MAGNETIC FORCES

AND MAGNETIC
FIELDS
CHAPTER 22
MAGNETIC FIELDS
MAGNETIC FIELDS
MAGNETIC FIELDS
The behavior of magnetic
poles is similar to that of
like and unlike electric charges.
MAGNETIC FIELDS
Surrounding a magnet there is a magnetic field. The direction
of the magnetic field at any point in space is the direction indicated
by the north pole of a small compass needle placed at that point.
MAGNETIC FIELDS
MAGNETIC FIELDS
MAGNETIC FORCES ON
CHARGED PARTICLES
E F
! !
q =
MAGNETIC FORCES ON
CHARGED PARTICLES
The following conditions must be met for a charge to experience
a magnetic force when placed in a magnetic field:

1. The charge must be moving.
2. The velocity of the charge must have a component that is
perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.
MAGNETIC FORCES ON
CHARGED PARTICLES
RIGHT HAND RULE
MAGNETIC FIELD
DEFINITION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD

The magnitude of the magnetic field at any point in space is defined
as
( ) ! sin v q
F
B
o
=
where the angle (0<!<180
o
) is the angle between the velocity of the
charge and the direction of the magnetic field.

SI Unit of Magnetic Field:
tesla 10 gauss 1
4 !
=
CONVENTION
We need a means to represent
directions in three dimensions in
a two-dimensional framework.
EXAMPLE: 21.7
A charge is moving perpendicular to a magnetic field and
experiences a force whose magnitude is 2.7x10
-3
N. If this
same charge were to move at the same speed and the angle
between its velocity and the same magnetic field were 38,
what would be the magnitude of the magnetic force that the
charge would experience?
F = q
o
vsin!
( )
B
MOTION IN A
MAGNETIC FIELD
Charged particle in an electric field.
Charged particle in a magnetic field.
What happens as we send charged
particles into a magnetic field?
LORENTZ FORCE
EXAMPLE: VELOCITY
SELECTOR

A velocity selector is a device for
measuring the velocity of a charged
particle. The device operates by
applying electric and magnetic
forces to the particle in such a way
that these forces balance.

How should an electric field be
applied so that the force it applies to
the particle can balance the magnetic
force?
VELOCITY SELECTOR
GOLDILOCKS!
WHAT NOW?
What else can we do with this?
How else can we move particles around?
Can we learn anything else?
WHAT WE CANT DO!
WORK!
The magnetic force cannot do work on a
charged particle.
BUT
we can build a carousel"
of sorts
The magnetic force always remains
perpendicular to the velocity and is
directed toward the center of the
circular path.
r
v
m F
c
2
=
Remember this:
EXAMPLE
Particle Tracks in a Bubble Chamber

The figure shows the bubble-chamber
tracks from an event that begins at point
A. At this point a gamma ray travels in
from the left, spontaneously transforms
into two charged particles. The particles
move away from point A, producing two
spiral tracks. A third charged particle is
knocked out of a hydrogen atom and
moves forward, producing the long track.

The magnetic field is directed out of the
paper. Determine the sign of each
particle and which particle is moving
most rapidly.
MAGNETIC FIELDS
Hall Effect Sensor
V
Hall
= !
IB
ned
MASS
SPECTROMETRY
MALDI MS
DNA COMPARISON
MAGNETIC FORCE ON
CURRENTS
Weve talked about magnetic
forces on single charged
particles. However, if we have
a stream of such particles, we
call this a current.

What happens to the current
in a magnetic field?

First off, the currents we
speak of move through some
medium, namely a wire. Lets
consider this situation"
MAGNETIC FORCE ON
CURRENTS
Return to the magnetic force on a charged particle (Lorentz
force with no electric field):
! sin qvB F =
! sin ILB F =
EXAMPLE
The Force and Acceleration in a Loudspeaker

The voice coil of a speaker has a diameter of 0.0025 m, contains 55 turns of
wire, and is placed in a 0.10-T magnetic field. The current in the voice coil is
2.0 A. (a) Determine the magnetic force that acts on the coil and the
cone. (b) The voice coil and cone have a combined mass of 0.0200 kg. Find
their acceleration.
EXAMPLE: 21.40
A copper rod of length 0.85 m is lying on a
frictionless table (see the drawing). Each
end of the rod is attached to a fixed wire by
an unstretched spring that has a spring
constant of k = 75 N/m. A magnetic field
with a strength of 0.16 T is oriented
perpendicular to the surface of the table.

(a) What must be the direction of the
current in the copper rod that causes the
springs to stretch?

(b) If the current is 12 A, by how much
does each spring stretch?
MAGNETIC FORCE ON
CURRENT IN A WIRE
Consider the following arrangement:
What happens?
MAGNETIC FORCE ON
CURRENT IN A WIRE
The loop tends to rotate such that its
normal becomes aligned with the magnetic
field.
TORQUE IS CHEAP
Net torque = !
!
=???
!
! " sin
moment
magnetic
B NIA =
number of
turns of wire
EXAMPLE: TORQUE
The Torque Exerted on a Current-Carrying Coil

A coil of wire has an area of 2.0x10
-4
m
2
, consists of 100 loops or turns,
and contains a current of 0.045 A. The coil is placed in a uniform magnetic
field of magnitude 0.15 T. (a) Determine the magnetic moment of the coil.
(b) Find the maximum torque that the magnetic field can exert on the
coil.
EXAMPLE: 21.50
A square coil and a rectangular coil are each made from the
same length of wire. Each contains a single turn. The long
sides of the rectangle are twice as long as the short sides.

Find the ratio !
square
/!
rectangle
of the maximum torques that
these coils experience in the same magnetic field when they
contain the same current.
DC MOTOR
The basic components
of a dc motor.
TORQUE/DC MOTOR
CURRENT IN A WIRE
In addition to having a force
exerted by an external magnetic
field, a current moving through a
wire generates its own magnetic
field.
Right-Hand Rule No. 2. Curl the fingers of the right
hand into the shape of a half-circle. Point the thumb in
the direction of the conventional current, and the tips of
the fingers will pointin the direction of the magnetic field.
MAGNETIC FIELD
PRODUCED BY CURRENT
A LONG, STRAIGHT WIRE
r
I
B
o
!

2
=
A m T 10 4
7
! " =
#
$
o
permeability of
free space
EXAMPLE
A Current Exerts a Magnetic Force on a
Moving Charge

The long straight wire carries a current
of 3.0 A. A particle has a charge of
+6.5x10
-6
C and is moving parallel to
the wire at a distance of 0.050 m. The
speed of the particle is 280 m/s.

Determine the magnitude and direction
of the magnetic force on the particle.
So, what can we infer from this?
CURRENTS IN WIRES
Consider two parallel wire carrying current.
Based on the previous example, do you think they will interact
and if so, how?
LOOPS OF WIRE
Suppose we take a wire and we
form a loop and then send a
current through it.

What will the magnetic field look
like?
LOOPS OF WIRE
A LOOP OF WIRE
center of circular loop
R
I
B
o
2

=
EXAMPLE
Finding the Net Magnetic Field

A long straight wire carries a current of 8.0 A and a circular loop of
wire carries a current of 2.0 A and has a radius of 0.030 m. Find the
magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at the center of the loop.
INTERLUDE
LOOP OF WIRE
The field lines around the bar magnet resemble those around the loop.
LOOPS OF WIRE
Given this behavior,
what would happen if we
bring two current
carrying loops together?
SOLENOID
If we take a wire and form many loops in
series we get what is called a SOLENOID.
SOLENOID
nI B
o
=
number of
turns per
unit length
The magnetic field within a
solenoid is well defined:
AMPERES LAW
AMPERES LAW FOR STATIC MAGNETIC FIELDS

For any current geometry that produces a
magnetic field that does not change in time,

I B
o
= !
"
!
||
net current
passing through
surface bounded
by path
EXAMPLE: INFINITELY
LONG STRAIGHT WIRE
MAGNETIC
MATERIALS
The intrinsic spin and orbital motion of electrons gives rise to the magnetic
properties of materials.
In ferromagnetic materials groups of neighboring atoms, forming
magnetic domains, the spins of electrons are naturally aligned with
each other.
APPLICATIONS:
MAGLEV
MAGNETIC
RESONANCE IMAGING
U.S. patent #3,789,832