp#yry"orming proce!! an0 yiel0 negati2e porp#yry !y!tem!. 5e2ert#ele!!, !ome amo nt o" 2olcani!m i! an almo!t ine!capa3le con!e6 ence o" intr 0ing large 2ol me! o" magma into t#e pper cr !t, an0 er ption! are li;ely to accompany, i" not 3e integrally relate0 to or ca !e0 3y, 2olatile e9!ol tion proce!!e!. & 3rie" con!i0eration o" t#e ca !e! o" 2olcani!m i! t#ere"ore 8arrante0, partic larly in t#e lig#t o" t#e pre2io ! 0i!c !!ion o" 3 oyant magma a!cent, 8#ic# mig#t ! gge!t t#at "e8 magma! !#o l0 er pt at t#e ! r"ace e9cept n0er !pecial con0ition! o" #y0ro!tatic o2erpre!! re. ,n arc en2ironment!, t#e mo!t common 0irect ca !e o" 2olcani!m i! magmatic 2e!ic lation, 8#ic# can 6 ic;ly re0 ce t#e 0en!ity o" t#e magma to 3elo8 t#at o" ncon!oli0ate0 ! pracr !tal material!, 8#ile at t#e !ame time greatly increa!ing it! 2ol me %an0 t#ere"ore magma c#am3er pre!! reD Nal;er, 1989D *a part an0 &llbgre, 1991D $arrigan et al., 1992'. Volatile e9!ol tion 0 ring e9plo!i2e 2olcani!m can increa!e t#e magma 2ol me 3y p to 99 percent, re! lting in complete "ragmentation o" t#e magma an0 it! e<ection a! a #ig#-2elocity Plinian er ption col mn %.par;! an0 Nil!on, 19G4D Gar0ner et al., 1994'. &not#er mec#ani!m "or er ption i! t#e 0i!placement o" magma "rom a !#allo8-le2el c#am3er 3y rec#arge 8it# "re!# magma "rom 0ept# %+yan, 198GD Eic#el3erger, 1995'. ," t#e c#am3er an0 con0 it 8all! are ! ""iciently !trong ! c# t#at t#ey can ! pport #y0ro!tatic pre!! re, la2a 8ill 3e e9tr 0e0 at t#e ! r"ace. &00itionally, t#e!e t8o proce!!e! may 3e com3ine0, 8it# rec#arge 3y #ot, 2olatile-ric# magma triggering e9plo!i2e 0ega!!ing in t#e re!i0ent magma %e.g., Eic#el3erger, 1995D -attori an0 Jeit#, 2001'. >t#er e9ternal proce!!e! t#at "acilitate or promote 2olcani!m o2er pl toni!m incl 0e tectonic an0 magmatic !tre!!e! t#at may "ract re t#e o2erlying cr !t or 0ilate e9i!ting !tr ct re! %+yan, 198GD $lemen! an0 Ma8er, 1992D G 0m n0!!on, 1998' an0 c#ange! in #y0rologic or lit#ologic loa0 0 e to meteorological or p#y!ical proce!! ! c# a! !ector collap!e %Voig#t et al., 1981D .illitoe, 199H'. Magmatic 2olatile e9!ol tion i! an e!!ential !tep in t#e "ormation o" porp#yry $ 0epo!it! an0 i! an ine2ita3le re! lt o" t#e !#allo8-le2el cry!talli7ation an0 cooling o" #y0ro ! arc magma! %N#itney, 19G5D : rn#am, 19G9D Eic#el3erger, 1995'. -o8e2er, it i! important t#at t#e proce!! 0oe! not cata!trop#ically 2ent t#e 2olatile! e!!ential "or #y0rot#ermal ore "ormation. E9plo!i2e 2e!ic lation an0 er ption mo!t commonly occ r in 2i!co ! "el!ic magma! 3eca !e ga! 3 33le! cannot !eparate 6 ic;ly eno g# "rom t#e meltD t# !, ignim3rite-"orming er ption! are typically generate0 "rom #ig#!ilica 0acitic an0 r#yolitic magma!. ,n contra!t, lo8er 2i!co!ity interme0iate-compo!ition magma! ! c# a! an0e!ite! an0 lo8er !ilica 0acite! are a3le to 0ega! more rea0ily, 8it# pa!!i2e 0i!per!ion o" 2olatile! t#ro g# t#e 2olcanic e0i"ice to 2ent a! " marole! or to con0en!e into gro n0 8ater. -e0en6 i!t et al. %1998' ! gge!te0 t#at #ypogene a02ance0 argillic alteration "o n0 in t#e pper part! o" !ome porp#yry !y!tem! repre!ent! t#i! !#allo8-le2el 0ega!!ing %)ig. G', 8it# t#e corollary t#at " marolic alteration pro2i0e! a ! r"ace in0ication o" 0eeper !eate0 magmatic-#y0rot#ermal acti2ity an0 potential porp#yry-type ore "ormation.

Tectono-Magmatic $ycle! an0 Porp#yry $ (epo!it )ormation & !patial an0 temporal relation!#ip 3et8een tectono-magmatic cycle! in arc! an0 porp#yry $ "ormation #a! long 3een recogni7e0 %e.g., .illitoe, 19G2'. ,n a00ition, a clo!e !patial relation!#ip to ma<or arc-parallel tran!c rrent "a lt! i! e2i0ent in many porp#yry pro2ince!, t#e 3e!t ;no8n e9ample 3eing t#e Ne!t )i!! re 7one o" nort#ern $#ile, 8#ic# #o!t! !e2eral o" t#e 8orl0@! large!t 0epo!it! %$olla# a!i, $# 6 icamata, =a E!con0i0a, El .al2a0or-Potrerillo!D )ig. 8'. $lar; et al. %19G4' an0 .illitoe %1981, 1988' !#o8e0 t#at porp#yry 0epo!it! in t#i! region occ r 8it#in !e2eral linear 3elt! o" coe2al $eno7oic magmati!m, corre!pon0ing to t#e po!ition! o" t#e magmatic arc in t#e Paleocene-early Eocene %$entral Valley 3elt', late Eocene-early >ligocene %Ne!t )i!! re 7one', an0 earlymi00le Miocene %El ,n0io an0 Maric nga 3elt!'. .imilar 3roa0 !patial-temporal relation!#ip! are note0 in Perc an0 $olom3ia %.illitoe, 19G2, 1988D McJee an0 5o3le, 1989', Me9ico %$lar; et al., 1982D (amon et al., 1983D :arton et al., 1995', t#e 5ort# &merican $or0illera %Titley an0 :eane, 1981D :arton, 1994', t#e !o t#8e!t Paci"ic %Titley, 1981D Titley an0 :eane, 1981', ea!tern & !tralia %-orton, 19G8', t#e Tet#yan 3elt o" T r;ey-,ran-Pa;i!tan %Naterman an0 -amilton, 19G5D Glennie, 2000', an0 .i3eria an0 Mongolia %:er7ina et al., 1999'. T#e!e relation!#ip! are ! mmari7e0 in Ta3le 1. &t a ! per"icial le2el, t#i! tectono-magmatic a!!ociation mig#t 3e ta;en merely to in0icate t#at porp#yry $ 0epo!it! are lin;e0 to arc magmati!m an0 t#ere"ore t#at one !#o l0 e9plore in any partially ero0e0 arc. : t magmatic arc! e9ten0 o2er 2ery large area!, an0 porp#yry 0epo!it! repre!ent 2ery !mall point "eat re! 8it#in t#o!e arc!. ,! it po!!i3le to pre0ict more acc rately t#e timing an0 magmatic a!!ociation o" 0epo!it! 8it#in t#i! o2erall tectono-magmatic "rame8or; an0 per#ap! e2en to pre0ict t#e location o" potentially ore-"orming magmatic !y!tem! 8it#in a gi2en 3eltd Ma;!ae2 an0 Ientilli %1988', McJee an0 5o3le %1989', -ammer!c#mi0t et al. %1992', $orne<o et al. %199G', an0 +ic#ar0! et al. %2001' #a2e 0emon!trate0 t#at ma<or porp#yry $ 0epo!it! in t#e Per 2ian-$#ilean 3elt are "orme0 late 8it#in a gi2en magmatic cycle, t#e porp#yry intr !ion! typically repre!enting t#e la!t intr !i2e e2ent in a gi2en area %Ta3le 1'. )or e9ample, +ic#ar0! et al. %2001' #a2e !#o8n t#at t#e E!con0i0a porp#yry 0epo!it i! one o" t#ree minerali7e0 0acitic center! 8it#in a large, coe2al %O38 Ma', cogenetic, !#allo8-le2el, 0ioritic pl tonic comple9 %)ig. 2' t#at 8a! emplace0 at t#e en0 o" a protracte0 perio0 o" Eocene an0e!itic 2olcani!m. ,n many ca!e! t#ere i! al!o a clear !patial relation!#ip 3et8een t#e minerali7e0 center! an0 ma<or tran!c rrent "a lt 7one! an0 in partic lar to inter!ection! o" tran!2er!e lineament! 8it# t#e!e !tr ct re! %)ig. 8D .al"ity, 1985D =in0!ay et al., 1995D +ic#ar0!, 2000D +ic#ar0! et al., 2001'. ,t i! ! gge!te0 t#at t#i! relation!#ip can 3e n0er!too0 8it#in t#e conte9t o" t#e prece0ing 0i!c !!ion o" arc tectono-magmatic proce!!e!, a! "ollo8!. ( ring a perio0 o" !ta3le ! 30 ction, in 8#ic# t#e !la3 0ip! 3eneat# t#e arc at a con!tant angle an0 ! 30 ct! 8it# a con!tant 2elocity, !la3 0e#y0ration an0 magma generation in t#e mantle 8e0ge occ r in a relati2ely narro8 3an0 at a 0ept# o" aro n0 100 ;m an0 at a "i9e0 0i!tance "rom t#e trenc#. 1n0er

0341-0128E98E000E000-00 F4.00

1525

1524

*. P. +,$-&+(.

G0PN

U e3ra0a :lanca

$olla# a!i

100 ;m

:oli2ia
22P. El &3ra

Trenc#

$# 6 icamata

>cean
4000m 8000m

$& =& M &

=a!car

&nto"aga!ta
2HP.

El $#im3ora7o Ial0R2ar
.ocompa Taca-Taca =l llaillaco ,nca Vie<o

T> +>

$#ile

=a E!con0i0a

Paci"ic
El G anaco

Taltal

&+ $, :& +$ & $1 =& M P& *e

Potrerillo! =a $oipa )arallfn 5egro 5e2a0o! ><o! 0el .ala0o :a<o 0e la &l m3rera Ma<or 2olcano Mappe0 "a lt =ineament Miocene-Plei!tocene 2olcanic arc

24P.

Per

El .al2a0or

Gal`n

Marte=o3o

$opiapf
+e" gio 28P. $o. $a!ale

$entr &ta al Val )a ltcamaIone ley Ne!t )i!! Ione re

Vic ga

Metallogenic :elt!Q
M. MioceneE. Pliocene E.M. Miocene =. EoceneE. >ligocene

4000m

Pa!c a Vela0ero

&rgentina

PaleoceneE. Eocene :elt o" manto 0epo!it!

$#ile
30P. El ,n0io

Mineral (epo!it Type!Q

Porp#yry $ >t#er $ Porp#yry & , !;arn Epit#ermal &

=a .erena
&n0acollo

),G. 8. Geologic !;etc# map o" nort#ern $#ile, !#o8ing t#e location! o" ma<or $ an0 & 0epo!it! in relation to arc-parallel 3elt! o" coe2al magmati!m %a"ter .illitoe, 1992' an0 regional-!cale "a lt! an0 lineament! %mo0i"ie0 "rom .al"ity, 1985D .al"ity an0 Gor !to2ic#, 1998'. )ig re mo0i"ie0 "rom +ic#ar0! et al. %2001'.

0341-0128E98E000E000-00 F4.00

1524

TE$T>5>-M&GM&T,$ $>5T+>=. >5 =&+GE P>+P-?+? $ -%Mo-& ' (EP>.,T. Ma;!ae2 an0 Ientilli, 1988D Vila an0 .illitoe, 1991D -ammer!c#mi0t et al., 1989D 199HD Mpo0o7i! et al., $lar; et al., 1990D McJee an0 5o3le, &la2i, $am !, 19G5D 1992D.c#e 3er an0 +e1995DJay tter, : !#ara, 1994D $lar; et al., 1990D5o3le et al., 199H, .;e8e! an0 .tern, .an0eman et al., 1992DTomlin!on an0 Glennie, 2000 an0 McJee, 1999DM ntean an0 1995DJ rt7 et al., 1995DI8eng an0 $lar;, :lanco, 199GD+ic#ar0!Eina et 0i, 2000 1999D:ene2i0e!-$`cere!, 1995D:ene2i0e!-$`cere!, 199GDJay et al., 1999 al., 2001 1999DPeter!en, 1999 1999

152G
Mc$an0le!! an0 + i7, 1993D &l3ino, 1995

i! Mc$an0le!! an0 0i!agreement + i7, 1993D 3et8een &l3ino, 1995DTitley, :ene2i0e!1981, 1995 $`cere! %1999' an0 5o3le an0 McJee %1999' o2er t#e timing o" t#e U ec# a +e"erence! orogenic p l!e!D t#e 0ate! o" 5o3le an0 McJee %1999' are reporte0 #ere to 3e con!i!tent Po!!i3le relation!#ip8it# to Et#e 0ate! o" P$( re!tricte0 to >rogen-parallel magmatic E5E>rogen-parallel porp#yry !y!tem!D .trong relation!#ip to orogenorogen3eltan0 5-. to 55E-..N an0 5N-tren0ing 3a!ement To6 epala P$( locate0 at >rogen-parallel !tr Emplacement ct re! into alignment o" %:ene2i0e!T&:=E 1. parallel (omey;o "a lt parallel an0 tran!2er!e t#r !t"a lt!D inter!ection !tr c-t ral "a3ric, inter!ection o" ma<or 5N3o n0ing 1r mie#e9ten!ional intr !ion!, 3reccia!, an0 $`cere!, 1999Q 1G +elation!#ip! !y!tem%Ne!t )i!! re 7one', 3elt!, 8it# 5N-.E"a lt !et! 5-."a lt! along 80 .E,ncap 6 io "a lt%5E-.N'magmatic !y!tem (o;#tar3elt reacti2ate0 a! re! 8it#in reacti2ate0 0 ring=arami0e !tr ct ;m Ma U ec# a , 3et8een an0!econ0ary relation!#ip 0e"ine0 3yinter!ecting controlle0 loci orogenyD regionallineament an055E-tren0ing "a lt! o" Pliocene-U aternary 0e9tral regionalcompre!!iona a9i! ! gge!t!3a!ement orogenyD !maller Tectonic, .patial tointer!ection! 8it# o"minerali7ation "a lt !et! control at :ing#am !tri;e-!lip"a lt! l !tre!! "iel0 !tr ct ral control t#eTo6 epala lineament p l!e! at 8G Ma, Magmatic, an0 tran!2er!elineament! relation!#ip 5H Ma, 21.4 Porp#yry $ toregional Ma.' (epo!it %P$(' !tr ct re! $ycle! in .electe0 Volcanic &rc!

an0 3reccia-relate0 P$( "orme0 0 ring lateor Gol0-ric# P$( "orme0P$( 0 ring pipe! po!t=arge P$( "orm at t#e !tre!! rela9ation at en0 .mall P$( "orm at t#e "orme0 at t#e en0 o" t#e orogenic intr !i2e p#a!e en0 o" o"compre!!ional tectonoen0 o"relati2ely !#orttectono-magmatic cycleD o"Precor0illera magmatic arc, ma<or tectono-magmatic magmaticcycle, "ollo8e0 3y li2e0 tectono-magmatic accompanie0 3y pli"t an0 P$( emplace0 at en0 P$( emplace0 at P$( emplace0 at priorto >ligo-Miocene!#allo8ing o"! 30 ction cycle,"ollo8e0 3y angle +elation!#ip o" ea!t8ar0 !#i"t o"2olcani!m o"magmatic cycle en0 o" en0 o" !#allo8ingo" ! 30 ction angle !#allo8ing o"! 30 cycle!D ction "ollo8e0 3y!#i"t an0 ea!t8ar0!#i"t o" 2olcani!m P$( totectonic in a9i! o" 2olcani!m o2er !#allo8ing !la3 prior tocontinental magmatic cycle! magmatic cycle! an0ea!t8ar0 !#i"t o" 2olcani!m angle cycle! colli!ion

Ma<orporp#yry cycle! H232 Ma

1312 Ma %porp#yry & 0epo!it!QMarte, =o3o' G5 Ma

5G52 Ma

Mi00le Miocene 2018 Ma, %O12 Ma' 15.5G %pea;!at 15.513 Ma,10G Ma'

4055 Ma %$opper 11095 Ma $ree;, +ay,Morenci' H0 %+ t#' 85G0 38Ma %:ing#am,:attle Mt.' Ma%: c;ing#am,:ag0a0 '

Volcanic H838.5 Ma cycle! Precor0illeramagmati c arc

10589 Ma ea!t8ar0 2421 Ma 8050 Ma ea!t8ar0 >ligo-Miocene 15G& Ma migration o"magmati!m 2olcani!m 8it#epit#ermal G559 To6 epala Ma<or 2olcanicepi!o0e! e9pan!ion 1r mie#Teniente2olcanic "romPenin! la &gD1412 MaMaric nga"rom221G Ma, 148Ma, 2olcanic! o"2olcani!m (o;#tar2olcanic arc +ange3at#olit# $a0illal2olcanic gro pcomple9D2olcanic G0 Ma p#a!een0! G Ma

.e2ier orogeny 80H0 Ma =arami0e %=ate* ra!!ic191G Ma U ec# a, orogenyQ rapi0normal 201G Ma 1914 Ma Miocene-Pliocene 8HG9 Per 2ian orogenyD Paleocene'D"lattening o" con2ergence,cr !tal contraction an0cr !tal contraction %0iac#rono !'clo! re o" orogenyD 59 )arallonplate ! 30 ction Tectonic cycle! !mallertran!pre!!ionalp l!e! t#ic;ening t#ic;ening,"ollo8e0 3y orogeny%0iac#rono !'D!#orteni an0cr !tal t#ic;ening 5eo-Tet#y! 55,ncaic , orogeny at 109 Ma,G5 Ma, 2.5 ng relate0to perio0 o" pli"tan0 e9ten!ion 3et8eenE ra!iaE&ra3ia Ma1 rapi0con2ergence HH38 Ma ,ncaic

$entral $#ile 5ort#ern $#ile %MioceneMaric nga $entral %Eocene$#ile%Miocene 3elt' >ligoceneporp#yry $ 3elt' ElTeniente 3elt' +egion

Perc %Eocene'

Perc %5eogene' $entral ,ran

.o t#8e!tern .o t#8e!tern 5ort# 5ort# &merica%Me!o7oic' &merica%$eno7oic'

1 T#ere

0341-0128E98E000E000-00 F4.00

152G

1528 3roa0ly compre!!ional !tre!!, primiti2e arc magma! pool at t#e 3a!e o" t#e cr !t o" t#e o2erri0ing plate an0 3egin to 0e2elop a relati2ely narro8 3 t linearly e9ten!i2e M&.- 7one along t#e lengt# o" t#e proto-arc. . ""icient partial melting an0 #omogeni7ation to "orm lo8er 0en!ity, interme0iatecompo!ition magma! pro3a3ly occ r! 8it#in a "e8 million year! o" M&.- 7one initiation, an0 t#e!e magma! 8ill t#en 3egin to ri!e to !#allo8er le2el! o" t#e cr !t. &02ection o" #eat into t#e cr !t along t#i! a9i! ca !e! t#ermal 8ea;ening, an0 !#ear !train may eit#er 3e "oc !e0 along "a2ora3ly oriente0 pree9i!ting !tr ct re! or may initiate ne8 !tr ct re!. Magma a!cent i! c#annele0 along t#e!e 7one! o" !tr ct ral 8ea;ne!!, pro2i0ing a "ee03ac; e""ect an0 re! lting in t#e re!triction o" magmati!m to narro8, arc-parallel tectonic 3elt!. T#e late timing 8it#in t#e magmatic cycle an0 t#e relati2ely e2ol2e0 %0acitic' compo!ition o" many porp#yry !y!tem! %&nt#ony an0 Titley, 1988D +ic#ar0! et al., 2001' ! gge!t t#at e9ten0e0 e2ol tion o" t#e M&.- 7one i! re6 ire0 3e"ore ! ""icient 2ol me! o" magma o" a0e6 ate "ertility %i.e., containing #ig# le2el! o" o9i0i7e0 ! l" r, metal, an0 8ater' to generate giant porp#yry 0epo!it! can 3e pro0 ce0. Moreo2er, t#e!e "ertile magma! nee0 to 3e intr 0e0 in 3 l; into t#e pper cr !t 8it#o t e9ce!!i2e er ption, ! c# t#at " rt#er !#allo8le2el e2ol tion an0 2olatile e9!ol tion can ta;e place. Vol mino ! !#allo8-cr !tal emplacement o" "ertile magma! at a late !tage in t#e magmatic cycle i! optimi7e0 n0er con0ition! o" mil0 tran!pre!!ional !tre!!. .ome 0egree o" #ori7ontal compre!!ional !tre!! i! re6 ire0 to pre2ent !#ort-circ iting o" t#e tran!lit#o!p#eric magmatic !y!tem an0 t#e er ption o" ma"ic magma! along ri"t "a lt! %a! in e9ten!ional arc! or 3ac;-arc!', 3 t e9ce!!i2e compre!!ion a! o3!er2e0 0 ring orogenic epi!o0e! i! li;ely to "a2or entrapment o" magma! in !ill comple9e! at t#e 3a!e o" t#e cr !t. Mo0erate tran!pre!!ional !tre!! promote! t#e "ormation o" locali7e0, 2ertically connecte0 e9ten!ional 7one! %p ll-apart!' at "a lt inter!ection!, "a lt 3en0!, or !tep-o2er!, 8#ic# o""er #ig#-permea3ility pat#8ay! "or t#e "oc !e0 a!cent o" magma "rom lo8er cr !tal M&.- 7one!. Vol mino ! pon0ing o" t#e!e magma! in pper cr !tal c#am3er! n0er con0ition! o" lo8 0e2iatoric !tre!! permit! " rt#er magmatic 0i""erentiation an0 3 l; 2olatile !at ration an0 e9!ol tion, 8it# t#e concomitant opport nity to "orm large porp#yry-type #y0rot#ermal ore 0epo!it!.

*. P. +,$-&+(.

$oncl 0ing +emar;! T#e gene!i! o" porp#yry $ 0epo!it! cannot 3e 2ie8e0 in i!olation "rom t#e tectono-magmatic origin! o" t#eir !o rce magma!. ,n t#i! paper , #a2e attempte0 to re2ie8 t#e c rrent !tate o" n0er!tan0ing o" t#e 2ario ! proce!!e! t#at compri!e tectono-magmati!m in %principally continental' ! 30 ctionrelate0 arc!, an0 , #a2e !#o8n t#at t#e emplacement o" potential porp#yry $ -"orming magma! can 3e n0er!too0 8it#in t#e conte9t o" t#e!e proce!!e!. T#e 3roa0 ni"ormity o" porp#yry $ 0epo!it! 8orl08i0e ! gge!t! t#at t#eir mec#ani!m o" "ormation m !t 3e 6 ite !traig#t"or8ar0 an0 repro0 ci3le, re6 iring no ni6 e proce!!e! or magma type! %e.g., $line an0 :o0nar, 1991'. Variation! in gra0e an0 !i7e are li;ely to 3e a " nction o" t#e con2ergence o" 2ario ! contri3 ting proce!!e! an0 t#eir c m lati2e e""ect!. T#e 0e"a lt pro0 ct i! li;ely to 3e a 3arren or 8ea;ly minerali7e0

magmatic !y!tem, 3 t 8#ere proce!!e! con2erge optimally, large ore 0epo!it! may "orm. To !ome e9tent, t#i! con2ergence can 3e n0er!too0 an0 pre0icte0. )or e9ample, it !eem! logical t#at large magmatic#y0rot#ermal 0epo!it! 8ill 3e "orme0 8#ere large ! pplie! o" magma are a2aila3le %8#et#er c rrently e9po!e0 or not', 8#ic# in t rn implie! a large, long-li2e0, "oc !e0, tectonomagmatic e2ent. . c# e2ent! can 3e !o g#t in t#e geological recor0 o" a gi2en pro!pecti2e terrane, an0 t#e location! o" "oc !e0 magma a!cent can 3e pre0icte0 in term! o" cr !tal !tr ct ral arc#itect re. Magma may 3e emplace0 an0 porp#yry 0epo!it! may "orm any8#ere along t#e arc, 3 t large 0epo!it! 8ill mo!t li;ely 3e "orme0 8#ere magma a!cent i! concentrate0 3y t#i! !tr ct ral "rame8or; an0 partic larly 8#ere !tr ct ral inter!ection! pro2i0e t#e opport nity "or t#e "ormation o" 2ertically e9ten!i2e %tran!cr !tal' 0ilational con0 it!. T#e pre2ailing cr !tal !tre!! regime at t#e time o" magma ! pply 8ill 0ictate 8#et#er ! c# !tr ct re! are in0ee0 0ilational an0 8ill t#ere"ore !er2e a! magma con0 it!. ,n0ee0, magma a!cent an0 "ormation o" large porp#yry 0epo!it! may 3e re!tricte0 to perio0! 8#en ! c# !tr ct ral 7one! are e9ten!ional. T# !, t#ere i! a logical lin; 3et8een tectonic an0 magmatic cycle! in arc! an0 porp#yry "ormationQ 0 ring ma<or tectonic cycle!, #ori7ontal compre!!ion t#ro g#o t t#e lit#o!p#ere #in0er! t#e p8ar0 a!cent o" magma an0 "a2or! pooling in 0eep-cr !tal !ill comple9e! 8#ere magma! e2ol2e an0 interact 8it# lo8er cr !tal material!. T#e termination o" compre!!ional orogenic cycle! i! relate0 to c#ange! in plate motion %con2ergence 0irection, !pee0' or angle o" ! 30 ction, an0 porp#yry $ intr !ion! are commonly t#e la!t ma<or magmatic e2ent in t#e arc prior to !#i"ting o" t#e loc ! o" magmati!m to a ne8 po!ition a3o2e t#e relocate0 :enio"" 7one. &! #ori7ontal !tre!! rela9e! at t#e en0 o" t#e orogenic perio0 an0 !#ear !train i! partitione0 into !tri;e-!lip "a lt mo2ement, 3 oyant, e2ol2e0 magma! ri!e along !tr ct rally controlle0 e9ten!ional pat#8ay! to t#e pper cr !t, 8#ere t#ey may again pool to "orm 3at#olit#! at t#eir le2el o" ne tral 3 oyancy. ) rt#er magmatic "ractionation, emplacement o" !#allo8-le2el apop#y!e!, an0 2olatile e9!ol tion may generate late-!tage porp#yry $ 0epo!it!. T#e!e con!i0eration! e9plain 8#y certain age-relate0 magmatic 3elt! are pro!pecti2e "or large porp#yry 0epo!it!, an0 ot#er!, 8#ic# lac; ;ey parameter! ! c# a! longe2ity or !tr ct ral "oc !, are not. )or e9ample, t#e 8ell-0e2elope0 late Eocene-early >ligocene pl tonic arc in nort#ern $#ile #o!t! !e2eral o" t#e 8orl0@! large!t porp#yry $ 0epo!it!, 3 t t#e le!! 8ell-0e2elope0 Paleocene-early Eocene arc, 8#ic# i! 0ominate0 3y 2olcanic roc;!, #o!t! "e8er an0 generally !maller 0epo!it!. Nit#in pro!pecti2e 3elt!, an n0er!tan0ing o" regional !tr ct ral pattern! an0 t#eir 0ynamic #i!torie! may 3e #elp" l in pre0icting !peci"ic loci o" ma9im m magmatic "l 9 an0 t#ere"ore ma9im m potential "or ore "ormation. -o8e2er, a! $#ernico"" et al. %2002' #a2e pointe0 o t, tran!lit#o!p#eric !tr ct re! are commonly repre!ente0 3y 7one! o" 0i!crete "a lt!, o"ten 30 to 50 ;m 8i0e, an0 in0i2i0 al "a lt inter!ection! at t#e ! r"ace cannot 3e e9pecte0 to re"lect t#e 0etaile0 !tr ct re o" t#e 3a!e o" t#e cr !t 8#ere magma a!cent 3egin!. T# !, t#e e9plorationi!t !till #a! plenty o" "iel08or; to 0o in or0er to pinpoint a 1-;m2 porp#yry ore3o0y 8it#in t#e 7one o" in"l ence o" a tran!lit#o!p#eric !tr ct ral inter!ection.

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TE$T>5>-M&GM&T,$ $>5T+>=. >5 =&+GE P>+P-?+? $ -%Mo-& ' (EP>.,T.

1529

,n t#i! re2ie8, , #a2e not attempte0 to con!i0er late-!tage magmatic an0 #y0rot#ermal proce!!e! t#at 8ill e9erci!e t#e "inal control! on 8#et#er or not an economic porp#yry 0epo!it i! "orme0 %!ee +ic#ar0!, 200H'. . c# proce!!e! are li;ely to 3e 0epo!it !peci"ic an0 are le!! pre0icta3le "rom t#e point o" 2ie8 o" regional e9ploration. T#ey incl 0e t#e 0ept# o" magma emplacement, it! !peci"ic 2olatile content an0 o9i0ation !tate, t#e er ption #i!tory, an0 t#e #i!tory o" magma rec#arge. ) rt#ermore, po!tminerali7ation proce!!e! ! c# a! pli"t an0 8eat#ering may completely o3literate a 0epo!it or may t rn it into a giant li;e =a E!con0i0a %&lper! an0 :rim#all, 1989'. &c;no8le0gment! ,n 8riting t#i! re2ie8, , #a2e 0ra8n pon t#e 8or;! o" a 2ery 8i0e range o" geo!cienti!t!, only a !mall "raction o" 8#om are recogni7e0 #ere 3y citation. ,ne2ita3ly, my !election o" inp t! #a! in2ol2e0 < 0gment 3 t #ope" lly not ar3itrary 3ia!. , t#an; (ic; To!0al "or 8or;ing 8it# me on relate0 pro<ect! an0 "or e9pan0ing my n0er!tan0ing o" !tr ct ral control! on porp#yry !y!tem!, an0 Tom $#ac;o an0 !t 0ent! o" o r co r!e on . 30 ction Ione Proce!!e! "or acting a! a !o n0ing 3oar0 "or t#i! re2ie8. :arney :erger, P#il $an0ela, an0 *e"" Jeit# are t#an;e0 "or inci!i2e re2ie8! t#at #elpe0 "oc ! t#e paper, pre2ente0 !e2eral o2er!ig#t! an0 omi!!ion!, an0 re0 ce0 it! ! 3<ecti2ity. T#i! 8or; 8a! ! pporte0 8it# " n0! "rom a 5at ral .cience! an0 Engineering +e!earc# $o ncil o" $ana0a grant. >cto3er 22, 2002D &pril 8, 2003

+E)E+E5$E.
&cocella, V., an0 +o!!etti, )., 2002, T#e role o" e9ten!ional tectonic! at 0i""erent cr !tal le2el! on granite a!cent an0 emplacementQ &n e9ample "rom T !cany %,taly'Q Tectonop#y!ic!, 2. 35H, p. G183. &cocella, V., .al2ini, )., ) niciello, +., an0 )accenna, $., 1999, T#e role o" tran!"er !tr ct re! on 2olcanic acti2ity at $ampi )legrei %!o t#ern ,taly'Q *o rnal o" Volcanology an0 Geot#ermal +e!earc#, 2. 91, p. 123139. &0iyaman, h., $#oro8ic7, *., &rna 0, >.5., G n0og0 , M.5., an0 Go rga 0, &., 2001, =ate $eno7oic tectonic! an0 2olcani!m along t#e 5ort# &natolian "a ltQ 5e8 !tr ct ral an0 geoc#emical 0ataQ Tectonop#y!ic!, 2. 338, p. 135145. &lani7-&l2are7, ..&., 5ieto-.amaniego, &.)., an0 )errari, =., 1998, E""ect o" !train rate in t#e 0i!tri3 tion o" monogenetic an0 polygenetic 2olcani!m in t#e Tran!me9ican 2olcanic 3eltQ Geology, 2. 24, p. 59159H. &la2i, M., 199H, Tectonic! o" t#e Iagro! orogenic 3elt o" ,ranQ 5e8 0ata an0 interpretation!Q Tectonop#y!ic!, 2. 229, p. 211238. &l3ino, G.V., 1995, Porp#yry copper 0epo!it! o" t#e Great :a!in i 5e2a0a, 1ta#, an0 a0<acent $ali"orniaQ Geological .ociety (ige!t 20, p. 24G294. &lper!, $.5., an0 :rim#all, G.-, 1989, Paleo#y0rologic e2ol tion an0 geoc#emical 0ynamic! o" c m lati2e ! pergene metal enric#ment at =a E!con0i0a, &tacama (e!ert, nort#ern $#ileQ E$>5>M,$ GE>=>G?, 2. 8H, p. 229255. &nt#ony, E.?., an0 Titley, ..+., 1988, Progre!!i2e mi9ing o" i!otopic re!er2oir! 0 ring magma gene!i! at t#e .ierrita porp#yry copper 0epo!it, &ri7onaQ ,n2er!e !ol tion!Q Geoc#imica et $o!moc#imica &cta, 2. 52, p. 223522H9. &pper!on, J.(., 1991, .tre!! "iel0! o" t#e o2erri0ing plate at con2ergent margin! an0 3eneat# acti2e 2olcanic arc!Q .cience, 2. 25H, p. 4G04G8. &rc l !, +.*., 199H, &!pect! o" magma gene!i! in arc!Q =it#o!, 2. 33, p. 189208. &y0in, &., .c# lt7, +.&., an0 $ampagna, (., 1990, )a lt-normal 0ilation in p ll-apart 3a!in!Q ,mplication! "or relation!#ip! 3et8een !tri;e-!lip "a lt! an0 2olcanic acti2ityQ &nnale! Tectonicae .pecial ,!! e, 2. H, p. H552. :ang!, 5.=., an0 $an0e, ..$., 199G, Epi!o0ic 0e2elopment o" a con2ergent margin in"erre0 "rom !tr ct re! an0 proce!!e! along t#e !o t#ern $#ile marginQ Tectonic!, 2. 14, p. H89503.

:arton, M.(., 1994, Granitic magmati!m an0 metallogeny o" !o t#8e!tern 5ort# &mericaQ Tran!action! o" t#e +oyal .ociety o" E0in3 rg#, Eart# .cience!, 2. 8G, p. 241280. :arton, M.(., .ta 0e, *.-M.G., ITrc#er, =., an0 Mega8, P.J.M., 1995, Porp#yry copper an0 ot#er intr !ion-relate0 minerali7ation in Me9icoQ Geological .ociety (ige!t 20, p. H8G52H. :eane, +.E., an0 Titley, ..+., 1981, Porp#yry copper 0epo!it!. Part ,,. -y0rot#ermal alteration an0 minerali7ationQ E$>5>M,$ GE>=>G? G5T- &55,VE+.&+? V>=1ME, p. 235243. :ellier, >., an0 .[3rier, M., 199H, +elation!#ip 3et8een tectoni!m an0 2olcani!m along t#e Great . matran "a lt 7one 0e0 ce0 3y .P>T image analy!i!Q Tectonop#y!ic!, 2. 233, p. 215231. :ene2i0e!-$`cere!, V., 1999, >rogenic e2ol tion o" t#e Per 2ian &n0e!Q T#e &n0ean cycleQ .ociety o" Economic Geologi!t! .pecial P 3lication G, p. 4110G. :enn, J., >0onne, )., =ee, ..J.?., an0 (arco2ic#, J., 2000, &nalog e !cale mo0el! o" pl ton emplacement 0 ring tran!pre!!ion in 3rittle an0 0 ctile cr !tQ Tran!action! o" t#e +oyal .ociety o" E0in3 rg#, Eart# .cience!, 2. 91, p. 111121. :ergant7, G.N., an0 (a8e!, +., 199H, &!pect! o" magma generation an0 a!cent in continental lit#o!p#ere, in +yan M.P., e0., Magmatic !y!tem!Q .an (iego, &ca0emic Pre!!, p. 29131G. :er7ina, &.P., .otni;o2, V.,., :er7ina, &.5., an0 Gimon, V.>., 1999, Geoc#emi!try o" porp#yry copper an0 moly30en m magmatic center! relate0 to 0i""erent e2ol tion cycle! in t#e $entral &!ian mo3ile 3elt a! e9empli"ie0 3y .i3eria an0 MongoliaQ Geoc#emi!try ,nternational, 2. 3G, p. 103410H8. :orn#or!t, T.*., an0 +o!e, N.,., 1984, Partitioning o" gol0 in yo ng calc-al;aline 2olcanic roc;! "rom G atemalaQ *o rnal o" Geology, 2. 9H, p. H12H18. :ott, M.P.-., Nag#orn, G.(., an0 N#itta;er, &., 1989, Plate 3o n0ary "orce! at ! 30 ction 7one! an0 trenc#-arc compre!!ionQ Tectonop#y!ic!, 2. 1G0, p. 1-15. :ran0on, &.(., an0 (raper, (..., 1994, $on!traint! on t#e origin o" t#e o9i0ation !tate o" mantle o2erlying ! 30 ction 7one!Q &n e9ample "rom .imcoe, Na!#ington, 1.&Q Geoc#imica et $o!moc#imica &cta, 2. 40, p. 1G391GH9. :renan, *.M., .#a8, -.)., P#inney, (.=., an0 +yer!on, ).*., 199H, + tilea6 eo ! "l i0 partitioning o" 53, Ta, -", Ir, 1 an0 T#Q ,mplication! "or #ig# "iel0 !trengt# element 0epletion! in i!lan0 arc 3a!alt!Q Eart# an0 Planetary .cience =etter!, 2. 128, p. 32G339. :ro8n, G.$., T#orpe, +..., an0 Ne33, P.$., 198H, T#e geoc#emical c#aracteri!tic! o" granitoi0! in contra!ting arc! an0 comment! on magma !o rce!Q *o rnal o" t#e Geological .ociety o" =on0on, 2. 1H1, p. H13H24. :ro8n, M., 199H, T#e generation, !egregation, a!cent an0 emplacement o" granite magmaQ t#e migmatite-to-cr !tally-0eri2e0 granite connection in t#ic;ene0 orogen!Q Eart#-.cience +e2ie8!, 2. 34, p. 83130. :ro8n, M., an0 .olar, G..., 1999, T#e mec#ani!m o" a!cent an0 emplacement o" granitic magma 0 ring tran!pre!!ionQ & !yntectonic granite para0igmQ Tectonop#y!ic!, 2. 312, p. 133. : rn#am, $.N., 19G9, Magma! an0 #y0rot#ermal "l i0!, in :arne!, -.=., e0., Geoc#emi!try o" #y0rot#ermal ore 0epo!it!, 2n0 e0.Q 5e8 ?or;, *o#n Niley an0 .on!, p. G1134. : !#ara, M.5., 1994, 5eogene geologic !tr ct re! !ing en#ance0 T#ematic Mapper o2er ea!tern Iagro! Mo ntain!Q ,nternational *o rnal o" +emote .en!ing, 2. 1G, p. 303313. : !!ell, M.&., 19G4, )ract re control o" #ig#-le2el pl tonic contact! in t#e $oa!tal :at#olit# o" Per Q Procee0ing! o" t#e Geologi!t! &!!ociation, 2. 8G, p. 23G2H4. $am !, )., 19G5, Geology o" t#e El Teniente ore3o0y 8it# emp#a!i! on 8allroc; alterationQ E$>5>M,$ GE>=>G?, 2. G0, p. 13H113G2. $armic#ael, ,...E., 2002, T#e an0e!ite a6 e0 ctQ Per!pecti2e! on t#e e2ol tion o" interme0iate magmati!m in 8e!t-central %10599PN' Me9icoQ $ontri3 tion! to Mineralogy an0 Petrology, 2. 1H3, p. 4H1443. $arrigan, $.+., .c# 3ert, G., an0 Eic#el3erger, *.$., 1992, T#ermal an0 0ynamical regime! o" !ingle- an0 t8o-p#a!e magmatic "lo8 in 0i;e!Q *o rnal o" Geop#y!ical +e!earc#, 2. 9G, p. 1G,3GG1G,392. $arroll, M.+., an0 + t#er"or0, M.*., 1985, . l"i0e an0 ! l"ate !at ration in #y0ro ! !ilicate melt!Q *o rnal o" Geop#y!ical +e!earc#, 2. 90, . pplement, p. $401$412. $#ernico"", $.*., +ic#ar0!, *.P., an0 Iappettini, E.>., 2002, $r !tal lineament control on magmati!m an0 minerali7ation in nort#8e!tern &rgentinaQ Geological, geop#y!ical, an0 remote !en!ing e2i0enceQ >re Geology +e2ie8!, 2. 21, p. 12G155.

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$lar;, &.-., )arrar, E., $aelle!, *.$., -ayne!, ..*., =ortie, +.:., Mc:ri0e, ..=., U irt, G..., +o3ert!on, +.$.+., an0 Ientilli, M., 19G4, =ongit 0inal 2ariation! in t#e metallogenetic e2ol tion o" t#e $entral &n0e!Q & progre!! reportQ Geological &!!ociation o" $ana0a .pecial Paper 1H, p. 2358. $lar;, &.-., )arrar, E., Jonta;, (.*., =angri0ge, +.*., &rena! )., M.*., )rance, =.*., Mc:ri0e, ..=., Noo0man, P.=., Na!teney!, -.&., .an0eman, -.&., an0 &rc#i3al0, (.&., 1990, Geologic an0 geoc#ronologic con!traint! on t#e metallogenic e2ol tion o" t#e &n0e! o" !o t#ea!tern Per Q E$>5>M,$ GE>=>G?, 2. 85, p. 15201583. $lar;, J.)., )o!ter, $.T., an0 (amon, P.E., 1982, $eno7oic mineral 0epo!it! an0 ! 30 ction-relate0 magmatic arc! in Me9icoQ Geological .ociety o" &merica : lletin, 2. 93, p. 5335HH. $lemen!, *.(., an0 Ma8er, $.J., 1992, Granitic magma tran!port 3y "ract re propagationQ Tectonop#y!ic!, 2. 20H, p. 339340. $line, *..., an0 :o0nar, +.*., 1991, $an economic porp#yry copper minerali7ation 3e generate0 3y a typical calc-al;aline meltd *o rnal o" Geop#y!ical +e!earc#, 2. 94, p. 81138124. $oira, :., (a2i0!on, *., Mpo0o7i!, $., an0 +amo!, V., 1982, Tectonic an0 magmatic e2ol tion o" t#e &n0e! o" nort#ern &rgentina an0 $#ileQ Eart#.cience +e2ie8!, 2. 18, p. 303332. $ollin!, N.*., an0 .a8yer, E.N., 1994, Per2a!i2e granitoi0 magma tran!"er t#ro g# t#e lo8er-mi00le cr !t 0 ring non-coa9ial compre!!i2e 0e"ormationQ *o rnal o" Metamorp#ic Geology, 2. 1H, p. 5455G9. $orne<o, P., To!0al, +.M., Mpo0o7i!, $., Tomlin!on, &.*., +i2era, >., an0 )anning, $.M., 199G, El .al2a0or, $#ile porp#yry copper 0epo!it re2i!ite0Q Geologic an0 geoc#ronologic "rame8or;Q ,nternational Geology +e2ie8, 2. 39, p. 225H. $orti, G., :onini, M., Ma77arini, )., :occaletti, M., ,nnocenti, )., Manetti, P., M l geta, G., an0 .o;o ti!, (., 2002, Magma-in0 ce0 !train locali7ation in centri" ge mo0el! o" tran!"er 7one!Q Tectonop#y!ic!, 2. 3H8, p. 205218. $o9, ..)., Jnac;!te0t, M.&., an0 :ra n, *., 2001, Principle! o" !tr ct ral control on permea3ility an0 "l i0 "lo8 in #y0rot#ermal !y!tem!Q +e2ie8! in Economic Geology, 2. 1H, p. 12H. $r 0en, &.+., 1998, >n t#e emplacement o" ta3 lar granite!Q *o rnal o" t#e Geological .ociety o" =on0on, 2. 155, p. 853842. (amon, P.E., .#a"i6 lla#, M., an0 $lar;, J.)., 1983, Geoc#ronology o" t#e porp#yry copper 0epo!it! an0 relate0 minerali7ation o" Me9icoQ $ana0ian *o rnal o" Eart# .cience!, 2. 20, p. 105210G1. (a2i0!on, $., .c#mi0, ..M., an0 -olli!ter, =..., 199H, +ole o" melt 0 ring 0e"ormation in t#e 0eep cr !tQ Terra 5o2a, 2. 4, p. 1331H2. (a2i0!on, *.P., 1994, (ecip#ering mantle an0 cr !tal !ignat re! in ! 30 ction 7one magmati!mQ Geop#y!ical Monograp# 94, p. 251242. (a2ie!, *.-., an0 .te2en!on, (., 1992, P#y!ical mo0el o" !o rce region o" ! 30 ction 7one 2olcanic!Q *o rnal o" Geop#y!ical +e!earc#, 2. 9G, p. 203G20G0. (e:ari, ..M., an0 .leep, 5.-., 1991, -ig#-Mg, lo8-&l 3 l; compo!ition o" t#e Tal;eetna i!lan0 arc, &la!;aQ ,mplication! "or primary magma! an0 t#e nat re o" arc cr !tQ Geological .ociety o" &merica : lletin, 2. 103, p. 3GHG. (e"ant, M.*., an0 (r mmon0, M..., 1990, (eri2ation o" !ome mo0ern arc magma! 3y melting o" yo ng ! 30 cte0 lit#o!p#ereQ 5at re, 2. 3HG, p. 442445. 0e -oog, *.$.M., Ma!on, P.+.(., an0 2an :ergen, M.*., 2001, . l" r an0 c#alcop#ile element! in ! 30 ction 7one!Q $on!traint! "rom a la!er a3lation ,$P-M. !t 0y o" melt incl !ion! "rom Gal ngg ng Volcano, ,n0one!iaQ Geoc#imica et $o!moc#imica &cta, 2. 45, p. 31HG314H. (ePaolo, (.*., an0 Na!!er3 rg, G.*., 19GG, T#e !o rce! o" i!lan0 arc! a! in0icate0 3y 50 an0 .r i!otopic !t 0ie!Q Geop#y!ical +e!earc# =etter!, 2. H, p. H45H48. 0e .aint-:lan6 at, M., =a8, +.(., :o c#e7, *.-=., an0 Morgan, ...., 2001, ,nternal !tr ct re an0 emplacement o" t#e Papoo!e )lat pl tonQ &n integrate0 !tr ct ral, petrograp#ic, an0 magnetic ! !cepti3ility !t 0yQ Geological .ociety o" &merica : lletin, 2. 113, p. 9G4995. (ille!, *.-., 198G, Petrology o" t#e ?erington 3at#olit#, 5e2a0aQ E2i0ence "or e2ol tion o" porp#yry copper ore "l i0!Q E$>5>M,$ GE>=>G?, 2. 82, p. 1G501G89. (@=emo!, +..., :ro8n, M., an0 .trac#an, +.&., 1992, Granite magma generation, a!cent an0 emplacement in a tran!pre!!ional orogenQ *o rnal o" t#e Geological .ociety o" =on0on, 2. 1H9, p. H8GH90. Eic#el3erger, *.$., 1995, .ilicic 2olcani!mQ &!cent o" 2i!co ! magma! "rom cr !tal re!er2oir!Q &nn al +e2ie8! o" Eart# an0 Planetary .cience, 2. 23, p. H143. El0er, *.N., 19G8E19G9, Magma trap!Q Part ,, t#eoryQ P re an0 &pplie0 Geop#y!ic!, 2. 11G, p. 31H.

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GG81. +eprinte0 %19G0' in $ontri3 tion! to t#e -i!tory o" Geology, 2. 5, *ame! - ttonQ 5e8 ?or;, -a"ner P 3li!#ing $o. ,0a, ?., 1999, E""ect! o" t#e cr !tal !tre!! on t#e gro8t# o" 0i;e!Q $on0ition! o" intr !ion an0 e9tr !ion o" magmaQ *o rnal o" Geop#y!ical +e!earc#, 2. 10H, p. 1G,89G1G,909. *ac;!on, *.&., 199G, Glo!!ary o" geology, Ht# e0.Q &le9an0ria, Virginia, &merican Geological ,n!tit te, G49 p. *ame!, (.E., an0 .ac;!, ,..., 1999, $eno7oic "ormation o" t#e $entral &n0e!Q & geop#y!ical per!pecti2eQ .ociety o" Economic Geologi!t! .pecial P 3lication G, p. 125. *arrar0, +.(., 1984, +elation! among ! 30 ction parameter!Q +e2ie8! o" Geop#y!ic!, 2. 2H, p. 21G28H. *a part, $., an0 &llbgre, $.*., 1991, Ga! content, er ption rate an0 in!ta3ilitie! o" er ption regime in !ilicic 2olcanoe!Q Eart# an0 Planetary .cience =etter!, 2. 102, p. 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Pearce, *.&., an0 Peate, (.N., 1995, Tectonic implication! o" t#e compo!ition o" 2olcanic arc magma!Q &nn al +e2ie8! o" Eart# an0 Planetary .cience, 2. 23, p. 251285. Per"it, M.+., G !t, (.&., :ence, &.E., &rc l !, +.*., an0 Taylor, ..+., 1980, $#emical c#aracteri!tic! o" i!lan0-arc 3a!alt!Q ,mplication! "or mantle !o rce!Q $#emical Geology, 2. 30, p. 22G254. Peter!en, 1., 1999, Magmatic an0 metallogenic e2ol tion o" t#e $entral &n0e!Q .ociety o" Economic Geologi!t! .pecial P 3lication G, p. 109153. Pet"or0, 5., 1994, (y;e! or 0iapir!d Geological .ociety o" &merica .pecial Paper 315, p. 10511H. Pet"or0, 5., =i!ter, *.+., an0 Jerr, +.$., 199H, T#e a!cent o" "el!ic magma! in 0y;e!Q =it#o!, 2. 32, p. 141148. Pilger, +.-., 198H, $eno7oic plate ;inematic!, ! 30 ction an0 magmati!mQ .o t# &merican &n0e!Q *o rnal o" t#e Geological .ociety o" =on0on, 2. 1H1, p. G93802. Pitc#er, N..., 199G, T#e nat re an0 origin o" granite, 2n0 e0.Q =on0on, $#apman an0 -all, 38G p. Plan;, T., an0 =angm ir, $.-., 1988, &n e2al ation o" t#e glo3al 2ariation! in t#e ma<or element c#emi!try o" arc 3a!alt!Q Eart# an0 Planetary .cience =etter!, 2. 90, p. 3H93G0. Pollar0, (.(., an0 M ller, >.-., 19G4, T#e e""ect o" gra0ient! in regional !tre!! an0 magma pre!! re on t#e "orm o" !#eet intr !ion! in cro!! !ectionQ *o rnal o" Geop#y!ical +e!earc#, 2. 81, p. 9G598H. Pro tea , G., .caillet, :., Pic#a2ant, M., an0 Ma ry, +.$., 1999, )l i0-pre!ent melting o" oceanic cr !t in ! 30 ction 7one!Q Geology, 2. 2G, p. 1111111H. +amo!, V., an0 Jay, ..M., 1992, .o t#ern Patagonian platea 3a!alt! an0 0e"ormationQ :ac;arc te!timony o" ri0ge colli!ionQ Tectonop#y!ic!, 2. 205, p. 241282. +amo!, V.&., $ri!tallini, E.>., an0 Per[7, (.*., 2002, T#e Pampean "lat-!la3 o" t#e $entral &n0e!Q *o rnal o" .o t# &merican Eart# .cience!, 2. 15, p. 59G8. +e 3i, >., 5ic#oll!, ,.&., an0 Jamenet!;y, V..., 2002, Early mi9ing an0 mingling in t#e e2ol tion o" 3a!altic magma!Q E2i0ence "rom p#enocry!t a!!em3lage!, .lamet 2olcano, *a2a, ,n0one!iaQ *o rnal o" Volcanology an0 Geot#ermal +e!earc#, 2. 119, p. 2552GH. +ic#ar0!, *.P., 1995, &l;alic-type epit#ermal gol0 0epo!it!ia re2ie8Q Mineralogical &!!ociation o" $ana0a .#ort $o r!e .erie!, 2. 23, p. 34GH00. ii2000, =ineament! re2i!ite0Q .ociety o" Economic Geologi!t! 5e8!letter H2, p. 1, 1H20. ii2001, (i!c !!ion o" K,! t#ere a clo!e !patial relation!#ip 3et8een "a lt! an0 pl ton!dL 3y ..+. Pater!on an0 J.=. .c#mi0tQ *o rnal o" .tr ct ral Geology, 2. 23, p. 2025202G. ii200H, $ m lati2e "actor! in t#e generation o" giant calc-al;aline porp#yry $ 0epo!it!, in Porter, T.M., e0., . per porp#yry copper an0 gol0 0epo!it!Q & glo3al per!pecti2eQ =in0en Par;, .o t# & !tralia, PG$ P 3li!#ing, in pre!!. +ic#ar0!, *.P., an0 Villene 2e, M., 2002, $#aracteri!tic! o" late $eno7oic 2olcani!m along t#e &rc#i3arca lineament "rom $erro =l llaillaco to $orri0a 0e $ori, nort#8e!t &rgentinaQ *o rnal o" Volcanology an0 Geot#ermal +e!earc#, 2. 114, p. 141200. +ic#ar0!, *.P., Mc$ lloc#, M.T., $#appell, :.N., an0 Jerric#, +., 1991, .o rce! o" metal! in t#e Porgera gol0 0epo!it, Pap a 5e8 G ineaQ E2i0ence "rom alteration, i!otope, an0 no3le metal geoc#emi!tryQ Geoc#imica et $o!moc#imica &cta, 2. 55, p. 545580. +ic#ar0!, *.P., :oyce, &.*., an0 Pringle, M..., 2001, Geological e2ol tion o" t#e E!con0i0a area, nort#ern $#ileQ & mo0el "or !patial an0 temporal locali7ation o" porp#yry $ minerali7ationQ E$>5>M,$ GE>=>G?, 2. 94, p. 2G1305. +ing8oo0, &.E., 19GG, Petrogene!i! in i!lan0 arc !y!tem!, in Tal8ani, M., an0 Pitman, N.$., e0!., ,!lan0 arc!, 0eep !ea trenc#e!, an0 3ac; arc 3a!in!Q &merican Geop#y!ical 1nion ^Ma rice E8ing .erie! ,_, p. 31132H. +o3!on, G.+., an0 :arr, J.G., 194H, T#e e""ect! o" !tre!! on "a lting an0 minor intr !ion! in t#e 2icinity o" a magma 3o0yQ : lletin Volcanologi6 e, 2. 2G, p. 315330. +om`n-:er0iel, T., 1999, Geometry o" granite emplacement in t#e pper cr !tQ $ontri3 tion! o" analog e mo0ellingQ Geological .ociety o" =on0on .pecial P 3lication 148, p. GG9H. +om`n-:er0iel, T., Gapai!, (., an0 :r n, *.-P., 199G, Granite intr !ion along !tri;e-!lip 7one! in e9periment an0 nat reQ &merican *o rnal o" .cience, 2. 29G, p. 4514G8. +oy0en, =.-., 1993, T#e tectonic e9pre!!ion !la3 p ll at continental con2ergent 3o n0arie!Q Tectonic!, 2. 12, p. 303325.

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