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Olav Skille
olav@skille.org
Munkegaten 12
Second address: olavskille@hotmail.com
Tnsberg N-3126
Norway
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MECHANICAL CLEANING OF BRAIN CELLS AND MUSCLE CELLS BY SOUND VIBRATION
I am grateful to Dr. Karel F. Jindrak for letting me use his
theories around the physiological effects of sound vibrations. The
illustrations come - with one eception - from his book! which I
have referred to. "#.$%
The American doctor !are" F# and Heda $indra% ha&e '()"ihed a 'ot("ate
concernin* the mechanica" c"eanin* e++ect &oca"i,ation -on*. 'eech and
h(mmin*/ ha on )rain ce""# In their )oo% 0Sin*. c"ean 1o(r Brain and ta1
So(nd and Sane0 the1 e2'"ain ho3 the &i)ration o+ the h(man o(nd 'rod(ction
or*an are tran+erred to the %("". and &ia the tr(ct(re o+ the %("" into
the )rain ite"+# The1 a"o decri)e the c"eanin* mechanim (ch &i)ration are
acti&atin* 3ithin the )rain# In the )oo% the1 a"o decri)e the 'oi)"e
'oiti&e e++ect thee &i)ration ma1 ha&e on hea"th and i""ne# The theor1
concernin* the c"eanin* e++ect o+ o(nd &i)ration i *enera""1 "itt"e %no3n#
In Vi)roaco(tic conte2t the $indra% 'ot("ate *i&e a 'oi)"e e2'"anation 3h1
3e can e2'ect 'oiti&e e++ect o+ thi thera'1.4 'oiti&e e++ect 3hich ha&e
)een am'"1 decri)ed. )(t inade5(ate"1 e2'"ained# It i there+ore im'ortant to
inc"(de an e2teni&e (mmar1 o+ the "o*ic )ehind thi 'ot("ate i+ 3e 3ant to *o
in de'th into the theorie Dr# $indra% ha&e et +orth# The1 are concentratin*
their theor1 on the e++ect o+ &oca" &i)ration on the h(man )rain#
Vi)roaco(tic tim("ation i a++ectin* the 3ho"e )od1 4 inc"(din*
the )rain# The mechanica" e++ect o+ o(nd &i)ration on ce"" m(t
neceari"1 a''"1 to an1 o(nd inide the )od1 4 or (''"ied to the
)od1 )1 e2terna" mean#
The main '(r'oe o+ thi man(a" i to ho3 ho3 Vi)roaco(tic tim("ation can )e
at "eat a im'ortant +or norma" +(nction in the )rain 4 and other ce"" 1tem
in the )od1 a the co(*hin* re+"e2 i +or norma" +(nction in the "(n*#
Let ( ta%e a "oo% in the choo" 1ard# 6hich '('i" do ha&e the mot erio(
emotiona" 'ro)"em7 the e2tro&ert. noi1 '('i". or the 3ithdra3n. 5(iet one8
In the e'icrie o+ 1o(n* 'atient in '1chiatric ho'ita" 3e o+ten +ind a
hitor1 o+ a)norma" i"ence or 3ithdra3a". and it i (''oed that thi ma1 )e
an ear"1 i*n o+ a menta" dieae (nder de&e"o'ment# Unti" no3 no)od1 ha&e dared
to (**et that the ca(a"it1 ma1)e can )e re&ered 4 that &oca" i"ence ma1 )e
the reaon +or.4 or at "eat the initiatin* +actor +or the i""ne# The
h1'othei i thi 9 A certain amo(nt o+ &i)ration +rom &oca"iation -and:or
Vi)roaco(tic tim("ation/ i necear1 in order to %ee' the )rain +(nctionin*
norma""1#

Goin* in de'th on thi e2'"anation o+ thi theor1. )rin* ( to "oo% at the
di++(ion 'rocee in the )rain# Di++(ion i '"a1in* a main 'art in the
meta)o"im o+ a"" "i&in* 1tem# In ite"+ it i a rather ine++ecti&e 3a1 to
e2chan*e n(tritio( ()tance and 3ate 'rod(ct )et3een the ce"" and their
en&ironment# The di++(ion m(t )e he"'ed )1 other mechanim#
One o+ the +e3 'otentia" 3a1 to ait the di++(ion 'rocee 3ithin the )rain
a''ear to )e a"mot (nnoticea)"e &i)ration o+ the )rain# S(ch &i)ration can )e
made )1 'o3er+(" &oca"i,ation -e'ecia""1 )1 in*in*/ 4 or )1 (''"1in* e2terna"
&i)ration. +# e2# )1 Vi)roaco(tic tim("ation#
In order to (ndertand thi. 3e ha&e to %no3 omethin* a)o(t &i)ration 'h1ic.
'honetic. aco(tic and 'h1ica" tr(ct(re o+ ome o+ the 1tem in the )rain#
The 'h1io"o*ica" 'art o+ the theor1 i e2'reed thi 3a19
Beca(e 3e ha&e the )"ood4)rain4)arrier and )eca(e the )rain ha no "1m'hatic
1tem. the e2chan*e o+ "ar*e mo"ec("e )et3een the ner&e4ce"" in the )rain and
the )"ood 1tem i m(ch more di++ic("t than the e2chan*e 3hich ta%e '"ace in
other or*an# Some o+ the mo"ec("e. 3hich are 3ate 'rod(ct o+ acti&it1 in the
ner&e4ce"". cannot enter the )"ood tream o&er the ca'i""ar1 3a"". and m(t
there+ore )e remo&ed in other 3a1# Thi ha''en 'art"1 )1 di++(ion to the
cere)ro4'ina" +"(id.4 i#e# the "i5(id 1tem. in 3hich the )rain and the 'ina"
cord are +"oatin*#
The di++(ion 'roce i ()tantia""1 aited 3hen the )rain ti(e i
&i)rated# Thee &i)ration ma1 come +rom &i)ration created )1 the "ar1n2.
the &oca" tract and the mo(th and are tran+erred to the %("" )ae# From there
the1 are di'ered to other 'art o+ the ne(ro4crani(m and thro(*h the entire
content o+ the %(""# In thi 3a1 the 'rod(ced o(nd &i)ration are maa*in*
the )rain. and i. cone5(ent"1. 'eedin* (' the +"o3 o+ the cere)ro4'ina"
+"(id thro(*h the arachnoid &i""i into the )"ood tream# I+ thee &i)ration are
non4e2itent. the +(nction o+ the )rain 3i"" deca1# Voca" &i)ration can )e
()tit(ted )1 Vi)roaco(tic tim("ation#
The &i)ration o+ the "ar1n2 can )e tran+erred to the )ae o+ the %("" &ia the
mandi)"e# The crania" ca&it1 ha a emi4e""i'oid +orm. and ma1 +(nction a a
03hi'erin* *a""er10. and 3i"". &ia aco(tica" mechanim. increae the
maa*in* e++ect thee &i)ration ha&e on ome o+ the mot im'ortant 'art o+
the )rain#
6e a"" %no3 the e++ect o+ )"oc%ed naa" 'aa*e. 3hich *i&e o(r &oice a
'artic("ar tim)re# Thi ho3 ( that 3e cannot e2c"(de the 'oi)i"it1 that
a"o the naa" ca&itie and the in(e are '"a1in* a certain ro"e in the o(nd
'rod(ction o+ h(man )ein*#
The &o3e" ha&e 'ecia" o(nd 5(a"itie# I+ 3e "oo% ('on the o(nd 0A0 -ah/ and
0I0 -ee/. 3e +ind that it i m(ch eaier to mea(re the intenit1 o+ the o(nd
created )1 0A0 than in 0I0# The reaon +or thi i &er1
im'"e 9 6hen 3e 'rod(ce the &o3e" 0I0 the %("" i &i)ratin* more intene"1
than it i 3hen 3e 'rono(nce -or in*/ 0A0# Thi im'"ie that a
conidera)"e 'art o+ the ener*1 (ed to 'rod(ce 0I0 i )ein* di'ered )1 the
m(c"e o+ the )reathin* or*an a &i)ration to the %("" and it content
intead o+ )ein* ent o(t a o(nd to the en&ironment# 6e can +ee" thi )1
'"acin* o(r +in*er ti' on the to' o+ the %("" and 'rono(nce 0A0 and 0I0 and
+ee" the di++erence o+ &i)ration in the 'arieta" )one 3hich i )ein* &i)rated
)1 the o(nd 'rod(ction#

Fi* ;#
<oition o+ the mandi)"e and ha'e o+ ton*(e d(rin* 'ron(nciation o+
0i0 -ee/ and 0a0 -ah/# In the +irt 'oition the mandi)"e i &er1
hi*h. "i+ted (' )1 the m(c"e 3hich are attached to the )ae o+ the
%(""# The ton*(e -T/ i a"o raied. a"mot +i""in* the ora"
ca&it1# Thi "ea&e on"1 a ma"" 'ace (nder the o+t and hard
'a"ate -</# Thi "i+tin* o+ the mandi)"e and the contraction o+ the
m(c"e in the +"oor o+ the mo(th '("" at the h1oid )one and
tretche the th1roh1oid mem)rane# A"" thi +aci"itate tranmiion
o+ "ar1n*ea" &i)ration onto the %("" )ae# In 0a0. the mandi)"e i
"o3ered. main"1 d(e to it o3n 3ei*ht# A"" the m(c"e in the mo(th
+"oor and thoe attached to the mandi)"e. are re"a2ed. to*ether 3ith
the ton*(e. 3hich "ie +"at on the mo(th +"oor# The re"a2ed m(c"e
c(hion &er1 e++ecti&e"1 the "ar1n2 -L/. o that the &i)ration are
not tranmitted onto the %("" )ae direct"1 thro(*h the m(c"e.
)(t on"1 indirect"1# It i the +orm o+ the &oca" tract -&t/ 3hich
decide 3hich &o3e" 3i"" )e *enerated# To 'rod(ce a 'artic("ar
ha'e. certain m(c"e ha&e to )e tretched and other re"a2ed# Thi
determine in 3hich &o3e" the mandi)"e 3i"" &i)rate and in 3hich
not# The &o3e" 0i0 and 0a0 are e2treme o+ 'oi)"e &ariation in
thi re'ect#
- I""#9 $indra%/
6hen 3e no3 ha&e demontrated that there are &i)ration 3ithin the )rain 3hen 3e
&oca"i,e. it i im'ortant to e2amine i+ the dii'ated ener*1 im'"1 dia''ear.
or i+ it ha ome cone5(ence +or (# The &i)ration are a )14'rod(ct o+ the
h(man &oice # The1 ditri)(te ome o+ the ener*1 (ed +or 'ea%in* '(r'oe to
the %("" and the )rain. )(t doe thi +act ha&e an1 3ider re"e&ance in an1 3a18
6e 3i"" tr1 to in&eti*ate thi 'ro)"em )1 +indin* o(t i+ the dii'ated ener*1
im'"1 dia''ear. or i+ it ha ome '(r'oe# The )rain i the mot im'ortant
content in the &i)ratin* %("". and 3e are intereted in t(d1in* the e++ect
thee &i)ration ha&e on the mot +antatic com'(ter e&er made 9 The h(man
)rain#
6e m(t there+ore *et more +ami"iar 3ith )oth the )rain and the mem)rane o+ the
)rain in order to (ndertand ome o+ the 'ecia" condition 3hich ma%e the )rain
di++erent +rom an1 other or*an in the )od1#
The )io"o*ica" com'(ter o+ o(r )od1. the )rain. i it(ated inide the head# O+
the ame reaon. the rece'tor or*an o+ the +o(r mot im'ortant ene are
"oca"i,ed in the head.4 i*ht. hearin*. tate and me""# In addition. the "o3er
'art o+ the head a"o +(nction a the )od1= or*an +or entr1 o+ +ood# The
entrance contain mo(th. "i'. teeth. ton*(e and throat. 3hich recei&e and tart
'rocein* the +ood# The (''er re'irator1 air3a1. the noe and the naa"
ca&itie. are it(ated )et3een the mo(th and the )rain#
On a "ate ta*e in o(r de&e"o'ment 'art o+ o(r di*eti&e and re'iration 1tem
a"o tarted 'artici'atin* in 'rod(cin* &oice.4 i#e# the o(nd o+ 'eech. 3hich
in h(man )ein* ha&e e&o"&ed to )ecome a &er1 com'"icated 1tem o+ o(nd
i*na"# Than% to thi comm(nication &ia o(nd. the h(man )ein* ha )een a)"e
to de&e"o' +ar ahead o+ man1 other anima" and to de&e"o' c("t(re and
ci&i"i,ation#
The )rain i the ori*in o+ h(man inte""ect. mind. tho(*ht and e&a"(atin*
a)i"it1. and it 3a +or a "on* time conidered to )e the ite o+ the o("# The
)rain contro" tho(*ht and emotion#
Nothin* mo&e. '(m' or h(m in thi com'(ter# The acti&it1 o+ the )rain can
on"1 )e o)er&ed )1 mea(rin* the +at chan*e o+ e"ectrica" 'otentia" on the
(r+ace o+ the )rain. or on the (r+ace o+ the %("" )1 +# e2# e&a"(atin* the
chan*e in ence'ha"o*ram -EEG/# In 'ite o+ thi i"ence. the or*an i the mot
acti&e or*an o+ o(r )od1# It re'reent on"1 > ? o+ the tota" )od1 3ei*ht.4 and
con(me >@ ? o+ the tota" o21*en inta%e#
To*ether 3ith the 'ina" cord the )rain +orm the centra" ner&o( 1tem -CNS/#
The +(nction o+ CNS are to co4ordinate the +(nction o+ the &ario( or*an o+
the )od1. and connectin* o+ the tota" or*anim 3ith the (rro(ndin*# Thi
)io"o*ica" com'(ter i not '"(**ed into an1 e"ectrica" o(rce# It create it
o3n e"ectricit1# E&er1 in*"e ne(ron in the )rain ma%e chemica" ()tance.
ca""ed ne(rotranmitter# The ne(rotranmitter are ca'a)"e o+ tranmittin* the
e"ectrochemica" chan*e 3hich ta%e '"ace in the ne(ron to other ne(ron#
Di++erent ne(ron ma%e di++erent ne(rotranmitter. and 3e ha&e (nti" no3 )een
a)"e to identi+1 a)o(t one core o+ them# Ne(ron 3ith one %ind o+
ne(rotranmitter are there+ore to a certain de*ree inca'a)"e o+ reactin* to
tim("i 3hich are 'rod(ced )1 ne(ron 3hich ma%e other %ind o+ tranmitter# In
thi 3a1 3e can +ind 1tem 3ithin the 1tem# There a"o are ne(ron 3hich
can 'rod(ce more than one %ind o+ ne(rotranmitter#



Fi* >#
Ne(ron and 1na'e# A ne(ron -"e+t/ i made (' o+ a )od1
-'ericar1on/ 3hich i dra3n )"ac%. 3ith a 3hite 0e1e0. the n(c"e(#
N(mero( )ranchin* 'roAection. the dendrite. carr1 on their
(r+ace tho(and ('on tho(and o+ dendritic 'ine -DS/ +rom
3hich the ner&e im'("e are carried into the 'ericar1on and
con&erted into a in*"e dichar*e o+ a tron* ner&e im'("e# Thi
tra&e" 3ithin the a2on -A/. 3hich ma1 )e 5(ite "on*# The im'("e
tra&e" in the direction o+ the arro3. Mot o+ the a2on are
in("ated )1 m1e"in heath. 3ra''in* the a2on in hort e*ment
a"on* it entire "en*th# At it end the a2on "ooe the m1e"in
heath and )ranche into man1 a2ona" te"odendria -AT/. 3hich +orm
the +irt 'art o+ each 1na'e. de'icted. m(ch en"ar*ed. in the
centre# Each a2ona" te"odendrion contain n(mero( &eic"e o+
ne(rotranmitter ()tance# A the im'("e arri&e.. the
ne(rotranmitter 'o(r +rom the te"odendrion into the 1na'tic c"e+t
-SC/. a 'art o+ the intertitia" 'ace o+ the )rain. 3hich e'arate
te"odendrion +rom the dendritic 'ine# Thi ma%e it 'oi)"e +or
the im'("e to contin(e in it tra&e" into the dendritic 'ine o+
another ne(ron in the direction o+ the arro3# In the reco&er1 'hae
-not de'icted/ the ne(rotranmitter ()tance i in 'art ta%en ('
)ac% into the te"odendrion. in 'art it i ta%en (' )1 adAacent *"ia"
ce""# Some mo"ec("e diinte*rate and +orm the 0*ar)a*e0 3hich ha
to )e c"eaned ('. 'art"1 )1 di++(ion into the cere)ro'ina" +"(id#
Thi c"eanin* 'roce i aited )1 &i)ration o+ the )rain and
'eedin* (' o+ the +"o3 o+ the cere)ro'ina" +"(id d(e to
&oca"i,ation# -ILL#9 $indra%/
The im'("e do not +"oat +rom one ne(ron to another in the ame 3a1 3e can
o)er&e in common e"ectrica" connection# Each ner&e im'("e m(t on it 3a1 +rom
one ne(ron +rom another cro a ma"" o'enin* )et3een the t3o ne(ron# Thi
o'enin* i ca""ed the intertitia" 'ace# The connection o&er the intertitia"
'ace i ca""ed a 1na'e# Thi "i5(id4+i""ed *a' )et3een the (r+ace o+ t3o
ce"" i )et3een ;@@ and >@@ Bn*trCm 3ide# The *a' i contin(o( 3ith the ret
o+ the interce""("ar 'ace# The tranmiion o+ ner&e im'("e i made 'oi)"e
)1 the tranmitter ()tance 3hich are 'reent in ma"" &eic"e in the a2ona"
te"odendria and the 're1na'tic mem)rane#
The +act that the 1na'tic 'ace i a 'art o+ the interce""("ar 'ace i o+
'aramo(nt im'ortance +or the 0$indra% 'ot("ate0# In mean that e&er1 in*"e
moment mi""ion o+ ner&e im'("e are croin* the interce""("ar 'ace#
A"" ce"" are )athed in a 3ater1 ()tance. ca""ed the intertitia" +"(id# Thi
+"(id i contin(o("1 made 3hen )"ood i +i"trated thro(*h the ca'i""ar1 3a""#
The +"(id contain n(trient +or the ce"". o21*en. and the ce"" dichar*e
their 3ate 'rod(ct into thi +"(id.4 main"1 car)on dio2ide and other 'rod(ct
o+ ce""("ar meta)o"im#
Thee ()tance are tran'orted +rom the ce"" &ia the intertitia" +"(id to
the )"ood 4 and &ice &era 4 )1 di++(ion#
The intertitia" +"(id +"o3 "o3"1 thro(*h the interce""("ar 'ace and
dia''ear there )aica""1 in t3o 3a19 Lar*e 'ortion o+ 3ater and ome o"(te
*et )ac% into the )"ood in the &eno( 'artition o+ the ca'i""arie# Some o+ the
+"(id 3ith "ar*e mo"ec("e *et into another t1'e o+ &ee". the "1m'hatic. and
thro(*h them it +"o3 +rom the or*an into the "1m'h node and +rom them it
ret(rn into the )"ood# In mot or*an there i an tead1 +"o3 o+ intertitia"
+"(id +rom the arteria" 'art o+ the ca'i""arie to the &eno( 'art o+ the
ca'i""arie. a 3e"" a into the "1m'hatic &ee"# Thi +"o3 i 5(ite
()tantia"#
E'ecia""1 the "1m'hatic 1tem contri)(te in remo&in* +rom ti(e the )i*
mo"ec("e +rom meta)o"ic 'rocee# Thee mo"ec("e cannot cro the ca'i""ar1
3a""#
In the )rain. the it(ation i 5(ite di++erent# Beca(e the tranmiion o+ the
ner&e im'("e in the 1na'e ta%e '"ace acro a narro3 "it o+ the
intertitia" 'ace. the intertitia" +"(id ha to ha&e (ch 5(a"itie that it
can a(re a 5(iet and re"ia)"e +(nction o+ the h(man intracrania" com'(ter# It
m(t not +"o3 a +at a it doe in mot other or*an# It chemica" com'oition
ha to )e conidera)"1 more ta)"e than e"e3here in the )od1#
There are t3o condition. more or "e 'eci+ic +or the )rain. 3hich ha&e the
'(r'oe o+ maintainin* thi trict homeotai9
Firt 9 The )rain ha no "1m'hatic 1tem# A"mot a"" +"(id ha&e to ret(rn into
the )"ood ca'i""arie#
Second 9 The 3a"" o+ the ca'i""arie are e5(i''ed 3ith 3hat 3e ca"" the )"ood4
)rain4)arrier -BBB/# The endothe"ia" ce"" "inin* the ca'i""arie in the )rain
are interconnected )1 ti*ht A(nction# The ti*ht A(nction 're&ent eca'e o+
"ar*er mo"ec("e +rom the )"ood tream into the intertitia" 'ace. and &ice
&era# Fe3 "ar*e mo"ec("e can *et +rom the intertitia" 'ace into the )"ood#




Fi* D
Schematic re'reentation o+ intertitia" 'ace in ti(e in *enera"
-to'/ and in the )rain -)ottom/# In mot o+ the ti(e the
intertitia" +"(id -i+/ +i"" "ar*e interce""("ar 'ace and i
ta%en (' into the )"ood &ee" -)&/ and "1m'hatic &ee" -"&/# A
"1m'h. it +"o3 into the "1m'h node -LN/ and +rom there into the
)"ood# In the )rain. the interce""("ar 'ace )et3een the *"ia"
ce"" -*c/ and ne(ron -n/ are m(ch narro3er and contin(o( 3ith the
()arachnoid 'ace -SAS/# -Fo""o3 "e*end +or +i* E and F/ -I""#9
$indra%/




Fi* E
The +ate o+ an anti*en -A in +i* D/ in ti(e# In mot o+ the
ti(e the anti*en mo"ec("e -)"ac% dot/ *et eai"1 into the )"ood
and 'artic("ar"1 into the "1m'h and are 3e't into the "1m'h node.
3here anti)odie are 'rod(ced# In the )rain. the anti*en ha to ta1
"on*er. )eca(e o+ the )"ood4)rain4)arrier and "ac% o+ "1m'hatic#
It *et &er1 "o3"1 into the )"ood and ((a""1 doe not tim("ate an
imm(ne re'one# Ho3e&er.i+ it doe. ee 3hat ha''en. in +i* F#
-I""#9 $indra%/

6h1 it i o i not com'"ete"1 (ndertood# Thi arran*ement i mot "i%e"1
re'oni)"e +or 3hat i %no3n a the imm(no"o*ica" 'ri&i"e*e. or imm(no"o*ica"
e5(etration o+ the )rain# Se5(etration mean that the )rain i io"ated +rom
c"oe contact 3ith imm(ne mechanim in the )od1 m(ch more thoro(*h"1 that other
or*an# There+ore the )rain can +(nction a a hidin* '"ace +or man1 in+ectio(
e"ement 3hich 3o("d ha&e )een detro1ed in a"" other 'art o+ the )od1#
6e ee that ome "ar*er mo"ec("e 3hich ma1 e2it in the )rain. a a re("t o+
in+ection. 3ear and tear. or ome other 'atho"o*ica" or 'h1io"o*ica"
it(ation. ma1 not )e a)"e to cro the BBB and "ea&e the )rain 3ith the ame
eae a the1 mi*ht ha&e )een a)"e to i+ it(ated in other or*an o+ the )od1#
One 3a1 3hich the or*anim (e in ome cae. i to acti&ate the o4ca""ed
micro4*"ia" ce""# Thee ce"" can (nder 'atho"o*ica" condition )e acti&ated
and tran+ormed into macro'ha*e. ca&en*er ce"" 3hich en*("+ the 'artic"e to
)e remo&ed. and di*et or tran'ort them thro(*h the )rain a"on* the )"ood
&ee" into the ()arachnoid 'ace and the cere)ro'ina" +"(id#





Fi* F
In other ti(e. )1 the time the "1m'h node ha&e *enerated
anti)odie -a/ and committed T4ce"" -tc/. the anti*en ha a"read1
dia''eared +rom the ti(e -to'/# In the )rain -)ottom/. -a/ and
-tc/ react 3ith the anti*en ma%in* "o3"1 it 3a1 into the )"ood
thro(*h the BBB. detro1 the 3a"" o+ the &en("e and )e*in their
ram'a*e 3ithin the )rain ti(e. detro1in* the anti*en and the
)rain a 3e""# Thi i the it(ation in e2'erimenta" a""er*ic
ence'ha"iti and a"o in m("ti'"e c"eroi# -I""#9 $indra%/
Another 3a1 +or the )rain to *et rid o+ the "ar*e mo"ec("e i )1 di++(ion#
Di++(ion o+ ()tance dio"&ed in 3ater i one o+ the mot common 'h1ica"
'rocee ta%in* '"ace in a"" "i&in* or*anim# The n(trition o+ and 3ate
remo&a" +rom each indi&id(a" ce"" o+ the )od1 i made 'oi)"e )1 di++(ion# The
n(trient and 3ate 'rod(ct or meta)o"ite mo&e acro the ce"" mem)rane and
into the (rro(ndin* +"(id )1 di++(ion# Thi 'roce i conidera)"1 modi+ied
)1 the ce"" mem)rane. 3hich are a)"e to +aci"itate the 'aa*e o+. or 0'(m'0
certain ()tance into or o(t o+ the ce"" and 're&ent other ()tance +rom
croin* o&er# Thi 'roce i conidera)"1 aited )1 the mo&ement o+ the
or*an# Gro mo&ement and com'reion o+ ti(e (ch a m(c("ar contraction
or com'reion )1 '("atin* arterie are additiona" mechanim 3hich ait the
tran'ort o+ o"(te )1 di++(ion e&er13here in the )od1#
The reaon +or thi i that di++(ion in ite"+ it a &er1 "o3 and ine++ecti&e
3a1 o+ tran'ortin* dio"&ed ()tance 3ithin "i&in* ti(e# I+ the ce""
3ere to re"1 on di++(ion on"1. the1 3o("d tar&e to death or )e 'oioned )1
their o3n 3ate 'rod(ct#
Ne&erthe"e. in the &er1 "at te' o+ )iochemica" reaction 3hich ta%e '"ace
3ithin the ce"". the di++(ion remain the on"1 3a1 +or &ario( ()tance to
*et in contact 3ith each other and react#
6hat i di++(ion8 It i an inceant di'"acement. chan*e o+ 'oition. o+ each
indi&id(a" mo"ec("e o+ a "i5(id or a *a and a"" mo"ec("e 3hich ma1 )e
dio"&ed in that +"(id# I+ 3e )rin* in c"oe contact t3o or more mi2a)"e
+"(id. the mo"ec("e o+ one +"(id )e*in to 'enetrate into the other "i5(id and
&ice &era# The t3o "i5(id )e*in to mi2 e&en 3itho(t )ein* tirred# The
mo"ec("e )e*in to di++(e# The 'eed o+ thi di++(ion de'end on the &icoit1
o+ the "i5(id#
In )io"o*1. the main di++(ion 1tem are 3ater o"(tion or ('enion o+
&ario( ()tance# The mo"ec("ar 3ei*ht o+ 3ater i ;G# Cr1ta""oid ()tance
and *ae 3hich ha&e mo"ec("ar 3ei*ht &er1 imi"ar to that o+ 3ater 3i"" 'read
thro(*h it 3ith re"ati&e eae# $(t "i*ht"1 "ar*er mo"ec("e 3i"" ha&e a hard
time mo&in* thro(*h the 3ater1 en&ironment# Thi can eai"1 )e o)er&ed )1
'(ttin* a 'oon+(" o+ (*ar into a tea c('# A"tho(*h the (*ar dio"&e. it
3i"" remain at the )ottom o+ the c('. i+ 3e do not tir the content# I+ 3e 3ere
to re"1 on di++(ion on"1. 3e ma1 ha&e to 3ait +or ho(r )e+ore the 3eetne
can )e tated# Re"ati&e"1 'ea%in* 4 the mo"ec("e o+ (croe 3ith a mo"ec("ar
3ei*ht o+ DGE are no *iant amon* the )io"o*ica" mo"ec("e# In )io"o*ica"
1tem 3e enco(nter mo"ec("e 3ith mo"ec("ar 3ei*ht o+ ;@@#@@@. one mi""ion or
e&en ti"" more# 6hen it come to *iant 'artic"e. (ch a &ir(e. it can )e
ca"c("ated that it 3o("d ta%e ;@@ 1ear )e+ore a 'artic"e the i,e o+ a her'e
&ir( 3o("d tra&e" the ditance o+ E mm. 3hich i a''ro2imate"1 the thic%ne o+
the )rain corte2. had it to re"1 on di++(ion on"1#
The 'eed o+ di++(ion i )aed in the 'h1ica" 'arameter o+ the mo"ec("e. and
the 'eed o+ di++(ion in a *i&en 1tem o+ mo"ec("e can )e chan*ed )1
increain* the tem'erat(re# Thi 'eed (' the mo&ement o+ the mo"ec("e. )(t in
the h(man )od1 the tem'erat(re m(t )e %e't contant# The on"1 &aria)"e in a
*i&en di++(ion 1tem cannot )e chan*ed#
In h(man )ein* the mot e++ecti&e mean o+ tran'ort in the circ("ator1 1tem
are the heart. )"ood &ee" and )"ood# Thro(*h the )"ood &ee" the n(trient
are )ro(*ht a c"oe a 'oi)"e to each indi&id(a" ce"" o+ the )od1# On"1 a+ter
"ea&in* the )"ood &ee". the1 ha&e to mo&e the "at h(ndredth o+ mm to the
'"ace o+ their +ina" detination )1 3a1 o+ di++(ion#
I+ the circ("ator1 1tem 3or% in(++icient"1. a"" ce"" o+ the )od1 (++er )1
"ac% o+ n(trient and e2ce o+ 3ate 'rod(ct#
The )rain and 'ina" cord de&e"o' +irt a a *roo&e on the (r+ace o+ the
de&e"o'in* em)r1o and then a a t()e r(nnin* a"on* the )ac% o+ it )od1# One end
o+ the t()e en"ar*e. di"ate and +o"d in a com'"icated 3a1 and *i&e rie to
the )rain# The im'"e c1"indrica" ca&it1 o+ the ori*ina" t()e +orm in the )rain
a com'"icated 1tem o+ channe" and cham)er ca""ed cere)ra" &entric"e# In
hi*her anima". inc"(din* man. a com'"icated en&e"o'e +orm aro(nd the centra"
ner&o( 1tem. the arachnoid mem)rane# Bet3een the inner a'ect o+ the
arachnoid mem)rane and the (r+ace o+ the )rain there i a narro3 'ace ca""ed
the ()arachnoid 'ace# Both the cere)ra" &entric"e and the ()arachnoid 'ace
are +i""ed 3ith a 3ater1 "i5(id. the cere)ro'ina" +"(id# In thi 3a1. the )rain
i act(a""1 +"oatin* in thi +"(id# It )(o1anc1 'rotect the )rain +rom
inA(rie a*aint the %("" 3a"" and +rom )ein* cr(hed )1 it o3n 3ei*ht#
O)er&ation indicate that di++(ion o+ anti*en thro(*h the )rain ma1 "at +or
a month or e&en more# Thee o)er&ation a"mot com'"ete"1 r("e o(t the
'oi)i"it1 o+ the e2itence o+ an1 i*ni+icant )("% +"o3 o+ intertitia" +"(id
in the cere)ra" corte2#
In order to (ndertand thi )etter. the 'roce can )e e2em'"i+ied# S(''oe that
3e 3o("d t(d1 ho3 an in% )ott"e 3i"" tain a "ar*e 5(antit1 o+ 3ater i+ the in%
i 'o(red into it# The e2'eriment i done in a 3i+t mo(ntain tream. a "o3"1
+"o3in* ri&er and in a 'oo" o+ ta*nant 3ater#
I+ 3e 'o(r the in% in the mo(ntain tream it 3i"" )e 3e't a3a1 +rom ( )e+ore
3e are a)"e to ma%e an1 o)er&ation a)o(t mi2in* o+ the in% and 3ater# Thi i
com'ara)"e to the it(ation in the )od1 3here the +"o3 o+ intertitia" +"(id i
&er1 3i+t# 6e do not o)er&e an1 di++(ion at a""#
I+ 3e 'o(r the in% in the "o3"1 +"o3in* tream. 3e ma1 )e a)"e to o)er&e the
mi2in* and 'readin* o+ the in% thro(*h the 3ater +or ome time. )(t on"1 +or
the 'eriod it ta%e )e+ore the tream ha carried the o"(tion a3a1#
The di++(ion o+ ence'ha"ito*enic ()tance can )e com'ared 3ith the it(ation
3here 3e 'o(r the in% into a 'oo" o+ ta*nant 3ater# The in% 3i"" 'read "o3"1.
)(t 3i"" not )e 3e't a3a1. and 3e 3i"" )e a)"e to +ind it there e&en a month
"ater7 there i no )("% +"o3 o+ 3ater# Simi"ar"1 3e ha&e o)er&ed that there i
no )("% +"o3 o+ the intertitia" +"(id in the )rain#
In the 'oo" ome 3ater 3i"" e&a'orate and 3i"" )e ()tit(ted )1 rain 3ater. )(t
the in% 3i"" ta1# Thi ma1 )e com'ared 3ith the rene3a" o+ the 3ater in the
)rain )1 ca'i""ar1 +i"tration and a)or'tion 3hi"e other mo"ec("e ha&e to ta1
in# Thi ho"d tr(e at "eat 3ith re'ect to the "ar*er mo"ec("e. thoe in i,e
com'ara)"e to that o+ the ence'ha"ito*enic anti*en# Once mo"ec("e o+ thi i,e
or "ar*er a''ear in the )rain= intertitia" +"(id. the1 ha&e a hard time
*ettin* o(t# B1 the ame mechanim o+ in(++icient 'eed o+ remo&a" o+ thee
()tance the de&e"o'ment and ditri)(tion o+ "eion o+ m("ti'"e c"eroi in
the )rain can )e e2'"ained#
6e ee that di++(ion in ite"+ i tota""1 inade5(ate a mechanim +or mo"ec("ar
e2chan*e in the ti(e o+ m("tice""("ar or*anim#
It eem. ho3e&er. that there e2it additiona" mechanim 3hich ait in
carr1in* o(t the necear1 e2chan*e o+ ()tance# The im'ortance o+ thee
inade5(ate"1 (ndertood mechanim are (dden"1 demontrated 3hen the1 are
im'aired# The cone5(ence o+ their +ai"(re then )ecome ()Aect to man1
'ec("ation and ((a""1 the1 are miinter'reted#
Let ( +irt re&ie3 the 'rocee 3hich '"a1 the mot im'ortant ro"e in
mo"ec("ar e2chan*e in mot o+ the ti(e9
;# The )"ood circ("ation )rin* the o"(te into the or*an and
carrie them a3a1#
># Inide the or*an. ca'i""ar1 +i"tration ta%e '"ace# It ta%e
3ater and o"(te into the intertitia" +"(id +rom the )"ood and
&ice &era#
D# The "1m'hatic draina*e carrie a3a1 'art o+ the 3ater and o"(te
and matter 'artic"e thro(*h the "1m'hatic &ee"#
E# The +"o3 o+ the intertitia" +"(id 3ahe the ce""("ar (r+ace
and )rin* the mo"ec("e in c"oe contact 3ith the ce"" mem)rane a
a direct cone5(ence o+ ca'i""ar1 +i"tration#
The 3ater 3ith o"(te enter the intertitia" 'ace at
'"ace 3hich are "i*ht"1 a'art +rom thoe thro(*h 3hich
it "ea&e. and there+ore it i +orced to 0+"o30. e&en i+
on"1 +or a +e3 h(ndredth o+ mm#
F# A com'"icated 'roce o+ e"ection# reAection and e2'("ion o+
'eci+ic mo"ec("e ta%e '"ace to*ether 3ith im'"e di++(ion o+
other mo"ec("e at the ce""("ar (r+ace mem)rane#
H# Di++(ion. 3ith other more com'"icated mechanim i then
o'erati&e inide the ce""#
Under the term o+ di++(ion a n(m)er o+ mechanica". 'h1ica" and chemica"
'rocee are )ein* +re5(ent"1 "(m'ed 3hich ha&e &er1 "itt"e in common 3ith the
'h1ica" 'roce o+ di++(ion# There are t3o 'oint 3hich m(t )e made in thi
connection 9
Firt9 In te' > thro(*h H di++(ion i (ndo()ted"1
o'erati&e. )(t the "ar*er the mo"ec("e are. the "e
e++ecti&e di++(ion )ecome a a 3a1 o+ e2chan*e#
Second9 The +"o3 o+ intertitia" +"(id i *reat"1
aited )1 acti&e or 'ai&e mo&ement o+ the or*an#
M(c("ar contraction 5(ee,e the interce""("ar 'ace
in the m(c"e and adAacent com'rei)"e ti(e and
ca(e a (r*e in the intertitia" +"(id and "1m'h +"o3
rate in thoe ti(e# M(c("ar acti&it1 can to a "ar*e
e2tent ait the )"ood circ("ation. and i there+ore
ometime ca""ed a econdar1 or a 'eri'herica" 0heart0#
O(r re+"e2e o+ tretchin* and 1a3nin* er&e to 5(ee,e the intertitia" 'ace
o+ the acti&ated m(c"e and o to 'eed (' the +"o3 o+ the intertitia" +"(id#
Thi indicate that )"ood circ("ation and di++(ion need a "ot o+ he"' +rom
other mechanim e&en in or*an o 3e"" e5(i''ed 3ith )"ood &ee" a the
m(c"e are# L(m'in* a"" thee mechanim (nder the term 0di++(ion0 create
(n(rmo(nta)"e menta" )"oc% in o(r reaonin* 3hen it come to +i*(rin* o(t the
ca(a" mechanim o+ ome dieae 3hich occ(r in a&ac("ar ti(e. that i in
ti(e 3hich do not ha&e their o3n )"ood &ee"#
In arterioc"eroi 3e +ind c(hion4"i%e 'rotr(ion on the inide o+ the
arteria" 3a"" 3hich ma1 com'"ete"1 o)tr(ct their "(men# The c(hion. or
'"a5(e. are com'oed o+ "ar*e de'oit o+ +att1 ()tance# The1 can ("cerate
or )ecome encr(ted 3ith ca"ci(m a"t# B"ood tend to c"ot o&er them 3ithin the
arter1 and the )"ood c"ot ma1 com'"ete"1 o)tr(ct the a"read1 narro3ed )"ood
&ee"#
St(dent o+ arterioc"eroi are ti"" '(,,"ed )1 the +act that. a"tho(*h a""
thee +actor are 1temic and o)&io("1 'reent in the entire or*anim.
arterioc"erotic '"a5(e occ(r a 'ot on"1. "ea&in* "ar*e e*ment o+ the
arteria" 3a"" (nin&o"&ed# The ca(e o+ thi 'ott1 ditri)(tion ha )een
e2'"ained more that >F 1ear a*o. )(t 3e ti"" do not +ind thi e2'"anation in
the mot recent )oo% on arterioc"eroi#
The '"a5(e occ(r in thoe '"ace o+ the arteria" 3a"" 3here the '("e i not
tron* eno(*h to ditend the arter1# In the moment the )"ood &o"(me o+ the heart
)eat 'ae thro(*h the arter1. the arteria" o'enin* 3iden the 3a"" and )ecome
thinner d(e to tretchin*# 6e can 'a"'ate thi tretchin* o+ the arteria" 3a""
a '("e 3a&e# It i e2treme"1 im'ortant +or the n(trition o+ the arteria" 3a""
ce"". )eca(e the inner "a1er o+ the arterie do not 'oe ca'i""arie. the1
are a&ac("ar# Their meta)o"ic e2chan*e de'end &er1 m(ch on 0di++(ion0 o+
n(trient +rom the )"ood 3ithin the arter1#
The ce"" o+ the arteria" 3a"" are 5(ee,ed a*aint each other )1 the arteria"
'("e 3a&e# Thi 5(ee,e the intertitia" +"(id o(t o+ the arteria" 3a"" and
ma%e it +"o3. th( en(rin* the 'ro'er e2chan*e o+ n(trient and 3ate
'rod(ct#




Fi* H
Lac% o+ tretchin* a "oca"i,in* +actor in arterioc"eroi# ;# 6hen
an arter1 "ean a*aint a )one arterioc"erotic '"a5(e -</ 3i""
de&e"o' 3here it 3a"" cannot tretch# ># I+ a &ac("ar (r*eon
'rod(ce a narro3in* o+ an arter1 )1 '"acin* a "i*at(re -L/ aro(nd
it. do3ntream +rom the narro3 area a '"a5(e 3i"" de&e"o'. )eca(e
the )"ood &o"(me 'ain* thro(*h the narro3 area i not )i* eno(*h
to tretch the arteria" 3a""# D# Sho3n o'en &entric"e o+ the heart#
The &a"&e -&/ are attached )1 trin*4"i%e tendon -t/ to the
'a'i""ar1 m(c"e -'/ 3hich %ee' the &a"&e +rom +"i''in* o&er
-('3ard/ into the atri(m -A/# I+. a a cone5(ence o+ 'oor )"ood
(''"1 to the heart m(c"e. a ma"" 'art o+ a 'a'i""ar1 m(c"e die
and i re'"aced )1 a car -/. that 'art o+ the m(c"e cannot
tretch the tendon and the re'ecti&e 'art o+ the &a"&e. and thoe
'ortion )ecome thic% and ri*id# -I""#9 $indra%/
I+ the '("e 3a&e i ine++ecti&e. the "a1er o+ the arteria" 3a"" )e*in to
(++er +rom "ac% o+ n(trient and e2ce o+ 3ate 'rod(ct# And *i&en the
additiona" 1temic 'atho"o*ica" condition. +att1 ()tance )e*in to a''ear in
thoe ce"" and an arterioc"erotic '"a5(e i +ormed# Thee '"a5(e are a)(ndant
3here&er an arter1 'ae thro(*h a )on1 channe" 3here there i not eno(*h room
+or the arter1 to di"ate# A"o i+ an arter1 "ean to3ard a )one or i +i2ed to
adAacent ri*id ti(e in an1 3a1 3hich 're&ent ade5(ate tretchin* o+ it
3a"". a '"a5(e 3i"" more eai"1 de&e"o'# The coronar1 arterie o+ the heart tend
to ha&e man1 '"a5(e )eca(e the )"ood 're(re in them oci""ate "e than in
other. 1temic. arterie# Cere)ra" arterie tend to ha&e man1 '"a5(e )eca(e
the1 cannot di"ate o eai"1 in a c"oed 'ace o+ the crania" ca&it1#
6e ((a""1 (e the 3ord 0tre0 a a +actor 3hich +aci"itate the
arterioc"erotic 'roce# The +act i that it i "ac% o+ norma". 'h1io"o*ica"
tre 3hich i re'oni)"e +or the de&e"o'ment o+ the '"a5(e#
D(rin* a 'eriod o+ inacti&it1. 3ate 'rod(ct 3i"" acc(m("ate in the
intertitia" +"(id o+ the m(c"e. 3hich need an e2tra '(h to +"o3# Thi '(h
i (''"ied to m(c("ar contraction# 6e +ee" the need to tretch the m(c"e.
the m(c"e harden. and it intertitia" +"(id. )"ood and "1m'h are 5(ee,ed o(t
o+ it "i%e a 'on*e# Thi mo&ement i not com'"ete"1 &o"(ntar1. a"tho(*h it can
)e (''reed )1 3i""#
One im'ortant or*an eem not to 'artic("ar"1 )ene+it +rom tretchin* and
1a3nin* 9 The )rain# It i encaed 3ithin the %("". and no m(c"e are attached
to it (r+ace# 6hat a"ternati&e then doe the )rain ha&e to '(ri+1 it
intertitia" 'ace8 Not too man1. indeed# Voca"i,ation i one o+ them# 6hen 3e
ta"%# in*. ho(t or h(m. 3e c"ean o(r )rain# The reaon +or that are the
a"mot im'erce'ti)"e &i)ration 3hich are 'read tho(*h the %("" and the )rain
d(rin* &oca"i,ation# Vi)ration re'reent one o+ the +e3 mechanim 3hich ma1
he"' di++(ion ()tance thro(*h the interce""("ar 'ace o+ the )rain#
6h1 ha&e &i)ration a c"eanin* e++ect on the &i)ratin* materia"8 Thi can
eai"1 )e e2em'"i+ie )1 e2'"ainin* ho3 a )"an%et can )e c"eaned )1 ha%in* it.
and door mat are c"eaned )1 )eatin* them# D(t i +ormed )1 rather )i*
'artic"e o+ matter. )(t e&en &er1 tin1 ()microco'ic 'artic"e and e&en in*"e
atom are o)e1in* the ame "a3 o+ inertia and can )e remo&er +rom the (r+ace
the1 tic% to )1 &i)ration74 that i )1 a"ternatin* the direction in 3hich the
(r+ace to )e c"eaned mo&e# Ind(tria" c"eanin* o+ meta""ic and *"a o)Aect
)1 ("trao(nd i )aed on the ame 'rinci'"e#
C"eanin* the h(man )rain )1 &oca"i,ation i A(t another e2am'"e o+ thi
'rinci'"e# B1 &oca"i,in*. 3e act(a""1 are 0)eatin*0 or 0ha%in* o(t0 the )rain#
In the ear"1 e&entie there 3a '()"ihed a re'ort +rom the Intit(te o+
A&iation Medicine in 6ara3# The a(thor. E(*eni(, Mar%. 3ho +o(nd that the
&i)rator1 tim("( 3a ca'a)"e to acti&ate the ne(roecretor1 1tem#
Thi e2'eriment. a man1 other. ha&e )een initiated )eca(e 3e )e"ie&e that
&i)ration e2c"(i&e"1 i harm+(" +or the or*anim# Harm+(" &i)ration are +o(nd
in ind(tr1. a&iation and 'ace +"i*ht# That a certain de*ree o+ &i)ration
mi*ht )e harm"e. e&en )ene+icia" and necear1 +or the ne(roecretor1 acti&it1
o+ the )rain i not Mar%= conc"(ion# Thi conc"(ion )e"on* to the $indra%
'ot("ate. 3hich i )aed on Dr# $indra%= e2'erience a a 'atho"o*it. 3ith
o)er&ation +rom tho(and o+ a(to'ie (''ortin* the 'ot("ate#

St(dent o+ &oca"i,ation and 'honation ha&e a"3a1 e2'reed their ama,ement
a)o(t ho3 ine++icient the o(nd 'rod(ction in man i# St(d1in* the "o(dne o+
the h(man &oice. 3e +ind to o(r *reat (r'rie that a "ar*e amo(nt o+ ener*1
'ent m(t ha&e )een "ot in the 'roce# It indicate that the h(man o(nd4
'rod(cin* or*an ha&e a 'otentia" 3hich can )e de&e"o'ed )1 'ro'er trainin*#
6h1 and ho3 the ener*1 *et "ot ha not )een +(""1 in&eti*ated# One o+ the
an3er i that the or*an ori*ina""1 3ere e&o"&ed to er&e )reathin* and
eatin*. not &oca"i,ation# S(r'riin*"1. ome other anima". a"o (in* their
&oca"i,in* or*an +or eatin* and )reathin*. eem to ha&e +ared m(ch )etter in
thi re'ect#
In h(man. too m(ch ener*1 a''"ied +or &oice 'rod(ction *et "ot# 6e ha&e to
a% 3here and ho3 doe thi "o occ(r# O)&io("1. thi ener*1 i a)or)ed )1
and dii'ated in the 3a"" o+ the h(man &oca" intr(ment. )(t it the ener*1
"ot8 6hat i+ the ener*1 i tran+ormed in ome (e+(" 3a1 and er&e other
'(r'oe in the or*anim8 I+ o. it i 3orth 3hi"e to t(d1 thi dii'ation o+
ener*1 in detai"#
The &oca" cord m(t )e tretched in order to )e a)"e to &i)rate# A the1
&i)rate d(rin* &oca"i,ation the cricoid carti"a*e it '(""ed into it ori*ina"
'oition )1 'ai&e o'enin* o+ the *"otti and additiona" tretchin* o+ the
&oca" cord )1 air '(++# Thee &i)ration do not contri)(te to the 'rod(ction
o+ o(nd#
6hen the mandi)"e i in it "o3et 'oition and the m(c"e o+ the +"oor are
re"a2ed a 3hen 3e 'rod(ce the o(nd 0a0 -Fi*# ;/. thee &i)ration are
dii'ated in the o+t ti(e c(hionin* the "ar1n2# 6hen the m(c"e o+ the
o+t +"oor contract and the mandi)"e rie +or the 'rod(ction o+ 0i0 thee
&i)ration are tranmitted thro(*h the contracted m(c"e and the th1roh1oid
mem)rane onto the mandi)"e. the "o3er Aa3# 6e can tet thi )1 'a"'itatin* the
+ront teeth in the "o3er Aa3 3hi"e ma%in* thee o(nd# It ho3 that a m(c"e
can c(hion a &i)ratin* "ar1n2 i+ re"a2ed and act a a tranmitter o+ &i)ration
i+ contracted#
Scientit ha&e t(died the &i)rationa" 'attern o+ &ario( intr(ment +or
cent(rie and ti"" man1 +acet o+ thee 'rocee are (n%no3n# Com'ared to
that. the t(d1 o+ the "ar1n*ea" &i)ration onto the %("" ha )are"1 )e*(n#
Ne&erthe"e. the %("" doe &i)rate. a 3e ha&e o)er&ed 3hen 3e 'a"'itated the
&i)ratin* +ront teeth and the 'arieta" )one d(rin* the 'ron(nciation o+ 0a0 and
0i0# Ri*ht (nder the &i)ratin* )one. not +arther than ; to > mm dee'er. there
i the cere)ra" corte2. the ite o+ the h(man mind. inte""i*ence and tho(*ht#
Bet3een the &i)ratin* )one and the )rain there i on"1 a &er1 dene +i)ro(
mem)rane. the d(ra mater. 3hich "ine the inide o+ the crania" ca&it1. and a
thin "a1er o+ the cere)ro'ina" +"(id 3ith t3o additiona". ne*"i)"1 thin.
mem)rane. a"" 'ractica""1 incom'rei)"e and there+ore tranmittin* the
&i)ration o+ the %("" onto the )rain#
Once 3e tart "oo%in* at the h(man %("" +rom the 'oint o+ &ie3 o+ &oca"i,ation
and o(nd 'rod(ction. 3e are a't to dico&er more and more detai" 3hich 3i""
re&ea" the )on1 and +i)ro( en&e"o'e o+ the )rain a ome %ind o+ tran*e.
a"mot m1terio(. m(ica" intr(ment#
The crania" ca&it1. in 3hich the )rain act(a""1 +"oat (''orted )1 the )(o1anc1
o+ the cere)ro'ina" +"(id. i "ined )1 the d(ra mater# Beide "inin* the
crania" ca&it1. thi mem)rane +orm 'artition 3a"" 3hich ()di&ide the entire
ca&it1 into interconnected com'artment#
In the mid"ine. a ic%"e4ha'ed mem)rane A(t +rom the cei"in* and di&ide the
entire (''er 'ortion o+ the 'ace into the ri*ht and "e+t hemi'here# The
'er'endic("ar 3a"" i ca""ed the +a"2 -"atin +or ic%"e/# In the +ront. it i
attached to the ethmoid )one# In the )ac%# the +a"2 i attached to the to' o+
the cere)e""ar tentori(m. a tent4"i%e mem)rane tretchin* o&er the )ac% 'art o+
the ca&it1 ca""ed 'oterior. or cere)e""ar +oa. 3hich contain the cere)e""(m.
'on and med(""a o)"on*ata# The )ae o+ thi tent i attached in a more or "e
hori,onta" "ine to the )ac% o+ the %("" and to the (''er mar*in o+ the 'etro(
)one# The tent ha a "ar*e. *ate4"i%e o'enin* in the +ront. thro(*h 3hich the
cere)e""ar +oa comm(nicate 3ith the anterior and midd"e cere)e""ar +oae
3here the cere)ra" hemi'here are "ocated# The +a"2 and tentori(m are ti*ht"1
tretched. 5(ite ri*id. ometime 'art"1 ca"ci+ied and remind ( o+ a dr(mhead#
The1 are &i)ratin* d(rin* &oca"i,ation. and thi 'roce 3i"" )e e2'"ained#
The 'art o+ the %("" to 3hich the +a"2 i attached &i)rate 5(ite 'erce'ti)"1
a 3e ha&e +o(nd +or o(re"&e# A"o the tentori(m &i)rate. or at "eat 'art o+
it# It i attached to the +a"2 and in +ront it i ti*ht"1 Aoined 3ith the
c"inoid 'rocee o+ the e""a t(rcica. 3hich 'roAect into the crania" ca&it1
a a 'art o+ the 'henoid )one. and 3e ha&e man1 *ood reaon to )e"ie&e that
thi )one a"o &i)rate# Thi )one i 03ed*ed0 into the &er1 centre o+ the
%("". +ormin* ome %ind o+ a %e14tone to 3hich m("ti'"e other )one are
attached#
Accordin* to the $indra% 'ot("ate. thi )one ha a &er1 im'ortant +(nction in
man. name"1 to tranmit the &i)ration o+ the &oca" tract onto the %("" and it
content. the )rain# No other )one in the )od1 i o com'"icated in it ha'e
and connected to o man1 -+i+teen in a""/ other 'art o+ the %e"eton# The
h1'o'h1i i attached to thi )one#
Another interetin* +eat(re o+ thi )one in man i that it *reat 3in* i
re*("ar"1 in direct contact 3ith the 'arieta" )one# 6e ma1 ca"" thi )on1 "oo'.
+ormed )1 the 'henoid and )oth 'arieta" )one. 3hich encirc"e the entire
crania" ca&it1. the third arch#
The +irt arch i +ormed )1 the hori,onta" 'rocee o+ the 'a"ata" )one. 3hich
+orm the mot 'oterior 'art o+ the )on1 roo+ o+ the mo(th ca&it1. the )on1
'a"ate# Thee )one are et in &i)ration d(rin* &oca"i,ation. )eca(e the1 are
direct"1 in the 3a"" o+ the &oca" tract#
The &i)ration are then tranmitted to the %("" )ae )1 the econd arch# Thi
i +ormed )1 the )od1 o+ the 'henoid )one and )1 it do3n3ard 'roAection. the
'ter1*o'a"atine 'rocee# Thee 'rocee are c"oe"1 attached to the
'er'endic("ar "aminae o+ the 'a"ata" )one# The 'ter1*oid 'rocee o+ the
'henoid )one are a"o in c"oe re"ation to the mandi)"e. )eca(e t3o &er1
tron* m(c"e on each ide connect the mandi)"e 3ith them. th( ma%in* 'oi)"e
tranmiion o+ ome &i)ration o+ the mandi)"e onto the 'henoid )one#




Fi* I
The 'henoid )one. ('erior (r+ace# The 'henoid artic("ate 3ith
all the )one in the crani(m and +i&e o+ the +ace 4 the t3o ma"ar.
t3o 'a"ate and &omer# It a"o ometime artic("ate 3ith the
t()eroit1 o+ the ('erior ma2i""a# It i attached to thee
m(c"e 9 To e"e&en 'air9 the Tem'ora". E2terna" 'ter1*oid.
Interna" 'ter1*oid. S('erior contrictor. Tenor 'a"ati. Le&ator
'a"'e)rJ. O)"i5(( oc("i ('erior. Interna" rect(. In+erior rect(
and E2terna" rect(# -I""#9 Gra1= anatom1/



Fi* G#
S'read o+ &i)ration +rom the trin* thro(*h the &io"in# Vi)ration
+rom the trin* ate tranmitted thro(*h the )rid*e -)/ to the to'
'"ate -t'/# From there. the &i)ration *et to the )ac% '"ate -)'/ in
a com'"icated 3a19 The o(nd 'ot -'/ tranmit the &i)ration o+
one "e* o+ the )rid*e direct"1 onto the )ac% '"ate# The )a )a
-))/. a "on*it(dina" )ar r(nnin* on the (nderide o+ the to' '"ate.
tranmit the &i)ration o+ the )rid*e to the end o+ the to' '"ate#
The ide -/ a"o tranmit the &i)ration o+ the mar*in o+ the to'
'"ate onto the mar*in o+ the )ac% '"ate# In the %("". the
condition are imi"ar. e2ce't that the o(nd 'ot i re'"aced )1
the tentori(m and the +a"2# The )a )ar i re'reented )1 'etro(
)one# The (t(re )et3een indi&id(a" %("" )one reem)"e the
'(r+"in* -'/. mar*ina" *roo&e on )oth '"ate. +i""ed 3ith thin
tri' o+ 3ood# The1 ma%e the connection o+ indi&id(a" 'art o+ the
&io"in "e ri*id and +aci"itate their &i)ration# E&en the F4ho"e
on the to' '"ate -+/ reem)"e to ome e2tent e&era" o'enin* in the
)on1 3a"" o+ the %("" )ae# The &i)ratin* %("" doe not 'rod(ce
o(nd a the &io"in doe# It maa*in* e++ect on the )rain ma%e
the )rain a ('erior com'(ter ca'a)"e o+ man1 thin*. inc"(din*
com'oition and 'er+ormance o+ m(ic# -See a"o Fi* K/ -I""#9
$indra%/
The entire arran*ement ha ome architectonic imi"arit1 to the )rid*e o+ the
&io"in# In thi intr(ment the )rid*e tranmit the &i)ration o+ the trin* to
the to' and )ac% '"ate o+ the intr(ment # Bet3een thee 3e +ind the o(nd
'ot. a ma"" 3ooden 'e* 3hich tranmit the &i)ration o+ the )rid*e to the
)ac% '"ate# Vio"in )(i"der (e to ca"" thi 'e* the 0o("0 o+ the intr(ment.
)eca(e 3itho(t it. the intr(ment 3o("d )e 0dead0#
L



Fi* K#
Tranmiion o+ &oca" &i)ration onto the %(""# The &i)ratin* air
in the &oca" tract ha%e the 3a"" o+ the 'har1n2 and mo(th. here
re'reented on"1 )1 the 'a"ata" )one -')/# Vi)ration o+ the
mandi)"e -M/ are tranmitted direct"1 on the tem'ora" )one and
indirect"1 to the 'ter1*oid m(c"e -</ onto the 'henoid )one# From
that the &i)ration *et in a com'"icated 3a1 +rom the c"inoid
'rocee on the e""a t(rcica thro(*h the tentori(m and +a"2 on the
'arieta" )one# Some &i)ration are a"o tranmitted thro(*h the
tem'ora" )one# Thi com'"icated 'read o+ &oca" &i)ration thro(*h
the %("" reem)"e to ome e2tent the 'read o+ &i)ration +rom the
trin* in the &io"in. a ho3n in Fi*# G# -I""#9 $indra%/
6hi"e the &io"in ha )een t(died 5(ite thoro(*h"1. there ha&e )een no
aco(tica" t(die concernin* the %(""# There+ore it i im'oi)"e to
(ndertand a"" detai" concernin* the dii'ation o+ o(nd &i)ration thro(*h
the %("" and )rain# Ho3e&er. it i 'oi)"e to ha&e a "i*ht"1 more e2'"icit
'ict(re o+ the 'rocee than the ana"o*1 )et3een the h(man )od1 and a 3ater4
+i""ed ac% 3hich 3a 'reented in the )e*innin* o+ thi man(a"#
It i &er1 'oi)"e that there are e&era" mechanim 3hich are o'eratin* at the
ame time. and one mechanim ma1 am'"i+1 the e++ect o+ another#
Ne&erthe"e.4 3hen the )aic imi"arit1 )et3een the %("" and the &io"in 3a
re&ea"ed. 3e +ind man1 imi"aritie# The 'ter1*oid 'rocee and the
'er'endic("ar "aminae o+ the 'a"ata" )one are )oth 'er'endic("ar to the %(""
)ae and radia" to the )end in the &oca" t()e# Thi re"ationhi' e2it on"1 in
the h(man %("" and not in %("" o+ other mamma" and 'rimate# I+ the &io"in
)rid*e or the o(nd 'ot are to tranmit the &i)ration o+ the trin* to the
&io"in '"ate e++ecti&e"1. the1 too ha&e to )e 'er'endic("ar to the "atter#
I+ the &oca" t()e i narro3ed and +orm hi*her +ormant a 3hen 3e 'rono(nce
0i0. the &i)ration o+ the 3a"" are 'artic("ar"1 tron* in the area o+ the )ac%
'art o+ the 'a"ate# The &i)ration are then tranmitted thro(*h the 'a"ata"
)one and the 'ter1*o'a"atine 'rocee o+ the 'henoid )one on the )od1 o+ thi
)one# Thi i the econd arch o+ tranmiion and it reem)"e the &i)ration
+rom the trin* o+ the &io"in thro(*h the )rid*e to the to' '"ate# The 'henoid
)one then tranmit the &i)ration in a com'"icated 3a1# The e""a t(rcica
tranmit them onto the crania" mem)rane. the tentori(m and the +a"2# The +a"2
ma1 carr1 them +arther onto the to' o+ the %(""# The maAor 3in* o+ the
'henoid )one tranmit the &i)ration to other )one o+ the %("". 'artic("ar"1
to the 'arieta"
)one .4 that i a*ain to the to' o+ the %(""# Beide it. the entire %(""
)ae. inc"(din* the occi'ita" )one. eem to &i)rate in 1et another. "e 3e""
(ndertood 3a1# In thi do()"ed or tri'"ed 3a1 o+ tranmiion 3e a*ain ee
reem)"ance to the it(ation o+ the &io"in# There the &i)ration o+ the )rid*e
are tranmitted to the centre o+ the )ac% '"ate thro(*h the o(nd 'ot# At the
ame time. the &i)ration are tranmitted to the mar*in o+ the )ac% '"ate
thro(*h the )a )ar and the ri).
The "at imi"arit1 )et3een the &io"in and the %("" i een in the +act that
)eca(e the 3a"" o+ )oth o+ them &i)rate. the content o+ )oth o+ them &i)rate#
Here the imi"arit1 end# In the &io"in. air i &i)ratin*. and the re("t i
'rod(ction o+ o(nd# In the %("" other ()tance are et in motion.4 the
cere)ro'ina" +"(id and the )rain 4 and no o(nd i 'rod(ced#
It there+ore i o(nd 3hich ori*inated a &oice in the &oca" tract 3hich +ina""1
et the )rain &i)ratin*# In addition 3e m(t rea"i,e that 3hen 3e h(m 3ith
c"oed mo(th. the air +"o3 thro(*h the naa" ca&it1 and not thro(*h the mo(th.
That mean that the termina" 'ortion o+ the &oca" t()e. the mo(th. ha )een
re'"aced )1 another 0t()e0. the naa" ca&it1# In thi cae. it i the econd
arch 3hich )ecome en*a*ed a the main tranmitter o+ o(nd &i)ration#
D(rin* Vi)roaco(tic thera'1 a"" 'art o+ the )od1 are et in &i)ration )1
o(nd. not on"1 the %("" and the )rain. a thi 'ot("ate i "imited to# The
'rocee o+ 03ahin*0 a3a1 the ce""= 3ate 'rod(ct and tran'ortin* n(trient
to the ce"". ho3e&er. a''"ie to a"" a'ect o+ Vi)roaco(tic thera'1#
I+ a 'atho"o*ica" 'roce ca(e thic%enin* o+ the %("" )one. then ome
&i)ration ho("d to'# I+ &i)ration are im'ortant to the )rain. then (ch
it(ation ho("d re("t in dit(r)ance o+ cere)ra" +(nction#
The 'ro)"em o+ the &i)ration o+ the crania" )one i more com'"e2 than 3e ha&e
o +ar o(t"ined. and the com'arion 3ith a m(ica" intr(ment ha another
dra3)ac%# In m(ic intr(ment. 3e a"3a1 are dea"in* 3ith &i)ratin* air. and
air i com'rei)"e# In the %("". 3e dea" 3ith materia" 3hich are )aica""1
incom'rei)"e. 3ater1# The incom'rei)"e "i5(id *i&e to a ea"ed. thin43a""ed
container the t(rdine o+ a roc%# The mai&ene o+ the 3a"" i "e
im'ortant than the 'oi)i"it1 o+ the 3a"" to de+orm and 1ie"d to 're(re or o+
the +"(id to "ea% o(t o+ the ca&it1#
In the cae o+ the %("". the de*ree o+ the c"o(re o+ the (t(re )et3een the
crania" )one ma1 )e more im'ortant than the reonance 5(a"itie o+ indi&id(a"
)one#
Mot o+ the )one in the )od1 are Aoined in Aoint# The )one o+ the %("" are
Aoined in a com'"ete"1 di++erent 3a1. )1 "ine o+ contact. 3hich are ca""ed
(t(re# The1 are )e"ie&ed to ma%e it 'oi)"e +or the )one to *ro3 d(rin*
chi"dhood and ado"ecence# A+ter the %("" ha reached it +ina" i,e. there i
no other +(nction e2'ected +or thee (t(re. and 3ith ad&ancin* a*e. the1
)ecome o)"iterated and tend to dia''ear#
At "eat t3o t1'e o+ (t(re ha&e )een reco*ni,ed# One o+ them i ca""ed
0harmonia0# It i ((a""1 a trai*ht "ine o+ contact )et3een the t3o )one# The
other t1'e i ca""ed 0(t(ra errata0. and i re'reented )1 a &er1 tort(o(
"ine o+ contact. m(ch more com'"icated than the teeth o+ a a3#
The ditri)(tion o+ thee t3o t1'e o+ (t(re on the %("" i 5(ite re*("ar and
not ha'ha,ard# Mot o+ the (t(re aro(nd and )et3een the 'arieta" )one are
errate. a"tho(*h ome e*ment ma1 )e more errate that other. 3hich i d(e to
"i*ht indi&id(a" &ariation# I+ 3e t(d1 thee (t(re more thoro(*h"1. 3e +ind
that the e2'"anation o+ their ditri)(tion and chan*e )1 *ro3th and a*in* i
too im'"itic. and mot "i%e"1 incorrect# Accordin* to the $indra% 'ot("ate.
the 0harmonia0 and the 0(t(ra errata0 are ditri)(ted trict"1 accordin* to
ho3 the indi&id(a" )one &i)rate d(rin* &oca"i,ation#
A "on* a the (t(re remain o'en. a the &i)ratin* 'henoid )one dri&e it
centra" 'art. the )od1. into the crania" ca&it1. the (t(re ma1 "i*ht"1 o'en
(' and o the &i)ration 3i"" 'read thro(*h the %("" content in a di++erent
3a1 that the1 3o("d i+ the (t(re 3ere c"oed. ri*id. oi+ied#
A"" thee (ncertaintie m(t )e %e't in mind 3hen 3e conider the &ario(
'oi)"e 3a1 in 3hich &i)ration mi*ht )e tranmitted onto the )rain and ho3
the1 'read thro(*h it#
6e 3i"" no3 conider ome 0aco(tica"0 3a1 o+ the 'read o+ the &i)ration
thro(*h the )rain# The ta% 3o("d )e m(ch eaier i+ the on"1 content o+ the
%("" 3ere air or a homo*eno( 3ater1 "i5(id# In (ch intance it 3o("d (++ice
to mea(re e2act"1 a"" the dimenion o+ the %("". and %no3in* the 'eed o+
o(nd in 3ater. 3e mi*ht )e a)"e to ca"c("ate a rather acc(rate 'ict(re o+ the
tra&e" o+ the o(nd thro(*h the crania" ca&it1#




Fi* ;@#
Mid"ine ection thro(*h the %("" and the )rain. ho3in* the area
o+ the )rain a++ected )1 &i)ration o+ the 'henoid )one -S/ and the
'arieta" )one -B/# The &i)ration +rom the e""a t(rcica a++ect 'art
o+ the +ronta" and tem'ora" "o)e and the entire )rain tem#
Vi)ration o+ the 'arieta" )one a++ect the entire 'arieta" "o)e and
'ortion o+ the +ronta" and occi'ita" "o)e# -Note the 3ed*e4ha'ed
)"ac% area o+ the %("" in the centre o+ the 'ict(re# The har' 'art
o+ the 3ed*e )e"on* to the occi'ita" )one -O/ and not to the
'henoid )one. a ta(*ht )1 ome anatomit/ -I""#9 $indra%/
The )rain i +"oatin* in the cere)ro'ina" +"(id# Sono*ra'h1. indicate that the
o(nd 3a&e inide the crania" ca&it1 do not on"1 )o(nce o++ +rom the %(""
3a"" 'ro'er. )(t a"o +rom the )rain (r+ace. +rom the 3a"" o+ the cere)ra"
&entric"e and +rom the mem)raneo( (r+ace o+ the d(ra mater. +a"2 and
tentori(m# Beide thi. the 3hite matter o+ the )rain ha )aica""1 a +i)ro(
tr(ct(re and ma1 )e aniotro'ic +or the 'read o+ o(nd# That mean. the o(nd
&i)ration do not neceari"1 'read thro(*h thi 'art o+ the )rain ()tance
3ith the ame 'eed or eae in a"" direction#

Beca(e o+ thi. an1 'h1ica" or mathematica" o+ the aco(tica" 5(a"itie o+ the
)rain 3i"" )e inacc(rate#
I+ 3e "oo% ('on the crania" ca&it1 a a 'otentia" 3hi'erin* ha"". e&era"
+eat(re are 3orth 3hi"e noticin*# Firt. the ha'e o+ the crania" ca&it1 in man
i &er1 c"oe to that o+ an e""i'oid# 6hi"e anima" )rain are ((a""1 'ear4
ha'ed. the t3o hemi'here o+ the h(man )rain +orm an a"mot 'er+ect
hemie""i'oid )eca(e o+ i*ni+icant"1 increaed i,e i+ the +ronta" and
'arieta" "o)e# The ha'e o+ the crania" 'ace a)o&e the tentori(m i a"o c"oe
to a hemie""i'oid# M(ite interetin*"1. the e""a t(rcica. 3hich i c"aimed to
)e the main tranmitter o+ crania" &i)ration. i in one +oc( o+ thi
hemie""i'oid 'ace# The other +oc( i in the inci(ra tentorii. the *ate4"i%e
o'enin* o+ the tent 3hich co&er the cere)e""(m# In the ame area a"o "ie the
choroid '"e2(. 3hich +(nction a a 0%idne1 1tem0 +or the cere)ro4'ina"
+"(id#
I+ the crania" ca&it1 3ere a 3hi'erin* ha"". the &i)ration o+ the e""a
t(rcica ho("d radiate thro(*h &er1 im'ortant area o+ the )rain )ae to3ard
the ca"&aria. the crania" &a("t. )o(nce o++ and concentrate a*ain in the
inci(ra tentorii 4 in the area 3here a*ain im'ortant n(c"ei o+ the
meence'ha"on and 'on are it(ated# I+ the +orm o+ the crania" ca&it1 enhance
the maa*in* e++ect o+ 1nchroni,ed. concentrated &i)ration o(*ht to )e
"ocated in the ame area 3here the *re1 ()tance o+ the )rain i ditri)(ted#
It i the *re1 matter 3hich need the maa*in* e++ect and )ene+it +rom it
mot. the 1na'e o+ the ner&e ce"" )ein* the tr(ct(re 3hich ha&e to )e
c"eaned )1 di++(ion 4 3hich i aited )1 &i)ration#
The *re1 matter i )aica""1 ditri)(ted in a "a1er on the (r+ace o+ the )rain#
I+ the &i)ration e2tended a"on* the inner '"ate o+ the ca"&aria in a imi"ar
3a1 a the o(nd in a 3hi'erin* *a""er1 and contin(ed a"on* the +a"2 and
tentori(m. the entire )rain corte2 3o("d )ene+it# In addition to thi. ho3e&er.
there are "ar*e acc(m("ation o+ *re1 ()tance concentrated in the )aa"
*an*"ia a"on* the mid"ine o+ the )rain and a"o a conidera)"e amo(nt o+ the
cere)ra" corte2 decend "atera""1 +rom the )aa" *an*"ia in the in("a Rei"i and
the o'erc("ar 'art o+ the "o)e# It eem that thee area recei&e 1nchroni,ed
&i)ration i+ the &i)ration radiatin* +rom the e""a t(rcica )o(nced o++ the
3a"" o+ the crania" ca&it1 and the d(ra" +o"d#



Fi* ;;
Section thro(*h the )rain ho3in* the ditri)(tion o+ the *ra1 and
3hite matter# The +o"ded "a1er on the )rain (r+ace i the corte2
-c/# Dee' inide the 3hite matter -3/ are the )aa" *an*"ia -)/# The
dotted area re'reent 'art o+ the )rain 3hich recei&e the *reatet
)ene+it +rom the &i)ration o+ the 'henoid )one -SB/ and +rom the
'arieta" )one -<B/ at their mid"ine A(nction in the a*itta"
(t(re# 6hi"e the "o3er area i a"mot 'herica". )eca(e o+ the
o(rce o+ &i)ration i the e""a t(rcica. the (''er area i
e"on*ated in the antero4'oterior direction. )eca(e the o(rce o+
the &i)ration i "inear. the a*itta" (t(re# The area o+ the
)rain 3hich are not dotted. a"o are &i)rated# Ho3e&er. thoe
&i)ration are 0econdar107 the1 are 3a&e 3hich ha&e )o(nced o++
the 3a"" o+ the crania" ca&it1# It i &er1 di++ic("t to +i*(re o(t
the intenit1 o+ thee econdar1 &i)ration in indi&id(a" 'art o+
the )rain#
-I""#9 $indra%/
A the e""a t(rcica a''ear to re'reent the mot o)&io( tranmitter o+ &oca"
&i)ration thro(*h the crania" ca&it1. the +o""o3in* cenario eem to )e
"i%e"19 The &i)ration e2'"ode thro(*h the )rain +rom the e""a in a""
direction# Thee 'rimar1 &i)ration are tron* eno(*h near the e""a a to ha&e
a 'ro+o(nd e++ect on the anterior 'art o+ the )aa" *an*"ia and the e2treme"1
im'ortant ('rao'tic area a 3e"" a the 'it(ar1 *"and# A the &i)ration )o(nce
o++ the cei"in* o+ the crania" ca&it1. their e++ect i (mmed (' in the other
+oc(. the inci(ra tentorii# Thi &i)rate &i*oro("1 the 'oterior 'art o+ the
)aa" *an*"ia. the h1'otha"am(. the meence'ha"on. 'on and. a the &i)ration
'roceed thro(*h the tentoria" *ate. a"o the ret o+ the )rain tem# A 'art o+
the ener*1. ho3e&er. &i)rate the 5(ama o+ the +ronta" )one and main"1 )oth
'arieta" )one. ometime e&en the 5(ama o+ the occi'ita" )one# Thi ca(e
tertiar1 &i)ration. tron*et a"on* the 3a"" o+ the crania" ca&it1 and
maa*in* the cere)ra" corte2#
It "oo% a i+ the %("" and )rain 3ere )(i"t 3ith the intention to ma%e (e o+
the &i)ration *enerated )1 &oca"i,ation#
The mot intri*(in* 'art o+ the d(ra mater are the +a"2. a ic%"e4ha'ed +o"d
'roAectin* +rom the cei"in* o+ the crania" ca&it1 in the mid"ine o+ the head.
and the tentori(m. a tent4"i%e mem)rane 'artitionin* the )ac% o+ the crania"
ca&it1 into a "o3er com'artment +or the cere)e""(m and an (''er com'artment +or
the occi'ita" "o)e o+ the )rain# There are t3o o)&io( +(nction )ein* ai*ned
to the +a"2 9 It o)&io("1 retrict the mo&ement o+ the )rain %ee'in* each
ha"+ o+ the )rain in it re'ecti&e ha"+ o+ the crania" ca&it1. th( 're&entin*
e2cei&e hi+t o+ thi de"icate or*an# The econd +(nction i to (''ort the
('erior and in+erior a*itta" in(e. t3o &ein4"i%e channe". carr1in* )"ood
+rom the )rain. and 3hich are it(ated in the (''er and "o3er mar*in o+ the
+a"2#
A+ter ha&in* tared +or 1ear on )it and 'iece o+ the d(ra mater and +a"2. Dr#
$indra% rea"i,ed the im'ortance o+ thee mem)rane. and the im'ortance the1 ha&e
+or the +(nctionin* o+ the )rain# The detai"ed architect(re o+ the +a"2 i.
mi"d"1 '(t. )a++"in*. 'artic("ar"1 i+ 3e com'are it 3ith the architect(re o+ the
%(""4"inin* 'ortion o+ the d(ra mater or o+ ome other 'artitionin* mem)rane.
(ch a the 'ericardi(m or '"e(ra# 6hi"e thee mem)rane ha&e a more or "e
+e"t1 arran*ement o+ their co""a*eno( +i)re. the +a"2 ho3 ditinct tream
and 'attern o+ thic% +i)re 3hich can )e eai"1 in'ected )1 the na%ed e1e# The
+i)re are 'reent in 'eci+ic '"ace o+ the +a"2 and ho3 'eci+ic arran*ement#
Simi"ar 'attern o+ +i)ro( tream i een on the tentori(m#
On in'ection o+ the +a"2. t3o maAor 1tem o+ +i)re are con'ic(o(9 ;/ The
occi'ita" radiation i a +an4ha'ed arran*ement o+ the +i)re radiatin* +rom the
area aro(nd the ori+ice o+ the "ar*e cere)ra" &ein. 3here thi &ein and the
in+erior a*itta" in( Aoin to +orm the in( rect( 4 )aica""1 +rom the 'oint
3here )oth +ree mar*in o+ the tentori(m meet each other and the +a"2. in the
roo+ cret o+ the tentori(m# The +i)re radiate to3ard the 'art o+ thi in(
3hich i attached to the 'arieta" )one# >/ The +ronta" radiation ho3 +i)re
+annin* o(t +rom the anterior inertion o+ the +a"2 on the crita *a""i o+ the
ethmoid )one. to3ard the inertion o+ the +a"2 a"on* the +ronta". 'arieta" and
occi'ita" )one# In *enera". the +ronta" 'ortion o+ the +a"2 can )e 5(ite
r(dimentar1 in o"der 'eo'"e. ometime ho3in* "ar*e 'er+oration#



Fi* ;>#
Schematic re'reentation o+ the t3o main +i)re 1tem in the +a"2.
3hich 'artition the (''er 'art o+ the crania" ca&it1 in t3o
1mmetrica" ha"&e# O 4 occi'ita" radiation. F 4 +ronta" radiation#
The arro3 indicate the direction o+ the 'read o+ &i)ration +rom
the 'henoid )one -S/ thro(*h the mar*in o+ the tentori(m -T/ onto
the ca"&aria# Note that )oth 1tem interect at the inertion o+
the +a"2 onto the 'arieta" )one -</. in the 3a"" o+ the ('erior
a*itta" in( -/# The 'oition o+ the main d(ra" in(e i
indicated )1 dotted area# In cae o+ 'eritent (t(ra mendoa -M/
and Inca )one -I/. the main tren*th o+ the &i)ration e2tend in
the direction o+ the do()"e arro3 and the Inca )one &i)rate at
"eat a m(ch a the 'arieta" )one# The ro"e o+ the ma"" ic%"e4
ha'ed 'roAection (nder the tentori(m. the +a"2 cere)e""i -+/ i
(ncertain# Sometime thi 'art o+ the d(ra mater i r(dimentar1. )(t
((a""1 it i e2treme"1 thic% and tron*. indicatin* the
tranmiion o+ &er1 tron* +orce# In ad("t. the occi'ita"
radiation. in a +e3 3ee% o"d chi"dren. the +ronta" one i more
'rominent# -I""#9 $indra%/
D/ The anchorin* o+ the +i)re i im'ortant +or the $indra% 'ot("ate9 Short.
thic% +acic"e o+ +i)re in the "atera" 3a"" o+ the ('erior a*itta" in(#
The1 eem o anchor the +a"2 to the 'art o+ the d(ra mater "inin* the inide o+
the %(""# The1 are mot 'rominent in the 3a"" o+ the 'arieta" e*ment o+ the
('erior a*itta" in( and are the contin(ation o+ the +i)re o+ the occi'ita"
and +ronta" radiation 3hich enter the 3a"" o+ the ('erior a*itta" in( and
)ecome more &ii)"e# Thee interection +rom ome %ind o+ *rid. and thro(*h the
o'enin* in the *rid. the arachnoid mem)rane end it 'roAection into the 3a""
and the "(men o+ the in(#
The +i)re 1tem in the +a"2 and d(ra reem)"e to ome e2tent the tra)ec("e o+
the )one# The re+"ect )1 their 'reence and their arran*ement the +(nction
3hich the1 'er+orm# The1 are it(ated a"on* the "ine o+ tre. and indicate
3here in the +a"2 and in 3hat direction mechanica" +orce are a''"ied# B1 their
&er1 e2itence the1 indicate. that thoe +orce and tree are +re5(ent and
not accidenta"#
The on"1 tre and +orce o+ (++icient +re5(enc1 and conitenc1 3ithin the
%("" i &i)ration d(rin* &oca"i,ation# Accordin* to $indra%. the &i)ration o+
the 'henoid )one are tranmitted +rom the t(d o+ the e""a t(rcica. thro(*h
the +ree mar*in o+ the tentori(m. onto the A(nction o+ the tentori(m and the
+a"2# From there. the &i)ration are tranmitted thro(*h the occi'ita" radiatin*
+i)re onto the 'arieta" e*ment o+ the ('erior a*itta" in(. adAacent
'arieta" d(ra mater and media" mar*in o+ the 'arieta" )one 3hich meet in the
a*itta" (t(re# The )one and the in( and the d(ra mater attached to the
'arieta" )one then )e*in to &i)rate#
D(rin* the &i)rationa" c1c"e. the mid"ine mar*in o+ the 'arieta" )one are
+irt '(""ed )1 the +i)re o+ the occi'ita" radiation do3n3ard. into the %(""#
A the1 re)o(nd. the1 3in* "i*ht"1 o(t o+ the %("" and '("" at the +a"2.
3hich i re+"ected )1 thic%er +i)re in the anterior o)"i5(e tream o+ +i)re
3hich are 'art o+ the +ronta" radiation# A )oth 'arieta" )one &i)rate. the1
are act(a""1 &er1 *ent"1 "a''in* the (r+ace o+ the )rain "1in* (nderneath o+
them and. nat(ra""1. thi 'roce *oe on a"o in and aro(nd other )one to
3hich the &i)ration are tranmitted# In addition. the &i)ration 'roceed into
the )rain ()tance ite"+#
In thi 3a1 the &i)ration are maa*in* the )rain and are +aci"itatin* the
di++(ion o+ ()tance thro(*h it# Thee &i)ration a"o 'eed (' the
circ("ation o+ the cere)ro4'ina" +"(id# The 3a1 thi i achie&ed i a ma""
mirac"e o+ )io"o*ica" 0techno"o*10 on it o3n#
The )rain i act(a""1 +"oatin* in the cere)ro'ina" +"(id -CSF/# Thi +"(id i
ecreted 3ithin the cere)ra" &entric"e )1 a hi*h"1 &ac("ari,ed ti(e ca""ed
the choroid '"e2(# Each o+ the +o(r &entric"e ha it o3n choroid '"e2(# The
CSF +"o3 thro(*h the &entric("ar 1tem o+ the )rain and emer*e +rom it
thro(*h three ma"" o'enin* at the "o3er a'ect o+ the cere)e""(m and +i"" the
()arachnoid 'ace 3hich (rro(nd the entire )rain and the 'ina" chord# One
mi*ht com'are thi it(ation 3ith that o+ the +oet( 3hich d(rin* it
intra(terine e2itence a"o +"oat in a +"(id. the amniotic +"(id. 3hich i a
ecretion o+ the +oet(= %idne1#
The ()arachnoid 'ace 3hich (rro(nd the entire )rain ha it name +rom the
arachnoid mem)rane. one o+ the t3o thin en&e"o'e o+ the )rain# The arachnoid
mem)rane conit o+ a in*"e "a1er o+ ce"" ti*ht"1 Aoined to each other )1 o4
ca""ed ti*ht A(nction# The entire arachnoid ac%. or )a*. &er1 e++ecti&e"1
in("ate the )rain +rom the ret o+ the or*anim#
The BBB or the )"ood4)rain4)arrier ha a"read1 )een mentioned# It i a 1tem o+
&er1 ti*ht A(nction in the "inin* o+ cere)ra" )"ood &ee". 'artic("ar"1 in
the ca'i""arie. 3hich 're&ent 'enetration o+ "ar*e mo"ec("e +rom the )"ood
into the )rain# The ame 1tem a"o 're&ent eca'e +rom the )rain to the
)"ood. and i a"o re+erred to a the )rain4)"ood4)arrier# The arachnoid
mem)rane i the econd 'art o+ thi )rain4)"ood4)arrier. and it i the ti*htet
)arrier o+ them a""# It doe not 'ermit mot "i%e"1 e&en the 3ater mo"ec("e to
'a thro(*h it# It mat )e com'ared to a thin43a""ed '"atic )a*. containin* the
CSF and the )rain. and i ite"+ (rro(nded )1 the d(ra mater and the %(""#
Thi trict in("ation o+ the )rain ha the '(r'oe o+ a+e*(ardin* the 'ro'er
+(nction o+ o(r )io"o*ica" com'(ter# A &er1 im'ortant cone5(ence o+ thi
io"ation o+ the )rain i the imm(no"o*ica" e5(etration o+ the )rain#
Thi 3or"d i +("" o+ &ario( t1'e o+ "i+e +orm. ome o+ 3hich 're1 on other#
To 'rotect theme"&e +rom thoe +orei*n +orm. hi*her or*anim ha&e de&e"o'ed
e"a)orate method o+ e"+4de+ence# One &er1 o'hiticated de+ence method i
imm(nit1# Hi*her or*anim. amon* them the h(man# ha&e e&o"&ed imm(ne 1tem#
The materia" ()tance o+ thi 1tem i "1m'hoid ti(e. ditri)(ted thro(*ho(t
the or*anim in the +orm o+ ma"" nod("e. the "1m'h4node# A"o the '"een.
)one marro3. toni" and th1m( are 'art o+ thi 1tem# It mot im'ortant
ce"" are the "1m'hoc1te# Some o+ them can. a+ter 'ro'er intr(ction. 'rod(ce
anti)odie 3hich can ne(tra"i,e or detro1 the anti*en.4 that i the +orei*n
materia" 3hich in&aded the )od1# Other can direct"1 %i"" the in&ader# In order
to detro1 the +orei*n in&ader. the imm(ne 1tem ha to )e a)"e to reco*ni,e
them# One ma1 a1 that it ha to me a)"e to reco*ni,e the 0e"+0 +rom the 0non4
e"+0#
For o(r (ndertandin* o+ the 'ec("iaritie o+ the re"ationhi' )et3een the
)rain and the imm(ne 1tem. it i im'ortant to %no3 that the "atter "earn ho3
to reco*ni,e the 0e"+0 hort"1 )e+ore the )irth o+ the or*anim# 6hate&er i
'reent in the )od1 i 'reented to the imm(ne 1tem at that time 3i"" )e
remem)ered )1 the 1tem a 0e"+0 and the imm(ne 1tem 3i"" re+rain +rom
attac%in* it in the +(t(re# An1thin* e"e 3hich a''ear in the or*anim "ater in
the "i+e ma1 not o reco*ni,ed and ma1 )e attac%ed )1 the imm(ne mechanim a
0non4e"+0 or 0+orei*n0#
In h(man. thi et4(' i not 3itho(t 'ro)"em9 The )rain de&e"o' &er1 "o3"1.
and i not +inihed at the time o+ )irth# In 'artic("ar. "ar*e 5(antit1 o+ the
materia" 3hich coat and in("ate the ner&e +i)re. m1e"in. de&e"o' a+ter
)irth# I+ the imm(ne 1tem had +ree acce to thi materia". it 3o("d not )e
a)"e to reco*ni,e it a 0e"+0 and 3o("d attac% it# Thi i another reaon 3h1
the )rain ha to )e in("ated +rom the ret o+ the or*anim. 3here the
"1m'hoc1te can roam more or "e 3itho(t retriction in their earch +or 0non4
e"+0. and 3h1 the arachnoid mem)rane i o im'ortant#




Fi* ;D#
Cro ection thro(*h the %("" and )rain in the mid"ine. at the
"e&e" o+ the a*itta" (t(re -/. 3here )oth 'arieta" )one -<B/
meet# The )rain -B/ i co&ered )1 a thin mem)rane. the arachnoid
-A/# The ()arachnoid 'ace -SA/ i +i""ed 3ith cere)ro'ina" +"(id
-CSF/. 3hich i '(m'ed )1 arachnoid )(") -AB/ and arachnoid
*ran("ation -AG/ into the ('erior a*itta" in( -/ and "atera"
"ac(nae -LL/# The in( contain )"ood. the "atera" "ac(nae contain
((a""1 cere)ro4'ina" +"(id# The +"oor o+ the "atera" "ac(nae are
((a""1 +("" o+ arachnoid )(")# The arachnoid *ran("ation are
com'"e2e o+ arachnoid )(")# The d(ra mater -DM/ +orm the 3a"" o+
the and LL# The +"oor o+ thee ca&itie are +ormed )1 a "attice
o+ interectin* +i)re +rom the +ronta" and occi'ita" radiation o+
the +a"2 -F/# The +i)re (rro(nd the AB and 'enetrate into the AG#
D(rin* &oca"i,ation. the +i)re )e*in to &i)rate and +orce the CSF
to +"o3 +ater into the LL and # Some o+ the AG are o "ar*e a
to im'in*e on the inner '"ate o+ the 'arieta" )one. 3here the1
'rod(ce ma"" 'it. the +o&eo"ae *ran("are -FG/# Vi)ratin* <B can
direct"1 "a' (ch a "ar*e *ran("ation or e2ert a (c%in* e++ect on
it 3ith the ho""o3 o+ the +o&eo"a. th( a*ain increain* the rate o+
the +"o3 o+ the CSF# B1 'eedin* (' the +"o3 o+ the CSF. it rene3a"
rate i increaed and e"(tion o+ ()tance +rom the )rain i
+aci"itated# -I""#9 $indra%/
The cere)ro'ina" +"(id i rene3ed e&er1 +o(r ho(r. and it ro"e i not on"1 to
+"oat the )rain# It a"o ha to 3ah the )rain (r+ace and a""o3 ome o+ the
3ate 'rod(ct to "ea% o(t o+ the )rain into it# Thi 'roce. ca""ed e"(tion.
i act(a""1 one a'ect o+ di++(ion#
The on"1 '"ace 3here the CSF can "ea&e the S()arachnoid 'ace -SAS/ are
arachnoid &i""i. thro(*h 3hich the CSF i +(nne""ed into the )"ood# Thee &i""i
are ma"" 'roAection o+ the arachnoid mem)rane thro(*h the d(ra mater into the
&eno( in(e# The1 are the on"1 '"ace 3here the arachnoid i "ea%1.4 the
arachnoid ce"" are not ti*ht"1 Aoined to*ether. and there+ore 'ermit the eca'e
o+ CSF into the )"ood circ("ation#
In man. ome o+ the &i""i +orm more com'"e2 and "ar*er 1tem 3hich are &ii)"e
)1 the na%ed e1e a ma"" 'roAection into the d(ra" in(e or into the &eno(
"atera" "ac(nae. ditended 'ortion o+ certain menin*ea" -d(ra"/ &ein a"on* the
# The1 are ca""ed arachnoid *ran("ation or <acchionian *ran("ation# For the
CSF to )e a)"e to +"o3 thro(*h thee *ran("ation into the )"ood. the 're(re
o+ the CSF ha to )e hi*her than the )"ood 're(re 3ithin the d(ra" in(e#
It i a 3e"" eta)"ihed +act that the 're(re o+ )"ood in &ein de'end &er1
m(ch on the 'oition o+ the &ein re"ati&e to the ret o+ the )od1# In the &ein
o+ the "e* the 're(re i hi*her that in the &ein in the +ace or nec%# The
o+ the d(ra mater i a rather "ar*e channe" o+ &eno( )"ood it(ated ri*ht
(nder the ca"&aria. at the hi*het 'oition in the )od1. i+ the )od1 tand
('ri*ht# A an additiona" i*ni+icant +eat(re. it 3a"" are ri*id. non4
co""a'i)"e# There+ore. a ne*ati&e )"ood 're(re in thi channe" 3i"" e2ert a
(c%in* e++ect on the arachnoid *ran("ation and o +aci"itate the +"o3 o+ CSF
into the )"ood# I+ the rate o+ rene3a" o+ the CSF i o+ an1 im'ortance +or the
c"ean (' and maintenance o+ the )rain. the ('ri*ht 'oition and *ait i
im'ortant +rom )oth the 'h1io"o*ica" and e&o"(tionar1 'oint o+ &ie3#
6hen 3e t(d1 the ditri)(tion o+ thee *ran("ation thro(*ho(t the &eno(
in(e o+ the d(ra mater. 3e immediate"1 notice that the "ar*et o+ thee
*ran("ation and the *reatet n(m)er o+ them are 'reent in the 3a"" o+ the
'arieta" e*ment o+ the and in the &eno( "ac(nae "atera"e adAacent to thi
e*ment.4 the area 3hich &i)rate mot &i*oro("1 d(rin* &oca"i,ation# The 3a1.
in 3hich thi &i)ration can in+"(ence the +"o3 o+ the CSF thro(*h the
*ran("ation into the )"ood. ha not )een 5(ite c"ear# It 3a )e"ie&ed that the
*ran("ation A(t 3ere ome %ind o+ )o"t 3hich +i2ed the arachnoid mem)rane to
the d(ra mater and to the %(""# 6hen it )ecame c"ear that it i thro(*h them
that the CSF *et into the )"ood. the e2act mechanim ti"" e"(ded the
reearcher# H(man arachnoid *ran("ation are (ni5(e# It *ran("ation er&e in
a &er1 im'"e mechanitic 3a1 a +(nne" +or the +"o3 o+ the CSF#
The ce"" in the ca' o+ the arachnoid *ran("ation re'reent ome %ind o+ ie&e
thro(*h 3hich the CSF +"o3 in one direction on"1. +rom the ()arachnoid 'ace
into the in(e. )eca(e the ce"" "a1 o&er each other. imi"ar to roo+ ti"e
or the "ea+"et o+ a roe )(d# I+ the 're(re o+ the CSF i hi*her than that o+
the )"ood in the in(. the +"o3 i 'oi)"e# I+ the 're(re 3ere re&ered.
the "a1er o+ ce"" in the ca' tart +(nctionin* a microco'ic &a"&e and the
dan*ero( )ac%+"o3 +rom the )"ood into the ()arachnoid 'ace i 're&ented#



Fi* ;E
The 0ra+ter0 o+ the %("" &a("t# Re"ationhi' o+ arachnoid )(") to
interectin* +i)ro( )and in the 3a"" o+ the ('erior a*itta"
in( and in the +"oor o+ the "atera" "ac(nae# A the +i)re o+ the
occi'ita" -O/ and +ronta" -F/ radiation o+ the +a"2 interect. the1
(rro(nd the arachnoid )(") +rom &ario( ide# The 'ict(re i
im'"i+ied. there are man1 )ranchin* +i)re. interconnected in more
com'"icated 3a1. and the )(") are +re5(ent"1 it(ated o)"i5(e"1#
The arachnoid mem)rane "ine the entire +rame3or% on the (nderide
-a/# A the +i)re &i)rate d(rin* &oca"i,ation. the1 maa*e the
)(") and the +"o3 o+ the CSF thro(*h them i acce"erated# The
direction o+ the +"o3 o+ the CSF i indicated 3ith arro3# The 'art
o+ the d(ra mater 3hich "ine the 3a"" o+ the in( or "atera"
"ac(na i not de'icted# -I""#9 $indra%/
The conce't o+ a ie&e i +a&o(ra)"e +or the $indra% 'ot("ate# I+ 3e 3ant to
+orce 'artic("ate materia" thro(*h a ie&e. 3e ha&e to ha%e 4 or &i)rate 4 the
*ad*et. other3ie the 'aa*e o+ materia" thro(*h the ie&e 3i"" to'# 6hen 3e
)e*in to e2amine the a)o&e decri)ed 'roce at microco'ic "e&e". 3e +ind that
e&en the +"o3 o+ a "i5(id thro(*h a ie&e 3ith min(te. microco'ic o'enin* 3i""
)e enormo("1 +aci"itated )1 &i)ration# It ha to do 3ith the interna" +riction
o+ the mo"ec("e in a "i5(id and 3ith o4ca""ed (r+ace tenion# A the
*ran("ation &i)rate. the +"o3 o+ the CSF )ecome +ater#
There eem to )e additiona" mechanim aociated 3ith &i)ration o+ the %(""
and d(ra mater 3hich mi*ht enhance the +"o3 o+ the CSF into the )"ood9 The nec%
o+ each *ran("ation 'ae thro(*h the d(ra mater# A the d(ra mater &i)rate.
it attachment onto the nec% o+ the arachnoid *ran("ation ma1 e2ert a mi"%in*
e++ect on it# S(ch an e++ect i di++ic("t to 'ro&e# ho3e&er# Ne&erthe"e. 3hen
3e rea"i,e that man1 ma""er *ran("ation. the arachnoid )("). 'a thro(*h the
ho"e in the *rid +ormed )1 the radiatin* +i)re. a thi net3or% tart
&i)ratin*. the *rid )ecome tran+ormed into a 1tem o+ &i)ratin* trin*.
3hich )e*in to com're and re"eae the nec% o+ the )(")# 6e +ind thi in the
3a"" o+ the ('erior a*itta" in( 3ith the croin* +i)re o+ the anterior and
'oterior radiation#
There i another e++ect9 That o+ the &i)ration o+ the 'arieta" )one# Here 3e
ha&e tr(ct(ra". anatomic e&idence# Some o+ the arachnoid *ran("ation are o
"ar*e. that the1 im'in*e ('on the o''oite 3a"" o+ the in( 3hich i "inin* the
intracrania" (r+ace o+ the )one# At the ite o+ thi contact. the +i)ro(.
d(ra". 'art o+ the in( 3a"" i mar%ed"1 thinned o(t. and the )one i ho""o3ed
o(t. +ormin* a ma"" 'it. ca""ed +o&eo"a *ran("ari# M("ti'"e (ch +o&eo"ae can
)e een on the inner a'ect o+ the 'arieta" )one c"oe to the a*itta" (t(re#
Each +o&eo"a contain the ti' o+ an arachnoid *ran("ation 3hich 'rotr(de into
it# A the )one &i)rate. the )on1 +o&eo"a ma1 e2ert a (c%in*. '(m'in* e++ect
on the arachnoid *ran("ation#
The ditri)(tion. ha'e . +(nction and interre"ation o+ a"" thee tr(ct(re
remain incom'reheni)"e 3itho(t the e2itence o+ i*ni+icant. +re5(ent. and
&i*oro( &i)ration o+ the %("" a 'rod(ced )1 &oca"i,ation#
On the other hand. man1 tr(ct(ra" 'ec("iaritie o+ the arachnoid &i""i and
*ran("ation )e*in to ma%e ene the moment 3e acce't the 'rinci'"e o+ the
e++ect o+ &i)ration on the CSF#
The tr(e arachnoid *ran("ation i a com'"e2 o+ arachnoid )("). ((a""1 e&era"
ten o+ them# The )(") ha&e an inner co""a*eno( core 3hich the &i""( doe not
ha&e# <ammona )odie are +re5(ent"1 +o(nd in them. and occaiona""1 one can
e&en +ind a tin1 )one in the core or the (r+ace o+ a )(")# Near the ti' o+ the
)("). the arachnoid and the d(ra mater +orm a &er1 ce""("ar contact# A tr(e
<acchionian *ran("ation i. there+ore. a com'"e2 o+ m("ti'"e arachnoid )(")
com'"ete"1 (rro(nded and 'enetrated )1 m("tidirectiona" ca++o"din* o+
co""a*eno( )and 3hich are a"o deri&ed +rom the d(ra mater.4 +rom the +i)re
3hich are a contin(ation o+ the 'oterior and anterior radiation o+ the +i)re
in the +a"2#
The h(man arachnoid *ran("ation are m(ch more com'"icated than imi"ar
tr(ct(re +o(nd o +ar in anima"7 the1 are at the to' o+ the e&o"(tionar1
"adder o+ thi tin1 or*an# Second. the1 de&e"o' *rad(a""1 a+ter )irth# Ne3)orn
)a)ie ha&e &er1 im'"e arachnoid &i""i 'rotr(din* into the 3a"" o+ the a*itta"
in(# The +irt *ran("ation &ii)"e )1 (naided e1e a''ear aro(nd the a*e o+ >
1ear# 6ith ad&ancin* a*e. the1 )ecome "ar*er and more com'"e2# It i not %no3n
3ether the1 diminih or de*enerate in o"d a*e#
Dr# $indra% i con&inced that thee tin1 '(m' are e2treme"1 im'ortant +or
'eedin* (' the circ("ation o+ the CSF and )1 that the e"(tion o+ (ndeira)"e
()tance +rom the )rain# To ha&e a )etter +(nctionin* )rain. 3e ha&e to ha&e
more o+ thee '(m'. and 3e ha&e to ma%e them 3or% )1 &oca"i,in* 4 or )1
Vi)roaco(tic tim("ation#
Beca(e the '(m' de&e"o' d(rin* in+anc1 and chi"dhood and mot "i%e"1. in
re'one to +re5(ent &oca"i,ation.4 i+ 3e do not &oca"i,e eno(*h a a chi"d or
1o(n*ter. 3e ma1 )e t(c% 3ith an ine++icient )io"o*ica" com'(ter +or the ret
o+ o(r "i&e# One 3a1 o+ co(nteractin* thi 3i"" )e to ma%e (e o+ the
'oi)i"itie 3hich e2it in Vi)roaco(tic thera'1#