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http://
science.howst
u"works.com/
life/evolution/
humans-
descended-
from-
apes.htm
http://
friendsofdarwin.
com/misc/faq/
why-still-
monkeys/
http://
karmatics.com
/docs/
evolution-still-
there-are-
monkeys.html
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Since Charles Darwin published the theory of evolution by means of natural selection in 1859, myths and misinterpretations have
eroded public understanding of his ideas. For example, some people continue to argue that evolution isn't a valid scientic theory
because it can't be tested. This, of course, isn't true. Scientists have successfully run numerous laboratory tests that support the major
tenets of evolution. And eld scientists have been able to use the fossil record to answer important questions about natural selection
and how organisms change over time.
Still, the evolution-is-not-falsiable myth remains popular. So does this one: The second law of thermodynamics, which says an orderly
system will always become disorderly, makes evolution impossible. This myth reects a general misunderstanding of entropy, the term
used by physicists to describe randomness or disorder. The second law does state that the total entropy of a closed system can't
decrease, but it does allow parts of a system to become more orderly as long as other parts becomes less so. In other words, evolution
and the second law of thermodynamics can live together in harmony.
One of the most persistent myths, however, concerns the relationship of humans to great apes, a group of primates that includes the
gorilla, orangutan and chimpanzee. Someone who believes the myth will say, "If evolution exists, then humans must be descended
directly from apes. Apes must have changed, step by step, into humans." This same person will often follow up with this observation: "If
apes 'turned into' humans, then apes should no longer exist." Although there are several ways to attack this assertion, the bottom-line
rebuttal is simple -- humans didn't descend from apes. That's not to say humans and apes aren't related, but the relationship can't be
traced backward along a direct line of descent, one form morphing into another. It must be traced along two independent lines, far back
into time until the two lines merge.
The intersection of the two lines represents something special, what biologists refer to as a common ancestor. This apelike ancestor,
which probably lived 5 to 11 million years ago in Africa, gave rise to two distinct lineages, one resulting in hominids -- humanlike
species -- and the other resulting in the great ape species living today. Or, to use a family tree analogy, the common ancestor occupied
a trunk, which then divided into two branches. Hominids developed along one branch, while the great ape species developed along
another branch.
What did this common ancestor look like? Although the fossil record has been stingy with answers, it seems logical that the animal
would have possessed features of both humans and apes. In 2007, Japanese scientists believe they found the jawbone and teeth of
just such an animal. By studying the size and shape of the teeth, they determined that the ape was gorilla-sized and had an appetite for
hard nuts and seeds. They named it Nakalipithecus nakayamai and calculated its age to be 10 million years old. That puts the ape in the
right place on the time line. More important, the scientists found the ancient bones in the Samburu Hills of northern Kenya. That puts N.
nakayamai in the right geographic place, along a trajectory of hominid evolution that stretches for several hundred miles in eastern
Africa. The Middle Awash region of Ethiopia lies to the north, where the African continent dead-ends into the Red Sea.
Website Title: HowStu"Works
Article Title: Are humans really descended from apes?
Publisher: HowStu"Works.com
Electronically Published: June 30, 2010
Date Accessed: May 19, 2014
Author: William Harris





If humans evolved from monkeys, how come there are still monkeys around?
This is a question often posed by creationists. It betrays a fundamental misunderstanding of evolutionary theory. However, it turns out
to be a surprisingly interesting question, which can be answered in a number of ways, depending on what you mean by monkeys

Modern-day monkeys can be arranged into two broad groups: the Old World monkeys (living in Africa, Asia and Gibraltar), and the New
World monkeys (living in Central and South America). The most recent common ancestor of the Old and New World monkeys lived in
the Old World around 35 million years ago. The two lineages became separated when one group of monkeys somehow crossed over to
the New World. How they got there is still something of a mystery, although a recent study suggests the presence of sizeable islands in
the South Atlantic at that time, making island-hopping a possibility. One thing is for certain, though: no ark was involved!

The Old and New World lineages of monkeys continued to evolve in their own separate ways on either side of the Atlantic. One sub-
branch of the Old World lineage evolved into the apes, and one sub-branch of the apes evolved into humans. Somewhat counter-
intuitively, therefore, humans and Old World monkeys have a more recent common ancestor (i.e. they are more closely related to each
other) than Old World and New World monkeys. This, perhaps surprising, conclusion is backed up by masses of morphological and
genetic evidence. For example, humans and Old World monkeys have the same number of teeth; New World monkeys have an extra
set of premolars.

So, how do you dene monkeys? If you dene a monkey (as you could, somewhat circularly) as any animal that is descended from the
most recent common ancestor of the Old and New World monkeys, then we humans and our fellow apes, according to that denition,
are also monkeysOld World monkeys, to be more precise.

In which case, the original question makes no sense: there are still monkeys around because we are still around, and we are monkeys!

"If Humans Evolved from Monkeys, How Come There Are Still Monkeys Around?" The Friends of Charles Darwin. N.p., n.d. Web. 23
May 2014.







Around 7-10 million years ago, there was a population of apes in the forests of Africa, all of which were inter fertile with all the others.
These apes probably roughly resembled modern day gorillas or chimpanzees, but were not identical to any of them. Nor were they
interfertile with any ape or human alive today.

The forests eventually reached the maximum capacity of these apes per square mile as it could support. Like modern chimpanzees, it is
likely that various bands of the apes fought with and killed members of adjacent bands, with winners taking over the territory from
losers. Even in the absence of ghting, there is a limit as to how many animals an environment can support, so the number of apes
stabilized at this number.

Some of the apes lived near the edge of the forest, where the thick trees give way to the drier grasslands, or savanna. There were still
trees, but they were much less dense than in the forests. While these apes were less adapted to this environment than they were to the
forest, at least there was less competition from the other apes. The apes who lived in this transitional area gradually adapted to the
di"erent environment. Tree climbing ability and upper body strength was less important than ability to move about on the ground, and
capabilities like carrying things long distances and throwing rocks at prey or predators were valuable. The savannah-compatible
attributes and skills increased in number and degree among the populations living in the transition area between forest and savannah.

Over hundreds of thousands of years, more and more of the apes spread out farther and farther into the savanna. They continued to
adapt to the savanna, becoming di"erent in appearance and behavior from those in the forests, much as coyotes di"er from gray
wolves today. The apes that lived near the border of forest and savanna looked and behaved like a cross between those living deep in
the forest or far into the savanna, much as red wolves look and behave like a cross between coyotes and gray wolves. Like coyotes,
gray wolves and red wolves, all of the apes -- whether living in the forest or the savannah -- were inter fertile with all the others, as they
were still fairly close relatives and therefore genetically similar.

A million or so years later, some of the apes were living over one thousand miles apart, and were separated by more than 10,000
generations -- 10,000th cousins, so to speak. Some were so distantly related that they were no longer inter fertile with one another. Had
they somehow been put together and tried to breed, they would not have produced o"spring. However, they remained inter fertile with
the apes closer to them.

Typically, those less than 6000 generations apart remained inter fertile. So they all were still "connected" by a chain of inter fertile pairs.
While it might be impossible for two apes that were 10,000 generations apart to have children together, they could have still
theoretically shared grandchildren or great-grandchildren, by mating with apes that were only 5000 generations apart, which in turn
mated with ones 5000 generations apart. Keep in mind, though, that in reality the degree of inter fertility was rarely if ever tested: apes
interbred only with apes that lived nearby, which were rarely separated by more than a dozen or so generations..

"Evolution: Why There Are Still Monkeys." Evolution: Why There Are Still Monkeys. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 May 2014.

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