BEHAVIOUR AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES 3

Date: Jan 2009

Title:

Sheet: 7

Loads Tutorial

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1) Partial safety factors are safety factors applied to one part of a design problem such as a load
or strength or acceleration. Each part of the problem will have a different probability
distribution, therefore partial safety factors are used to obtain the same probability of being
exceeded. Load and strength factors are much cruder.
2) Imposed load have a wider statistical distribution than dead loads.
3) Mainly to allow for the fact that not all loads will be at their maximum value
simultaneously. Also used for serviceability limit states where it is not necessary to use the
full value of the design loads.
4)
a. 77-78.5 kN/m3
EN 1991 p1-9 Table A.4
b. 15-17kN/m3
EN1991 p1-8 Table A.1 (use notes too)
c. 2kN/m2 (possibly 2kN too) EN1991 p1-14 and p1-17 Tables NA.2 and NA.3
Not Tables 6.1 and 6.2
d. Assuming acting as a unfavourable permanent load, 1.35. EN1990 p0-33 A1.3.1(4)
and Table NA. A1.2(B) Not Table A1.2(B)
e. 0.5. EN1990 p0-29 6.5.3(b) and p0-33 Table NA.A1-1 Not Table A1.1
5) Density steel
Permanent load=78*95/1002
Imposed load
Design load = 0.74*1.35+5*1.5
Design BM = (8.5*52)/8

=78kN/m3 (as above)

=0.74kN/m
=5kN/m
=8.5kN/m
EN1990 Table NA.A1.2(B)
=26.6kNm

6) A full solution to this is quite involved as it is not obvious which load combinations will
lead to the worst cases. Points to note are i) unfavourable loads have different partial safety
factors to favourable ones. ii) the same combination of loads can give different results
depending on the load taken as the leading variable action, iii) wind loads acting in opposite
directions give very different reactions. The best method is to use Excel. A partial solution
is given below to give an idea of the sort of calculations needed. It considers the case of DL,
IL and WL combined with wind acting in either direction.

BEHAVIOUR AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES 3

Date: Jan 2009

Title:

Sheet: 7

Loads Tutorial

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Unfactored
Factor D (partial and
psi)
Factor I (partial and psi)
Factor W (partial and
psi)
DL25 kN
DL25 kN
DL10 kN
IL20 kN
WL5 kN
WL10 kN
WL15 kN

RA1 kN
RA2 kN

25.00
25.00
10.00
20.00
5.00
5.00
5.00

-30.00
105.00

DL+ILWL

DL+WLIL

DL+IL+WL

DL+WL+IL

1.35
1.50

1.35
1.05

1.35
1.50

1.35
1.05

0.75

1.50

-0.75

-1.50

33.75
33.75
13.50
30.00
3.75
3.75
3.75

33.75
33.75
13.50
21.00
7.50
7.50
7.50

33.75
33.75
13.50
30.00
-3.75
-3.75
-3.75

33.75
33.75
13.50
21.00
-7.50
-7.50
-7.50

-25.50
128.25

-39.00
137.25

19.50
83.25

51.00
47.25

Max kN
51.00
137.25

Min
kN
-39.00
47.25

BEHAVIOUR AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES 3

Date: Jan 2009

Title:

Sheet: 7

Loads Tutorial

Made by:

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7)
Input Parameters
Span
Permanent Load

L
Gk

5m
25 kN/m

(characteristic value)

Free variable load

Qk

18 kN/m

(characteristic value)

Permanent load factor

G
G
Q

1.4 (unfavourable) (Table NA. A1.2(B))

Permanent load factor

Variable load factor

1 (favourable)
1.5

(Table NA. A1.2(B))

Identify load cases using different combinations of free variable action.

Load cases A to H can be found by superposition of data book cases (i) to (iii) and case (iv), equal
to (iii) mirrored.

S
B
R
w

U P P O R T R E A C T IO N S F O R E Q U A L S P A N C O N T IN U O U S
E A M S W IT H U N IF O R M L Y D IS T R IB U T E D L O A D S
e a c tio n = c o e ff ic ie n t w L
h e r e w is t h e d is t r ib u t e d lo a d ( e . g . in k N / m ) a n d L is o n e s p a n .

w
1 .1 0

0 .4 0

0 .5 5

0 .0 5

1 .1 0

0 .4 0

( i)

w
0 .5 5

0 .0 5

( ii)

w
0 .0 1 7

0 .1 0

0 .6 5

0 .4 3 3

( iii)

(iv) = (iii) mirrored (right span loaded)

Support reaction for data book cases

Support reactions are positive upwards, kN
RA
RB
RC
Load case
(i)
0.4
1.1
1.1
(ii)
-0.05
0.55
0.55
(iii)
0.433
0.65
-0.1
(iv)
0.017
-0.1
0.65

RD
0.4
-0.05
0.017
0.433

(all spans loaded)

(central span loaded)
(left span loaded)
(right span loaded - by mirroring case iii)

BEHAVIOUR AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES 3

Date: Jan 2009

Title:

Sheet: 7

Loads Tutorial

Made by:

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Minimum load in a span = 1.0 25 = 25 kN/m

Maximum load in a span = 1.35 25 + 1.50 18 = 60.75 kN/m
Distributed Load in each Span (w , design values)
There are 8 possible combinations of distributed load in the spans (A-H)
Load is as defined below and in the figure
left span
centre
right
(iii)
span (ii) span (iv)
Load case
wL
wC
wR
A
25
25
25 kN/m
B
25
60.75
25 kN/m
C
60.75
25
25 kN/m
D
25
25
60.75 kN/m
E
60.75
25
60.75 kN/m
F
60.75
60.75
25 kN/m
G
25
60.75
60.75 kN/m
H
60.75
60.75
60.75 kN/m

Support reactions (positive upwards)

Determine the support reactions for each load case by superposing the data book cases
[w L * L * (data book case iii)] + [w C * L * (data book case ii)] + [w R * L * (data book case iv)]
Load case RA
RB
RC
RD
A
50
137.5
137.5
50 kN
B
41.0625 235.8125 235.8125
41.0625 kN
C
127.3988 253.6875 119.625
53.03875 kN
D
53.03875 119.625 253.6875
127.39875 kN
E
130.4375 235.8125 235.8125
130.4375 kN
F
118.4613
352 217.9375
44.10125 kN
G
44.10125 217.9375
352
118.46125 kN
H
121.5 334.125 334.125
121.5 kN
min
41.0625 119.625 119.625
41.0625 kN
max
130.4375
352
352
130.4375 kN
(Highlights show governing loadcase)

Checked:

BEHAVIOUR AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES 3

Date: Jan 2009

Title:

Sheet: 7

Loads Tutorial

Made by:

Checked:

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Spreadsheet solution to find shear force and bending moment variation (using Macaulay bracket implementation).
(Various other methods could be used for drawing these diagrams).
Shear Force Distributions
z (m)
0
0.5
1
1.5
A
50.0
37.5
25.0
12.5
B
41.1
28.6
16.1
3.6
C
127.4
97.0
66.6
36.3
D
53.0
40.5
28.0
15.5
E
130.4
100.1
69.7
39.3
F
118.5
88.1
57.7
27.3
G
44.1
31.6
19.1
6.6
H
121.5
91.1
60.8
30.4
min
41.1
28.6
16.1
3.6
max
130.4
100.1
69.7
39.3
(Highlights show different load cases that govern in different regions)

2
0.0
-8.9
5.9
3.0
8.9
-3.0
-5.9
0.0
-8.9
8.9

2.5
-12.5
-21.4
-24.5
-9.5
-21.4
-33.4
-18.4
-30.4
-33.4
-9.5

3
-25.0
-33.9
-54.9
-22.0
-51.8
-63.8
-30.9
-60.8
-63.8
-22.0

3.5
-37.5
-46.4
-85.2
-34.5
-82.2
-94.2
-43.4
-91.1
-94.2
-34.5

4
-50.0
-58.9
-115.6
-47.0
-112.6
-124.5
-55.9
-121.5
-124.5
-47.0

4.5
-62.5
-71.4
-146.0
-59.5
-142.9
-154.9
-68.4
-151.9
-154.9
-59.5

5
-75.0
-83.9
-176.4
-72.0
-173.3
-185.3
-80.9
-182.3
-185.3
-72.0
Support

5.001
62.5
151.8
77.3
47.6
62.5
166.7
137.0
151.8
47.6
166.7

6
37.5
91.1
52.3
22.7
37.5
106.0
76.3
91.1
22.7
106.0

6.5
25.0
60.8
39.8
10.2
25.0
75.6
45.9
60.8
10.2
75.6

7
12.5
30.4
27.3
-2.3
12.5
45.2
15.5
30.4
-2.3
45.2

7.5
0.0
0.0
14.8
-14.8
0.0
14.8
-14.8
0.0
-14.8
14.8
Centre

8
-12.5
-30.4
2.3
-27.3
-12.5
-15.5
-45.2
-30.4
-45.2
2.3

8.5
-25.0
-60.8
-10.2
-39.8
-25.0
-45.9
-75.6
-60.8
-75.6
-10.2

9
-37.5
-91.1
-22.7
-52.3
-37.5
-76.3
-106.0
-91.1
-106.0
-22.7

9.5
-50.0
-121.5
-35.2
-64.8
-50.0
-106.7
-136.3
-121.5
-136.3
-35.2

10
-62.5
-151.9
-47.7
-77.3
-62.5
-137.0
-166.7
-151.9
-166.7
-47.7

10.001
75.0
83.9
71.9
176.3
173.3
80.9
185.2
182.2
71.9
185.2

11
50.0
58.9
47.0
115.6
112.6
55.9
124.5
121.5
47.0
124.5

11.5
37.5
46.4
34.5
85.2
82.2
43.4
94.2
91.1
34.5
94.2

12
25.0
33.9
22.0
54.9
51.8
30.9
63.8
60.8
22.0
63.8

12.5
12.5
21.4
9.5
24.5
21.4
18.4
33.4
30.4
9.5
33.4

13
0.0
8.9
-3.0
-5.9
-8.9
5.9
3.0
0.0
-8.9
8.9

13.5
-12.5
-3.6
-15.5
-36.3
-39.3
-6.6
-27.3
-30.4
-39.3
-3.6

14
-25.0
-16.1
-28.0
-66.6
-69.7
-19.1
-57.7
-60.8
-69.7
-16.1

14.5
-37.5
-28.6
-40.5
-97.0
-100.1
-31.6
-88.1
-91.1
-100.1
-28.6

15
-50.0
-41.1
-53.0
-127.4
-130.4
-44.1
-118.5
-121.5
-130.4
-41.1

Bending Moment Distributions

z (m)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
A
0.0
21.9
37.5
46.9
50.0
B
0.0
17.4
28.6
33.5
32.1
C
0.0
56.1
97.0
122.8
133.3
D
0.0
23.4
40.5
51.4
56.1
E
0.0
57.6
100.1
127.3
139.4
F
0.0
51.6
88.1
109.3
115.4
G
0.0
18.9
31.6
38.0
38.2
H
0.0
53.2
91.1
113.9
121.5
max
0.0
57.6
100.1
127.3
139.4
min
0.0
17.4
28.6
33.5
32.1
(Highlights show different load cases that govern in different regions)

2.5
46.9
24.5
128.7
54.5
136.3
106.3
32.1
113.9
136.3
24.5

3
37.5
10.7
108.8
46.6
117.9
82.0
19.8
91.1
117.9
10.7

3.5
21.9
-9.4
73.8
32.5
84.4
42.5
1.2
53.2
84.4
-9.4

4
0.0
-35.8
23.6
12.2
35.8
-12.2
-23.6
0.0
35.8
-35.8

4.5
-28.1
-68.3
-41.8
-14.5
-28.1
-82.0
-54.7
-68.3
-14.5
-82.0

5
-62.5
-107.2
-122.4
-47.3
-107.2
-167.1
-92.0
-151.9
-47.3
-167.1
Support

5.001
-62.4
-107.0
-122.3
-47.3
-107.1
-166.9
-91.9
-151.7
-47.3
-166.9

6
-12.5
14.3
-57.5
-12.1
-57.2
-30.7
14.7
-30.4
14.7
-57.5

6.5
3.1
52.3
-34.5
-3.9
-41.6
14.7
45.2
7.6
52.3
-41.6

7
12.5
75.1
-17.7
-2.0
-32.2
44.9
60.6
30.4
75.1
-32.2

7.5
15.6
82.7
-7.2
-6.3
-29.1
59.9
60.8
38.0
82.7
-29.1
Centre

8
12.5
75.1
-2.9
-16.8
-32.2
59.7
45.7
30.4
75.1
-32.2

8.5
3.1
52.3
-4.8
-33.6
-41.6
44.3
15.5
7.6
52.3
-41.6

9
-12.5
14.3
-13.0
-56.7
-57.2
13.8
-29.8
-30.4
14.3
-57.2

9.5
-34.4
-38.8
-27.5
-85.9
-79.1
-32.0
-90.4
-83.5
-27.5
-90.4

10
-62.5
-107.2
-48.2
-121.5
-107.2
-92.9
-166.2
-151.9
-48.2
-166.2

10.001
-62.4
-107.1
-48.1
-121.3
-107.0
-92.8
-166.0
-151.7
-48.1
-166.0

11
0.0
-35.8
11.3
24.5
35.8
-24.5
-11.3
0.0
35.8
-35.8

11.5
21.9
-9.4
31.6
74.7
84.4
0.3
43.4
53.2
84.4
-9.4

12
37.5
10.7
45.7
109.7
117.9
18.9
82.9
91.1
117.9
10.7

12.5
46.9
24.5
53.6
129.5
136.3
31.2
107.2
113.9
136.3
24.5

13
50.0
32.1
55.2
134.2
139.4
37.3
116.3
121.5
139.4
32.1

13.5
46.9
33.5
50.5
123.6
127.3
37.1
110.2
113.9
127.3
33.5

14
37.5
28.6
39.6
97.9
100.1
30.7
89.0
91.1
100.1
28.6

14.5
21.9
17.4
22.5
57.0
57.6
18.0
52.5
53.2
57.6
17.4

15
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

Range in moments over support = -47.3 to -167 kN

Range in moments at centre of beam = -29.1 to 82.7 kN
Observations:
Load Case A (permanent load only) and Load Case H (variable load across all spans) are not the most critical load cases at any point in
the beam.
All other load cases are critical at some point along the beam

BEHAVIOUR AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES 3

Date: Jan 2009

Title:

Sheet: 7

Loads Tutorial

Made by:

TJS +MG

Shear Force Diagrams

-250.0
-200.0
-150.0

Shear Force, V(kN)

-100.0
-50.0
0

10

12

14

0.0
50.0
A

100.0

B
C

150.0

D
E

200.0

F
G

250.0

H
Position, z(m)

Bending Moment Diagrams

-200.0
A
B

-150.0

C
D
E

-100.0

Moment, M(kNm)

G
H

-50.0
0

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0
Position, z(m)

10

12

14

Checked:

BEHAVIOUR AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES 3

Date: Jan 2009

Title:

Sheet: 7

Loads Tutorial

Made by:

TJS +MG

Shear Force Envelope

-250.0

-200.0

-150.0

Shear Force, V(kN)

-100.0

-50.0
0

10

12

14

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0
Position, z(m)

Bending Moment Envelope

-200.0

-150.0

Moment, M(kNm)

-100.0

-50.0
0

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0
Position, z(m)

10

12

14

Checked: