Measuring Earthwork

Course Title: Construction Administration
Course NO.: 4300-471

Topic: MA!"#$N% A#T&'O#( )ile * +++, -OC".$/ CNT#
MEASURING EARTHWORK
GENERAL
-i0ision +, site 1or2, o3 t4e "ni3orm Construction $nde5 6C!$ 3ormat7 includes a 1ide
0ariet8 o3 su9:ect areas. T4e 3ollo1in; ma:or areas o3 di0ision + 1ill 9e co0ered in t4is
4andout: site1or2, 9uildin; e5ca0ation, 9ac23illin;, and related eart41or2 acti0ities.
)inanciall8, eart41or2 is one o3 t4e most ris28 p4ases in t4e construction o3 a pro:ect
9ecause o3 t4e multitude o3 un2no1ns. 'eat4er and su9sur3ace conditions suc4 as roc2,
under;round 1ater, and soil t8pe add to t4e uncertainties. T4ese 0aria9les not onl8 a33ect
la9or producti0it8 9ut also e<uipment selection and production. 5ca0ation can 9e 98
4and or 98 t4e use o3 lar;e tractors, scrapers, or dra;lines.
Measurin; site1or2 and e5ca0ation 1or2 is di33erent 3rom measurin; most ot4er 1or2 o3
a construction pro:ect 9ecause tender dra1in;s usuall8 pro0ide 0er8 little detail a9out t4e
speci3ic re<uirements o3 site1or2 operations. T4e dra1in;s 1ill ;i0e details o3 t4e ne1
construction re<uired 3or t4e pro:ect, 9ut in3ormation a9out 14at is currentl8 to 9e 3ound
at t4e site o3 t4e proposed 1or2 ma8 not 9e pro0ided. )urt4ermore, t4e si=e and dept4 o3
3oundations ma8 9e de3ined in detail on t4e dra1in;s, 9ut t4ere is t8picall8 not4in;
disclosed a9out t4e dimensions and s4ape o3 t4e e5ca0ations re<uired to accommodate
t4ese constructions.
T4e e5act amount o3 e5ca0ation is sometimes di33icult to determine 9ecause o3 t4e
0ar8in; 3ield conditions. T4e materials purc4ased 3or t4e pro:ect 6sand and ;ra0el7 are
also di33icult to determine 9ecause o3 0ariations in moisture content, material consistenc8,
and 1aste 3actors.
MEASURING EARTHWORK
T4e <uantit8 ta2eo33 o3 e5ca0ation is in cu9ic 3eet and con0erted to cu9ic 8ards. T4e
estimator needs to esta9lis4 i3 9an2 8ards or s1elled 8ards are 9ein; used in t4e
calculations. A 9an28ard is t4e measurement o3 t4e soil, as it lies undistur9ed in t4e
;round. '4en t4e soil is e5ca0ated it 1ill e5pand and assume a lar;er 0olume. T4is
e5pansion is called t4e s1ell 3actor. $t is measured as a percenta;e increase a9o0e t4e
undistur9ed 0olume. Once e5ca0ated soil is placed and compacted on t4e pro:ect, it 1ill
9e compressed into a smaller 0olume. T4e de;ree o3 compaction and t4e t8pe o3 soil 1ill
a33ect t4e amount o3 s4rin2a;e. T4e estimator needs to compensate 3or s1ell and
s4rin2a;e 14en 4aulin; eart4 o33 t4e site or 9rin;in; additional material and compactin;
it on t4e site.
T4e s1ell and s4rin2a;e 3actors 0ar8 ;reatl8 dependin; on t4e t8pe o3 material. T4e
estimator s4ould re3er to t4e soils report to determine t4e e5act s1ell and>or s4rin2a;e
1 o3 +?
3actors 3or eac4 speci3ic pro:ect. )ine and coarse a;;re;ates are ta2en o33 in cu9ic 3eet
and t4en con0erted to tons.
Sitework Takeoff
Most construction pro:ects re<uire t4e mo0ement o3 eart41or2 on site. T4is 1ill result in
alterin; t4e e5istin; ele0ation to a di33erent or 3inis4 ele0ation. To determine t4e amount
o3 soil to 9e mo0ed, t4e estimator needs to 4a0e a plot plan or topo;rap4ic sur0e8. T4is
dra1in; is de0eloped 98 plottin; t4e readin;s 6ele0ations7 o9tained 3rom a topo;rap4ic
3ield sur0e8 usuall8 per3ormed 98 a licensed land sur0e8or.
T4e di33erent contour lines represent c4an;es in ele0ation. T4e das4ed lines usuall8
indicate e5istin; ele0ations@ t4e solid lines represent proposed or 3inis4 ele0ations.
+ o3 +?
Ae3ore t4e e5ca0ations can 9e;in t4e site 1ill 4a0e to 9e cleared o3 un1anted trees and
under9rus4. $t 1ill 9e necessar8 3or t4e estimator to 0isit t4e site to determine t4e e5tent
o3 clearin; and ;ru99in;. A8 0isitin; t4e site and usin; t4e dra1in;s, t4e estimator can
determine 4o1 muc4 land needs to 9e cleared.
T1o met4ods are used to calculate t4e <uantit8 o3 eart4 to 9e mo0ed on a site. T4e area
a0era;e end met4od is normall8 used 3or 4ea08 and 4i;41a8 1or2, and t4e ;rid met4od
is usuall8 used 3or 9uildin; construction.
AREA AVERAGE END METHOD
T4e 3irst met4od in t4e area a0era;e end met4od is to di0ide t4e plot plan into a series o3
;rids. T4e e5istin; and 3inis4 ele0ations are noted at t4e intersection o3 ;rid lines. An8
inter0al can 9e used 3or t4is. T4e ne5t step is to determine 4o1 t4e sections 1ill 9e cut.
T4e estimator can select a nort4-sout4 or east-1est direction. $t is usuall8 less
cum9ersome in de0elopin; t4e necessar8 calculations to select t4e s4ortest o0erall
dimension. $n t4e 3i;ure s4o1n 9elo1, cuttin; a series o3 sections at eac4 ?0-3t N-! ;rid
line 1ill result in si5 cross-sections, or stations.
3 o3 +?
"sin; t4e e5istin; and 3inal ele0ations, t4e estimator plots a cross-section at eac4 station
and calculates t4e respecti0e areas.
)indin; t4e areas ma8 9e a simple tas2 o3 di0idin; t4e total cross-section into a series o3
simple 3i;ures to remo0e t4e need to use tri;onometr8 or calculus. Ot4er met4ods, suc4
as plottin; eac4 cross-section to scale, determinin; t4e area in s<uare inc4es, and
con0ertin; it to s<uare 3eet usin; t4e desi;nated scales, can also 9e used. T4e
planimeter can also 9e used to determine t4e area 3rom t4e scaled dra1in;.
Once all areas 4a0e 9een determined, t4e ne5t step is to 3ind t4e 0olume o3 eart4 to 9e
mo0ed 9et1een an8 t1o ad:acent stations. T4e 3ollo1in; relations4ip can 9e used to
calculate t4is 0olume:
+
=
+
+ 1
1+
A A
V /erpendicular distance 9et1een stations
4 o3 +?
T4is process is repeated 3or eac4 set o3 cross-sections. T4e 0olumes are t4en summed to
o9tain t4e total 0olume to 9e mo0ed.
? o3 +?
GRID METHOD
A muc4 easier met4od 3or calculatin; cut and 3ill re<uirements 3or ;eneral 9uildin; and
site1or2 is t4e ;rid met4od. T4is met4od does not re<uire section dra1in;s or
complicated area 3ormulas.
T4e 3irst step in t4is met4od is to dra1 ;rid lines on t4e site plan. T4e ;rid used is
normall8 s<uare, 9ut it can ta2e t4e s4ape o3 rectan;les or ot4er ;eometric 3i;ures. T4e
si=e o3 t4e ;rid is a 3unction o3 t4e scale o3 t4e dra1in;, t4e inter0al o3 t4e contours, and
t4e close pro5imit8 o3 one contour line to anot4er. A small ;rid 1ill produce a more
precise cut-3ill estimate, 9ut it s4ould 9e 2ept 1it4in t4e relati0e accurac8 o3 t4e total
eart41or2. %enerall8, a ;rid o3 1-inc4 s<uare could 9e used to start t4e e0aluation. $3 no
contour lines 3all 1it4in t4e ;rid t4e si=e s4ould 9e increased.
B o3 +?
T4e ne5t step is to ma2e readin;s o3 t4e e5istin; and proposed ele0ations and record
t4em on a c4art. T4e readin;s are t4e a0era;e ele0ations 3or eac4 ;rid. T4e a0era;e
ele0ation can 9e o9tained 98 one o3 t1o met4ods. $3 t4e ;rid 4as a relati0el8 consistent
slope, t4en t4e 0isual center o3 t4e ;rid is esta9lis4ed and t4e readin; is an interpolation
9et1een t4e t1o closest contour lines. $n ;rid A? 6a9o0e7 t4e proposed contour o3 t4e
land is in a relati0el8 consistent slope 3rom t4e sout4east to nort41est. T4e ele0ation
contour lines mar2ed 77 and 7C are closest to t4e center. A8 0isuall8 dra1in; t4e s4ortest
line t4at 1ill touc4 t4ese t1o contour lines and ;o t4rou;4 t4e center o3 t4e ;rid, t4e
interpolation 1ill s4o1 t4at 77 is closer to t4e center t4an 7C. A :ud;ment is made t4at
t4e center is one-3ourt4 o3 t4e distance 9et1een 77 and 7C. T4e readin; is t4en recorded
as 77.+?.
7 o3 +?
T4e second met4od o3 o9tainin; t4e ele0ation is calculated 98 a0era;in; t4e 3our corners
o3 t4e ;rid. $3 t4e land is not at a constant slope, it ma8 9e necessar8 to ta2e se0eral
readin;s and 3ind t4e a0era;e. T4e center o3 ;rid CB 3or t4e proposed contours ma8 not
represent t4e a0era;e ele0ation o3 t4e ;rid. #eadin;s are made and recorded in t4e same
manner as t4e pre0ious met4od 3or eac4 o3 t4e corners o3 t4e ;rid and an a0era;e is
determined.
T4e e5istin; and proposed ele0ations are recorded in a c4art. T4e proposed ele0ation is
su9tracted 3rom t4e e5istin; ele0ation and recorded in t4e appropriate column. $3 t4e
di33erence is positi0e, t4e ;rid 1ill 4a0e to 9e cut and t4e num9er recorded in t4e cut
column. $3 t4e di33erence is ne;ati0e, t4e ;rid 1ill 4a0e to 9e 3illed and t4e num9er
recorded in t4e 3ill column.
T4e ne5t step is to record t4e area o3 t4e ;rid in s<uare 3eet. T4e ;rid area is t4en
multiplied 98 t4e cut or 3ill columns and recorded in t4e appropriate cut or 3ill 0olume
column in cu9ic 3eet. T4e sum o3 t4e 0olume columns 1ill ;i0e t4e total cut and 3ill on
t4e pro:ect.
T4e 3i;ure a9o0e also s4o1s a cut-3ill line, at 14ic4 neit4er cut nor 3ill is re<uired. T4is
line can 9e esta9lis4ed 98 simpl8 interpretin; t4e location point o3 ;rids t4at s4o1 little
or no cut or 3ill. A cut-3ill line is t4en dra1n 9et1een t4e points. T4is line can 4elp t4e
contractor esta9lis4 t4e tra33ic patterns on t4e site 3or t4e cut and 3ill operations.
BUILDING EXCAVATION QUANTIT TAKEO!!
)or some 9uildin;s, mass e5ca0ation ma8 9e re<uired, 14ereas 3or ot4ers trenc4in; 3or
3oundation 1alls or 3ootin;s ma8 9e needed.
MASS BUILDING EXCAVATION
T4e <uantit8 o3 mass e5ca0ation is o9tained 3rom t4e details o3 t4e desi;n. T4e o0erall
si=e o3 t4e 9uildin; and t4e si=e o3 t4e 3ootin;s need to 9e 2no1n 9e3ore t4e si=e o3 t4e
e5ca0ation is calculated. T4e construction met4od and t4e sa3et8 o3 t4e 1or2ers 1ill also
need to 9e considered 14en determinin; t4e si=e o3 t4e e5ca0ation.
T4e dept4 o3 t4e e5ca0ation is t4e di33erence 9et1een t4e e5istin; ele0ation and t4e
lo1est point o3 t4e materials to 9e placed. )or most 9uildin; sites, t4e a0era;e e5istin;
ele0ation o3 t4e total 9uildin; area can 9e used to esta9lis4 t4e top o3 t4e e5ca0ation. $3
t4e eart4 slopes a ;reat deal in t4e area o3 t4e 9uildin;, it ma8 9e necessar8 to 9rea2 t4e
9uildin; do1n into smaller sections. T4e lo1est point is normall8 t4e 9ottom o3 t4e
;ranular material under t4e concrete sla9.
C o3 +?
)or t4e 3i;ure s4o1n a9o0e t4e total dept4 o3 t4e e5ca0ation 1ill 9e:
5istin; A0era;e le0ation 3++.00 3t
!trip Top !oil -000.?0 3t
le0ation D Top o3 )ootin;s -311.?0 3t
"nder D !la9 %ra0el -000.33 3t
Total -ept4 o3 5ca0ation 10.33 3t
$t s4ould 9e noted t4at additional 3inis4 4and e5ca0ation 1ill 9e necessar8 to e5ca0ate to
t4e 9ottom o3 t4e 3ootin;s.
T4e len;t4 and 1idt4 o3 t4e e5ca0ation can 9e determined 98 addin; t4e outside
dimensions o3 t4e 9uildin;, t4e 3ootin; pro:ections, and t4e amount o3 1or2in; space
E o3 +?
re<uired to sa3el8 install t4e 3ootin;s, 1alls, 1aterproo3in;, and so on. T4e amount o3
1or2in; space re<uired depends on t4e 1or2 acti0it8, dept4 o3 t4e e5ca0ation, t8pe o3
soil, and t4e met4od o3 protectin; a;ainst ca0e-ins. $n t4e 3i;ure a9o0e, t4e o0erall plan
dimensions o3 t4e e5ca0ation are
LENGTH
Outside dimensions o3 t4e 9uildin; C? 3t D 0 in
)ootin; pro:ections, + 5 B in 1 3t D 0 in
'or2in; room, + 5 3 3t B 3t D 0 in
Fen;t4 o3 e5ca0ation E+ 3t D 0 in
WIDTH
Outside dimensions o3 t4e 9uildin; 3+ 3t D 0 in
)ootin; pro:ections, + 5 B in 1 3t D 0 in
'or2in; room, + 5 3 3t B 3t D 0 in
Fen;t4 o3 e5ca0ation 3E 3t D 0 in
T4e total mass e5ca0ation <uantit8 is
10.33 3t G E+.0 3t G 3E.0 3t H 37,0B4 c3t or 1373 c8d
CAVE"INS
T4ere are se0eral 1a8s to protect a;ainst ca0e-ins. One is to dri0e metal s4eet pilin;
around t4e perimeter o3 t4e 9uildin; 9e3ore t4e e5ca0ation 9e;ins. T4is met4od is
e5pensi0e, 9ut it is sometimes re<uired 9ecause o3 t4e close pro5imit8 o3 ot4er structures.
A more common met4od is to slope t4e ed;es o3 t4e e5ca0ation 9ac2 to t4e an;le o3
repose. T4is is 2no1n as la8in; 9ac2 t4e sides o3 t4e e5ca0ation. T4e an;le o3 repose
6also 2no1n as t4e an;le o3 internal 3riction7 is t4e an;le 9et1een a 4ori=ontal line and
t4e slopin; sur3ace o3 t4e eart4 at 14ic4 it 1ill ;enerall8 remain sta9le 6or not slide7
unless distur9ed. T4e an;le o3 repose depends on t4e t8pe o3 soil and its moisture content.
'4en t4e estimator encounters t4e need to la8 9ac2 t4e sides o3 t4e e5ca0ation, t4e e5tra
soil to 9e e5ca0ated must 9e ta2en into consideration. To calculate t4e total <uantit8, t4e
estimator can eit4er di0ide t4e entire 0olume into simple 3i;ures or consider t4e entire
0olume as one 3i;ure.
)or e5ample 3or t4e 3i;ure a9o0e, t4e 0olume o3 t4e prismoid can 9e o9tained 3rom t4e
3ollo1in; relations4ip:
10 o3 +?
Volume = (h/6) (area of base + 4(area of mise!"io#) + area of "o$)
'4ere,
Area of base = (%&'()(&)'() = %*++'( f"
)
Area a" "o$ = ((%&'() + ())(,('%%/"a# 4*
(
)) - ((&)'() + ())(,('%%/"a# 4*
(
)) = 6.))'( f"
)
Area of mise!"io# = ((%&'() + ())(*',6/"a# 4*
(
)) - ((&)'() + ())(*',6/"a# 4*
(
))
= *(4+'( f"
)
T4us,
Total Iolume H 610.33>B763?CC J 6476?04C7 J B7++7 H ?+,?1? c3t or 1,E4? c8d
BUILDING WALL AND !OOTING EXCAVATION
$3 t4e pro:ect does not 4a0e a 3loor le0el 9elo1 ;rade, it is necessar8 onl8 to e5ca0ate 3or
t4e 3ootin;s. T4e procedures 3or 1all 3ootin; e5ca0ation are similar to t4ose o3 mass
e5ca0ation. T4e 3irst step is to determine t4e len;t4 o3 t4e 3ootin;s. T4e 9est procedure is
to use t4e centerline dimensions o3 t4e 3oundation around t4e perimeter o3 t4e 9uildin;.
T4e dept4 o3 t4e e5ca0ation is determined similar to t4e dept4 o3 determinin; mass
e5ca0ation. T4e t4ic2ness o3 t4e topsoil must 9e su9tracted 3rom t4e e5istin; ele0ation i3
it 4as 9een remo0ed durin; t4e site 1or2.
T4e estimator t4en 4as to decide 4o1 t4e sides o3 t4e 3ootin; are to 9e 3ormed to 4old t4e
concrete until it 4as cured. T1o procedures can 9e used 3or t4is.
Ear"h/forme foo"i#0s
One is to care3ull8 e5ca0ate t4e 3ootin;s and let t4e sides o3 t4e e5ca0ation ser0e as t4e
3orm 6eart4-3orm7. $3 t4e 3ootin;s are eart4-3ormed, it 1ill 9e necessar8 to care3ull8 s4ape
t4e sides o3 t4e 3ootin;s.
1orm2or3 forme foo"i#0s
T4e ot4er is to 9uild a side 3orm o3 1ood or ot4er appropriate material and t4en remo0e it
a3ter t4e concrete 4as 9een placed and cured. $3 t4e sides o3 t4e 3ootin;s are 3ormed,
additional e5ca0ation is necessar8 to allo1 3or a lar;er 1or2in; space.
$n 14ic4e0er 1a8 t4e 3ootin;s ma8 9e 3ormed, t4e slopin; o3 t4e sides o3 t4e e5ca0ation
is necessar8 to pre0ent ca0e-ins. )i;ure 9elo1 s4o1s t4e calculations re<uired 3or 3ootin;
e5ca0ation.
11 o3 +?
1+ o3 +?
BACK!ILLING
A3ter t4e 3oundation 4as 9een completed, soil must 9e placed in t4e 0oid t4at remains.
T4is operation usuall8 ta2es place a3ter t4e 9uildin; 4as 9een su9stantiall8 completed.
T1o met4ods are commonl8 used to calculate t4e <uantit8 o3 material re<uired 3or
9ac23illin;. T4e 3irst met4od is to su9tract t4e 0olume o3 t4e 9uildin; 9elo1 ;rade
6includin; t4e 9asement, 3oundation s8stem, and an8 3ill under t4e 9uildin;7 3rom t4e
0olume o3 t4e soil remo0ed durin; t4e 9uildin; e5ca0ation. Consider t4e 3i;ure 9elo1
and assume t4at 14?0 cu9ic 8ards o3 e5ca0ation is re<uired 3or t4e 9uildin;.
Iolume o3 e5ca0ation H 14?0.0 c8d
Iolume o3 9uildin; 64? 5 7C 5 E7>+7 H - 1170.0 c8d
Iolume o3 3ootin; pro:ection
K64?
>
J 4?
>
J 7C
>
J 7C
>
7 5 0.?
>
5 0.?
>
L>+7 H - +.3 c8d
Total Aac23ill H +77.7 c8d
T4e second met4od is to calculate t4e actual 0olume o3 9ac23ill re<uired. T4is met4od is
particularl8 used 3or 9uildin;s t4at do not 4a0e a 9asement and t4e material used 3or
9ac23illin; is di33erent on eit4er side o3 t4e 3oundation 1all. T4e estimator s4ould
produce a detailed s2etc4 prior to calculatin; t4e amount o3 9ac23ill re<uired.
13 o3 +?
Area o3 A and - 6+761>+76476B.+?7 H +?.00 s3t
Area o3 A and C 6+761.?76?.+?7 H 1?.7? s3t
Area o3 and ) 6+7617617 H 0+.00 s3t
Total Area H 4+.7? s3t
And t4e 0olume o3 9ac23ill is
1B? 3t 5 4+.7? s3t H 70?3.7? c3t or +B1.+? c8d
14 o3 +?
#RICING EARTHWORK $EXCAVATION AND BACK!ILL%
EARTHWORK EQUI#MENT
Equipment transportation expenses
T4e cost o3 transportin; minor items o3 e<uipment suc4 as plate compactors, small
rollers, 9o9cats, and small tractors to and 3ro 3rom t4e site is normall8 priced on t4e
%eneral 5pense !4eet under t4e item Truc2in; and Material &andlin;.
Transportation o3 ma:or items o3 e<uipment D 9ac24oes, 9ulldo=ers, loaders, po1er
s4o0els, etc., - are 9etter to 9e priced on an item-98-item 9asis ta2in; into account t4e
cost o3 loadin;, unloadin;, truc2in; and an8 rental c4ar;es le0ied 14ile t4e unit is in
transit.
GCAIAT$ON M"$/MNT
$TM /#$C /# -AN
6A//#OG.7
10? &/ -O.# O400.00
1B? &/ -O.# OB7?.00
MOTO# %#A-# O??0.00
10T #OFF# OB00.00
3T #OFF# O300.00
'AT# T#"C( O+?0.00
1.? CN- T#AC( FOA-# O4+?.00
1+ CN- -"M/ T#"C( O++?.00
0.7? CN- T#AC( AAC(&O O4?0.00
0.? CN- T$#- AAC(&O O300.00
AOACAT FOA-# O17?.00
Site Cut and Fill Operations
T4e e<uipment used in cut and 3ill operations depends mostl8 upon t4e scale o3 t4e
pro:ect. 5tensi0e operations call 3or lar;e si=e eart4 mo0in; scrapers and 9ulldo=ers
o3ten 1or2in; in teams e5ca0atin; and depositin; lar;e <uantities o3 materials, 14ic4 is
t4en le0eled and compacted, 98 a second team o3 rollers, 1ater truc2s, and ;raders. !mall
cut and 3ill operations can 9e underta2en 1it4 no more t4an a small do=er and ;rader or
e0en 1it4 :ust a 9o9cat and a 1al2 9e4ind roller.
1? o3 +?
Basement Excavation
Aasements are o3ten e5ca0ated usin; a trac2 9ac24oe o3 9et1een 0.? and 1 cu9ic 8ard
capacit8 3illin; dump truc2s t4at dispose o3 surplus material. T4e e5ca0ation o3 lar;e si=e
9asements ma8 9e underta2en usin; one or more trac2 loaders o3 up to + or 3 cu9ic 8ard
capacit8 loadin; 3leets o3 truc2s t4at access t4e 9ottom o3 t4e 9asement 98 means o3
ramps do1n t4e sides o3 t4e e5ca0ation. Far;e-scale e5ca0ations o3 t4is t8pe ma8 call 3or
t4e pricin; o3 ;radin; and maintenance o3 t4ese access ramps.
Trench Excavations
)or smaller trenc4es suc4 as t4ose re<uired 3or s4allo1 pipes and ca9les trenc4in;
mac4ines are a0aila9le 14ic4 attac4 to ru99er-tired tractors and pro0ide a 4i;4l8
maneu0era9le and e33icient trenc4 e5ca0atin; setup.
Far;er trenc4es are o3ten du; usin; 9ac24oes. !mall 9ac24oes are a0aila9le as
attac4ments to tractors@ lar;er units o3 to one or more cu9ic 8ard capacit8 are usuall8
mounted on cra1ler trac2s. Far;e 9ac24oes are used 3or e5ca0atin; deep trenc4es and
t8picall8 t4e8 side-cast e5ca0ated material to eit4er side o3 t4e trenc4 14ere it remains
until re<uired 3or 9ac23illin;.
Pit and Sump Excavation
/it and sump e5ca0ation is mostl8 per3ormed usin; 9ac24oes. T4e particular t8pe and
si=e o3 9ac24oe used in an8 situation depends mostl8 upon t4e si=e o3 t4e 4oles to 9e
e5ca0ated. '4ere t4ere are man8 small pits to 9e du; o0er t4e area o3 t4e site, 9ac24oes
mounted on ru99er-tired tractors are ;enerall8 3a0ored 9ecause o3 t4eir superior
maneu0era9ilit8 o0er trac2-mounted mac4ines.
Hand Excavation
'4ile it is almost al1a8s more economic to use appropriate items o3 e<uipment to
e5ca0ate rat4er t4an to per3orm t4e 1or2 98 4and, t4ere are circumstances 14ere 4and
e5ca0ation met4ods o33er a more e33ecti0e means o3 o9tainin; t4e desired results. One
particular situation t4at calls 3or 4and e5ca0ation is t4e situation 14ere t4e 1or2 is to 9e
done in con3ined spaces.
A second common re<uirement 3or 4and e5ca0ation arises 14ere t4e 9ottom 3e1 inc4es
o3 trenc4es or pits 3or concrete 3ootin;s 4as to 9e du; 98 4and. T4is 4and e5ca0ation is
necessar8 14en contract speci3ications call 3or 3ootin; concrete to 9ear on undistur9ed
soil. Aecause t4e soil le3t at t4e 9ottom o3 t4e e5ca0ations 14en mec4anical e5ca0ators
1B o3 +?
are used is usuall8 loosened 98 t4e action o3 t4e teet4 on e5ca0ator 9uc2ets, 4and
trimmin; is needed to remo0e t4is loose soil.
EXCAVATION #RODUCTIVIT
As discussed earlier, t4e cost o3 la9or and e<uipment used in completin; t4e 1or2
depends upon t4e producti0it8 o3 t4e pro:ect la9or cre1s and t4e e<uipment t4e8 use. T4e
amount o3 1or2 e5ca0ation and 9ac23illin; cre1s can per3orm per 4our is 4i;4l8 0aria9le
due to t4e 0arious 3actors t4at can a33ect e33icienc8 o3 t4e la9or and e<uipment in0ol0ed.
Po9 3actors and Fa9or 3actors t4at can particularl8 in3luence e5ca0ation and 9ac23ill
operations could include t4e 3ollo1in;:
Job Factors
1. T8pe o3 material e5ca0ated or 9ac23illed
+. Moisture condition o3 material
3. 'eat4er conditions e5pected
4. Access to and around site
?. /ro:ect si=e and comple5it8
B. -istance to 4aul materials 3or disposal
7. A0aila9ilit8 o3 ;ra0els and 3ill materials
C. 'a;e and price le0els at t4e :o9 locations
Labor and ana!ement Factors
1. Mualit8 o3 :o9 super0ision
+. Mualit8 o3 :o9 la9or
3. Moti0ation and morale o3 1or2ers
4. T8pe and <ualit8 o3 tools and e<uipment
?. 5perience and records o3 similar pro:ects in t4e past
17 o3 +?
#RICING EXAM#LE & O!!ICE BUILDING & EARTHWORK
PRICING SHEET SHEET OF
JOB DATE
ESTIMATED
NO DESCRIPTION QUANTITY UNIT EQUIPMENT LABOR
TOTAL
$
UNIT
PRICE $ SUBTOTAL $
UNIT
PRICE $
SUBTOTAL
$

EXCAVATION AND
BACKFILL

1STRIP TOPSOIL 1,087.00 CYD 0.00 0.00 0.00

2
EXCAVATE TO REDUCE
LEVELS 153.00 CYD 0.00 0.00 0.00

3GRANULAR FILL 504.00 CYD 0.00 0.00 0.00

4
EXCAVATE TRENCH FOR
FOOTINGS 331.00 CYD 0.00 0.00 0.00

5
HAND TRIM OTTOMS OF
EXCAVATION 2,!41.00 SFT 0.00 0.00 0.00

"
EXCAVATE ISOLATED
FOOTINGS 13.00 CYD 0.00 0.00 0.00

7AC#FILL TRENCH 273.00 CYD 0.00 0.00 0.00

8AC#FILL PITS 10.00 CYD 0.00 0.00 0.00

!
GRAVEL UNDER SLA$ON$
GRADE 3"1.00 CYD 0.00 0.00 0.00

10
REMOVE SURPLUS
EXCAVATED MATERIAL 214.00 CYD 0.00 0.00 0.00

MATERIALS
113$IN PIT RUN GRAVEL 1,125.00 CYD 0.00 0.00 0.00

TOTAL

0.00 0.00 0.00
1C o3 +?
#RICING EXAM#LE & O!!ICE BUILDING & EARTHWORK
Considerin; t4e e<uipment rates as listed earlier and considerin; t4e 3ollo1in; 1a;e
rates, t4e pricin; o3 t4e eart41or2 acti0ities can 9e computed.
AA!$C &O"#FN 'A%
M"$/MNT O/#ATO# O+?.00
T#"C( -#$I# O1C.00
FAAO## O++.00
FAAO# )O#MAN O+C.00
4"ri$ To$soil 5ri!es
<uipment,
O
Fa9or,
O
10? &/ -o=er O400.00>C ?0.00 -
Operator 1.0 5 O+?.00 - +?.00
?0.00>4r +?.00>4r
/rice per c8d 6/roducti0it8 o3 ?0 c8d>4r7 1.00 0.?
E6!a7a"e "o 8eu!e Le7els 5ri!es
<uipment,
O
Fa9or,
O
10? &/ -o=er O400.00>C ?0.00 -
Operator 1.0 5 O+?.00 - +?.00
?0.00>4r +?.00>4r
/rice per c8d 6/roducti0it8 o3 40 c8d>4r7 1.+? 0.B+?
Gra#ular 1ill 5ri!es
<uipment,
O
Fa9or,
O
10? &/ -o=er 1.0 5 O400.00>C ?0.00 -
Motor %rader 1.0 5 O??0.00>C BC.7? -
3 Ton #oller 1.0 5 O300.00>C 37.?0 -
)oreman>Operator 1.0 5 +C.00 - +C.00
Operator +.0 5 O+?.00 - +?.00
Fa9orer 3.0 5 O++.00 - BB.00
1?B.+?>4r 11E.00>4r
/rice per c8d 6/roducti0it8 o3 40 c8d>4r7 3.E1 +.E7?
1E o3 +?
E6!a7a"e Tre#!h for 1oo"i#0s 5ri!es
<uipment,
O
Fa9or,
O
0.7? c8d Aac24oe 1.0 5 O4?0.00>C ?B.+? -
Operator 1.0 5 O+?.00 - +?.00
Fa9orer 0.? 5 O++.00 - 11.00
?B.+?>4r 3B.00>4r
/rice per c8d 6/roducti0it8 o3 ?0 c8d>4r7 1.1+? 0.7+
Ha# Trim 9o""oms of E6!a7a"io# 5ri!es
<uipment,
O
Fa9or,
O
)oreman 1.0 5 O+C.00 - +C.00
Fa9orer 3.0 5 O++.00 - BB.00
- E4.00>4r
/rice per s3t 6/roducti0it8 o3 1?0 s3t>4r7 - 0.B+7
E6!a7a"e Isola"e 1oo"i#0s 5ri!es
<uipment,
O
Fa9or,
O
0.?0 c8d Aac24oe 1.0 5 O300.00>C 37.?0 -
Operator 1.0 5 O+?.00 - +?.00
37.?0>4r +?.00>4r
/rice per c8d 6/roducti0it8 o3 +? c8d>4r7 1.?0 1.00
9a!3fill Tre#!h 5ri!es
<uipment,
O
Fa9or,
O
Ao9cat 1.0 5 O17?.00>C +1.C7? -
3 Ton #oller 1.0 5 O300.00>C 37.?0 -
Operator +.0 5 O+?.00 - +?.00
Fa9orer 3.0 5 O++.00 - BB.00
?E.37?>4r 11E.00>4r
/rice per c8d 6/roducti0it8 o3 +0 c8d>4r7 +.E7 ?.E?
+0 o3 +?
T4e producti0it8 o3 t4e a9o0e item 1ill ;reatl8 depend upon t4e amount o3 compaction
re<uired.
9a!3fill 5i"s 5ri!es
<uipment,
O
Fa9or,
O
Ao9cat 1.0 5 O17?.00>C +1.C7? -
3 Ton #oller 1.0 5 O300.00>C 37.?0 -
Operator +.0 5 O+?.00 - +?.00
Fa9orer 3.0 5 O++.00 - BB.00
?E.37?>4r 11E.00>4r
/rice per c8d 6/roducti0it8 o3 1? c8d>4r7 3.EB 7.E33
Aecause t4e cre1 4as to mo0e 3rom pit to pit, producti0it8 is less t4an 9ac23illin;
trenc4es.
Gra7el :#er 4lab/o#/Grae 5ri!es
<uipment,
O
Fa9or,
O
Ao9cat 1.0 5 O17?.00>C +1.C7? -
3 Ton #oller 1.0 5 O300.00>C 37.?0 -
Operator +.0 5 O+?.00 - +?.00
Fa9orer 3.0 5 O++.00 - BB.00
?E.37?>4r 11E.00>4r
/rice per c8d 6/roducti0it8 o3 +0 c8d>4r7 +.E7 ?.E?
8emo7e 4ur$lus ;a"erial 5ri!es
)irst o3 all t4e truc2 re<uirement, 3or remo0in; t4e surplus material, 4as to 9e esta9lis4ed.
Assumin; t4e 3ollo1in; data:
Truc2 Capacit8 H E.0 c8d 9an2 measure
-istance to -ump H ? miles one 1a8
Time to o33-load Truc2s H ? minutes
A0era;e Truc2 !peed H 1? miles per 4our
Output o3 Foader H 100.00 c8d per 4our
Num9er o3 Truc2s re<uired H 6"nloadin; Time>Foadin; Time7 J 1
+1 o3 +?
'4ere,
"nloadin; Time H Tra0el Time J ? minutes to o33-load
H 610 miles76B07>61? mp47 J ? H 4? minutes
Foadin; Time H 6Truc2 Capacit87>65ca0ator Output7
H 6E c8d76B07>6100 c8d>4r7 H ?.4 minutes
T4us,
Num9er o3 Truc2s H 64?7>6?.47 J 1 H E.33
&ence allo1 3or '( Tr)*k+
<uipment,
O
Fa9or,
O
1.? c8d Trac2 Foader O4+?.00>C ?3.1+? -
Operator 1.0 5 O+?.00 - +?.00
Fa9orer 0.? 5 O++.00 - 11.00
-ump Truc2s 10.0 5 O++?.00>C +C1.+? -
-ri0ers 10.0 5 O1C.00 - 1C0.00
334.37?>4r +1B.00>4r
/rice per c8d 6/roducti0it8 o3 100 c8d>4r7 3.34 +.1B
5i" 8u# Gra7el 5ri!es
Assumin; a pit run ;ra0el price o3 O1+.?0 per ton deli0ered to t4e site
/rice per c8d H 6/rice per ton761ei;4t o3 loose c8d in l9s7>6+000 l9s>ton7
H 6O1+.?0763+?07>6+0007
H O+0.31
++ o3 +?
PRICING SHEET SHEET OF
JOB DATE
ESTIMATED
NO DESCRIPTION QUANTITY UNIT EQUIPMENT LABOR
TOTAL $
UNIT
PRICE $ SUBTOTAL $
UNIT
PRICE $
SUBTOTAL
$

EXCAVATION AND
BACKFILL

1 STRIP TOPSOIL 1,087.00 CYD 1.00 1,087.00 0.50 543.50 1,"30.50

2
EXCAVATE TO
REDUCE LEVELS 153.00 CYD 1.25 1!1.25 0."3 !5."3 28".88

3 GRANULAR FILL 504.00 CYD 3.!1 1,!70."4 2.!8 1,4!!.40 3,470.04

4
EXCAVATE TRENCH
FOR FOOTINGS 331.00 CYD 1.13 372.38 0.72 238.32 "10.70

5
HAND TRIM OTTOMS
OF EXCAVATION 2,!41.00 SFT 0.00 0.00 0."3 1,844.01 1,844.01

"
EXCAVATE ISOLATED
FOOTINGS 13.00 CYD 1.50 1!.50 1.00 13.00 32.50

7 AC#FILL TRENCH 273.00 CYD 2.!7 810.81 5.!5 1,"24.35 2,435.1"

8 AC#FILL PITS 10.00 CYD 3.!" 3!."0 7.!3 7!.30 118.!0

!
GRAVEL UNDER SLA$
ON$GRADE 3"1.00 CYD 2.!7 1,072.17 5.!5 2,147.!5 3,220.12

10
REMOVE SURPLUS
EXCAVATED
MATERIAL 214.00 CYD 3.34 714.7" 2.1" 4"2.24 1,177.00

MATERIALS

11 3$IN PIT RUN GRAVEL 1,125.00 CYD 20.31 22,848.75 0.00 22,848.75

TOTAL

2!,12".8" 8,547."! 37,"74.55
+3 o3 +?
+4 o3 +?
+? o3 +?

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Course Title: Construction Administration

Course NO.: 4300-471

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