V N. TBSLA.

ABP AR ATU S F O R TR ANSM I TTI NG , E LE C TR I C AL E NE R G Y .

AP P LI C ATI O N F I LE D JANJB, 1 9 0 2 .~ R E NE WE D M AY 4 , 1 9 0 7 .
1 , 1 1 9 , 7 32 , - P a t e n t e d De c . 1 , 1 9 1 4 .
2 ' . 2
WI TNE SS I NV E N'TO I R ,
" . _ 7 - [KM /1 7 %?
v - '
I g 4 TTO R NE Y SL
1 0
1 5
2 0
' 2 5, ,
p s 0
35
U NI TE D STATE S P ATE NT @F F I C E . '
. NI KO LA TE SLA, orNe wY O R K, N. Y . ' 1
AP P AR ATU S F O R TR ANSM I TTI NG E LE C TR I C AL E NE R G Y .
1 , 1 1 9 , 7 32 .
Sp e c i ?c a t i on of Le t t e rs P a t e n t .
P a t e n t e d De c . 1 ,
Ap p l i c a t i on ?l e d Ja n ua ry 1 8 , 1 9 0 2 , Se ri a l No. 9 0 , 2 4 5. R e n e we d M a y 4 , 1 9 0 7 . Se ri a l No. 37 1 , 8 1 7 . ,
Toa l l whomi t ma y c on c e rn .' ,
Be i t kn own t ha t I , NI KO LA TE SLA, a c i t i
z e n of t he U n i t e d St a t e s , re s i d i n g i n t he
b oroug h of M a n ha t t a n , i n t he c i t y, c oun t y,
a n d St a t e of Ne wY ork, ha ve i n ve n t e d c e r
t a i n n e wa n d us e f ul I mp rove me n t s i n Ap p a
ra t us f or Tra n s mi t t i n g E l e c t ri c a l E n e rg y,
of whi c ht he f ol l owi n g i s a s p e c i ?c a t i on , re f
e re n c e b e i n g b a d t o t he d ra wi n g a c c om- '
p a n yi n g a n d f ormi n g a p a rt of t he s a me .
I n e n d e a vori n g t o a d a p t c urre n t s or d i s
c ha rg e s of ve ry hi g ht e n s i on t ova ri ous va l u
a b l e us e s , a s t he d i s t ri b ut i on of e n e rg y
t hroug hwi re s f romc e n t ra l p l a n t s t o d i s t a n t
p l a c e s of c on s ump t i on , or t he t ra n s mi s s i on
of p owe rf ul d i s t urb a n c e s t o g re a t d i s t a n c e s ,
t hroug h t he n a t ura l or n on - a rt i ?c i a l me d i a ,
I ha ve e n c oun t e re d d i ?i c ul t i e s i n c on ?n i n g
c on s i d e ra b l e a moun t s of e l e c t ri c i t y t o- t he
c on d uc t ors a n d p re ve n t i n g i t s l e a ka g e ove r
t he i r s up p ort s , ori t s e s c a p e i n t o t he a mb i e n t
a i r, whi c h a l wa ys t a ke s p l a c e whe n t he e l e c
t ri c s urf a c e d e n s i t y re a c he s a c e rt a i n va l ue .
The i n t e n s i t y of t he e f f e c t of a 't ra n s mi t
t i n g c i rc ui t wi t h a f re e or e l e va t e d t e rmi n a l
i s p rop ort i on a t e t o t he q ua n t i t y of e l e c t ri c
i t y" vd i s p l a c e d , whi c h i s d e t e rmi n e d b y t he
p rod uc t of t he c a p a c i t y of t he c i rc ui t , t he
p re s s ure , a n d t he f re q ue n c y of t he c urre n t s
e mp l oye d . To p rod uc e a n e l e c t ri c a l move
me n t of t he re q ui re d ma g n i t ud e i t i s d e
s i ra b l e t o c ha rg e t he t e rmi n a l a s hi g hl y a s
p os s i b l e , f or whi l e a g re a t q ua n t i t y of e l e c
t ri c i t y ma y a l s o b e d i s p l a c e d b y a l a rg e
c a p a c i t y c ha rg e d t o l owp re s s ure , t he re a re
d i s a d va n t a g e s me t wi t h i n ma n y c a s e s whe n
t he f orme r i s ma d e t oo l a rg e . The c hi e f of
7 t he s e a re d ue t o t he f a c t t ha t a n i n c re a s e of
4 0
4 5
I more vi g orous l y. _ The re f ore , i n ord e r t o y
50
55
' t i c a b l e .
t he c a p a c i t y e n t a i l s a l owe ri n g of t he f re
q ue n c y of t he i mp ul s e s or d i s c ha rg e s a n d a
d i mi n ut i on of t he e n e rg y of vi b ra t i on . Thi s
wi l l b e un d e rs t ood whe n i t i s b orn e i n mi n d ,
t ha t a c i rc ui t wi t h a l a rg e c a p a c i t yvb e ha ve s
a s a s l a c ks p ri n g , whe re a s on e wi t h a s ma l l
c a p a c i t y va c t s l i ke a s t i f f s p ri n g , vi b ra t i n g
a t t a i n t he hi g he s t p os s i b l e f re q ue n c y, whi c h
f or c e rt a i n p urp os e s i s a d va n t a g e ous a n d ,
a p a rt f rom t ha t , t o d e ve l op t he g re a t e s t
e n e rg y i n s uc h a t ra n s mi t t i n g c i rc ui t , I e m
p l oy a t e rmi n a l of re l a t i ve l y s ma l l c a p a c i t y,
whi c hI c ha rg e t o a s hi g ha p re s s ure a s vp ra c
f oun d i t i mp e ra t i ve t o s o c on s t ruc t t he e l e
va t e d c on d uc t oi yt ha t i t s out e r s urf a c e , on
To a c c omp l i s h t hi s re s ul t I ha ve ,
whi c h t he l e l e c t ri c a l c ha rg e c hi e ?y a c c umu
l a t e s , ha s l t s e l f a l a rg e ra d i us of c urva t ure ,
or i s c omp os e d of s e p a ra t e e l e me n t s whi c h, _ I
i rre s p e c t i ve of t he i r own 'ra d i us of c urva
t ure , a re a rra n g e d i n c l os e p rox i mi t y t o e a c h
ot he r a n d s o, t ha t t he out s i d e i d e a l s urf a c e
e n ve l op i n g t he m i s of a l a rg e ra d i us . E vi
d e n t l y, t he s ma l l e r t he ra d i us of c urva t ure
t he g re a t e r, f or a g i ve n e l e c t ri c d i s p l a c e
me n t , wi l l b e t he s urf a c e - d e n s i t y a n d , c on
s e q ue n t l y, t he l owe rt he l i mi t i n g p re s s ure t o-
whi c h t he t e rmi n a l ma y b e c ha rg e d wi t hout
e l e c t ri c i t y e s c a p i n g i n t o t he a i r. Suc h a
t e rmi n a l I s e c ure t o a n i n s ul a t i n g s up p ort
e n t e ri n g more or l e s s i n t o i t s i n t e ri or, a n d I
. l i ke wi s e c on n e c t t he c i rc ui t t o i t i n s i d e or,
g e n e ra l l y, a t p oi n t s whe re t he e l e c t ri c d e n l
s i t y i s s ma l l . Thi s p l a n of c on s t ruc t i n g a n d
s up p ort i n g a hi g hl y c ha rg e d c on d uc t or I
ha ve f oun d t o b e of g re a t p ra c t i c a l i mp or
t a n c e , a n d i t ma y b e us e f ul l y a p p l i e d i n ma n y
wa ys .
R e f e rri n g t o t he a c c omp a n yi n g d ra wi n g ,
t he ?g ure i s a V i e wi n e l e va t i on a n d p a rt
s e c t i on of a n i mp rove d f re e t e rmi n a l a n d
c i rc ui t of l a rg e s urf a c e wi t h s up p ort i n g
s t ruc t ure a n d g e n e ra t i n g a p p a ra t us . . v '
The t e rmi n a l D 'c on s i s t s of a s ui t a b l y
s ha p e d me t a l l i c f ra me , i n t hi s c a s e a ri n g of
n e a rl y c i rc ul a r c ros s s e c t i on , whi c h i s c ov
e re d wi t h ha l f s p he ri c a l me t a l p l a t e s P P ,
t hus c on s t i t ut i n g a ve ry l a rg e c on d uc t i n g
s urf a c e , s moot h on a l l p l a c e s whe re t he e l e c
t ri c c ha rg e p ri n c i p a l l y a c c umul a t e s . .The
f ra me i s c a rri e d b y a s t ron g p l a t f orm e x
p re s s l y p rovi d e d f or s a f e t y a p l i a n c e s , i n
s t rume n t s . of ob s e rva t i on , e t c ., wi c h i n t urn
re s t s on i n s ul a t i n g s up p ort s F F . The s e
s houl d p e n e t ra t e f a r i n t o t he hol l ows p a c e
f orme d b y t he t e rmi n a l , a n d " i f t he e l e c t ri c v
- 6 0
6 5.
7 5
8 5
9 0
d e n s i t y a t t he p oi n t s whe re t he y a re b ol t e d I
t o t he f ra me , i s s t i l l c on s i d e ra b l e , t he y ma y
b e s p e c i a l l y p rot e c t e d b y c on d uc t i n g hood s -
a s H.
A'p a rt of t he i mp rove me n t s whi c h f orm
t he s ub j e c t of t hi s s p e c i ?c a t i on , t he t ra n s
mi t t i n g c i rc ui t , i n i t s g e n e ra l f e a t ure s , i s
i d e n t i c a l wi t ht ha t d e s c ri b e d a n d c l a i me d i n
my ori g i n a l P a t e n t s Nos . 6 4 5, 57 6 a n d 6 4 9 , 6 2 1 .
The c i rc ui t c omp ri s e s a c oi l A whi c h i s i n
c l os e i n d uc t i ve re l a t i on vwi t h a p ri ma ry C ,
a n d - .p n 'e e n d of whi c h i s c on n e c t e d t o. a
g roun d - p l a t e E , whi l e i t s ot he r e n d i s l e d
t hroug ha s e p a ra t s e l f - i n d uc t i on c oi l B a n d
a me t a l l i c c yl i n d e r B ; t o t he t e rmi n a l
1 0 0
i t s
4 55, yon d t he ot he rs v, ( i n whi c h
I of l a rg e rra d i us of c urva t ure ) s ot ha t , s houl d
t he p re s s ure ri s e t o a va l ue , b e yon d whi c h1 t
. The c on n e c t i on t o t he 'l a t t e rs houl d a l wa ys
b e ma d e a t , or n e a r t he c e n t e r, i n ord e r t o
_ s e c ure a s ymme t ri c a l d i s t ri b ut i on of t he our
1 5
re n t , a s ot he rwi s e , whe n t he f re q ue n c y i s
ve ry hi g h a n d t he ?owof l a rg e vol ume , t he
p e rf orma n c e of t he a p p a ra t us mi g ht b e i m
p a i re d . The p ri ma ry C ma y b e e x c i t e d i n
a n y d e s i re d ma n n e r, f rom a s ui t a b l e s ourc e
of c urre n t s G , whi c h ma y b e a n a l t e rn a t or
'or c on d e n s e r, t he i mp ort a n t \ re q ui re me n t
b e i n g t ha t t he re s on a n t c on d i t i on i s e s t a b
l i s he d , t ha t i s t o s a y, t ha t t he t e rmi n a l I ) i s
c ha rg e d t ot he ma x i mump re s s ure d e ve l op e d
i n t he c i rc ui t , a s .1 ha ve s p e c i ?e d i n my
ori g i n a l p a t e n t s b e f ore re f e rre d t o. The a d
j us t me n t s s houl d b e ma d e wi t h p a rt i c ul a r
c a re whe n t he t ra n s mi t t e r i s on e of g re a t
p owe r, n ot on l y on a c c oun t of e c on omy, b ut .
a l s o i n ord e rt o a voi d d a n g e r.
I ha ve /s hown
t ha t i t i s p ra c t i c a b l e t o p rod uc e i n a re s on a t
, i n g c i rc ui t a s E A B B D i mme n s e e l e c t ri
2 5
30
c a l a c t i vi t i e s , me a s ure d b y t e n s a n d e ve n
hun d re d s of t hous a n d s of hors e - p owe r, a n d
i n s uc h a c a s e , i f t he p oi n t s of ma x i mum
p re s s ure s houl d b e s hi f t e d b e l owt he t e r
vmi n a l D, a l on g c oi l B, a b a l l of ?re mi g ht
b re a k out a n d d e s t roy t he s up p ort F or a n y
t hi n g e l s e i n t he wa y. F or t he b e t t e r a p
p re c i a t i on of t he n a t ure of t hi s d a n g e r i t
s houl d b e s t a t e d , t ha t t he d e s t ruc t i ve a c t i on
ma y t a ke p l a c e wi t h i n c on c e i va b l e vi ol e n c e .
Thi s wi l l c e a s e t o b e s urp ri s i n g whe n i t i s
' b orn e i n mi n d , t ha t t he e n t i re e n e rg y a c c u~
mul a t e d i n t he e x c i t e d c i rc ui t , i n s t e a d of re
q ui ri n g , a s un d e r n orma l worki n g c on d i
t i on s , on e q ua rt e r of t he p e ri od or more f or
i t s t ra n s f orma t i on f rom s t a t i c t o ki n e t i c
f orm, ma y s p e n d i t s e l f i n a n i n c omp a ra b l y
' s ma l l e r i n t e rva l of t i me , a t a ra t e of ma n y
4 0
mi l l i on s of hors e p owe n s The a c c i d e n t i s
a p t t o oc c ur whe n , t he t ra n s mi t t i n g c i rc ui t
_ 'b e i n g s t ron g l y e x c i t e d , t he i mp re s s e d os c i l
4 5
l a t i on s 'up on i t - a re c a us e d , i n a n y ma n n e r
more or l e s s s ud d e n , t o b e more ra p i d t ha n
t he f re e os c i l l a t i on s . I t i s t he re f ore , a d
vi s a b l e 't o b e g i n t he a d j us t me n t s wi t h f e e b l e
. a n d s ome wha t " s l owe r i mp re s s e d os c i l l a t i on s ,
50
6 0
6 5
s t re n g t he n i n g a n d q ui c ke n i n g t he m g ra d e
ua l l y, un t i l t he " a p p a ra t us ha s b e e n b roug ht
un d e r p e rf e c t . c on t rol . To i n c re a s e t he
s a f e t y, I p rovi d e on a c on ve n i e n t p l a c e , p re f
e ra b l y on t e rmi n a l D, on e or more e l e me n t s
or p l a t e s e i t he r of s ome wha t s ma l l e r ra d i us
of c urva t ure or p rot rud i n g more or l e s s b e - '
c a s e t he y ma yb e
i s n ot d e s i re d t o g o, t he p owe rf ul d i s c ha rg e
ma y d a rt out t he re a n d l os e i t s e l f ha rml e s s l y
i n t he a i r. Suc ha p l a t e , p e rf ormi n g . a f un c
t i on s i mi l a r, t o- t ha t of a s a f e t y va l ve on a
hi g hp re s s ure . re s e rvoi r, i s i n d i c a t p d a t V .
. St i l l f urt he r e x t e n d i n g t he vp ri n c i p l e s
un d e rl yi n g my i n ve n t i on , s p e c i a l re f e re n c e
i s ma d e t o c oi l B a n d c on d uc t or B . ' The
1 s e t vf ort h. '
l a t t e r i s i n t he f orm of , a c yl i n d e r wi t h
s moot h orp ol i s he d s urf a c e of a ra d i us muc h
l a rg e r t ha n t ha t of t he ha l f s p he ri c a l e l e
me n t s P P , a n d wi d e n s out a t t he b ot t om
i n t o a hood H, whi c h s houl d b e s l ot t e d t o
a voi d l os s b y e d d y c urre n t s a n d t he p ur
p os e of whi c h wi l l b e c l e a r f rom t he f ore - '
g oi n g . The c oi l B i s woun d on a f ra me or
d rum D1 vof i n s ul a t i n g ma t e ri a l , wi t h i t s
t urn s c l os e t og e t he r. I ha ve d i s c ove re d t ha t
whe n .s o woun d t he e f f e c t of t he s ma l l ra d i us
of c urva t ure of t he wi re i t s e l f i s ove rc ome
a n d t he c oi l b e ha ve s a s a c on d uc t or of l a rg e
ra d i us of c urva t ure , c orre s p on d i n g t o t ha t
of 't he d rum. Thi s f e a t ure i s of c on s i d e r
a b l e p ra c t i c a l 'i mp ort a n c e a n d i s a p p l i c a b l e
n ot on l y i n t hi s s p e c i a l i n s t a n c e ,
e ra l l y. F or e x a mp l e , s uc h p l a t e s a t F P
of t e rmi n a l I ) , t houg h p re f e ra b l y of l a rg e
ra d i us of c urva t ure , n e e d n ot b e n e c e s s a ri l y
s o, f or p rovi d e d on l y t ha t t he i n d i vi d ua l
7 3
7 5
8 3
b ut O 'e n - -
8 5
p l a t e s or e l e me n t s of a . hi g h p ot e n t i a l c on - -
d uc t or or t e rmi n a l a re a rra n g e d i n p rox
i mi t y t o e a c h ot he r a n d wi t h t he i r out e r
b oun d a ri e s a l on g a n i d e a l s ymme t ri c a l e n
ve l op i n g s urf a c e of a l a rg e ra d i us of c urva
t ure , t he a d va n t a g e s of t he i n ve n t i on wi l l
b e more or l e s s f ul l y re a l i z e d . The l owe r
e n d of t he c oi l B whi c h, vi f d e s i re d , ma y
b e e x t e n d e d up t o t he t e rmi n a l D ~ s h oul d
b e - s ome wha t b e l owt he up p e rmos t t urn of
c oi l A._ Thi s , I ?n d , l e s s e n s t he t e n d e n c y of
t he c ha rg e t o b re a k out f rom t he wi re c on
n e c t i n g b ot h a n d t o p a s s a l on g t he s up
p ort F . a
Ha vi n g d e s c ri b e d my i n ve n t i on , I c l a i m:
1 . As a me a n s f or p rod uc i n g l g re a t e l e c
t ri c a l a c t i vi t i e s a re s on a n t c i rc ui t ha vi n g
i t s out e r c on d uc t i n g b oun d a ri e s , whi c h a re
c ha rg e d t o a hi g h p ot e n t i a l , a rra n g e d i n
s urf a c e s of l a rg e ra d i i of c urva t ure s o a s
t o p re ve n t l e a ka g e of t he os c i l l a t i n g c ha rg e , ~
s ub s t a n t i a l l y a s s e t f ort h. ,
2 . I n a p p a ra t us f or t he t ra n s mi s s i on of
e l e c t ri c a l e n e rg y a c i rc ui t c on n e c t e d t o
vg roun d a n d - t o a n e l e va t e d t e rmi n a l a n d
ha vi n g i t s out e r c on d uc t i n g b oun d a ri e s ,
whi c h a re s ub j e c t t o hi g h t e n s i on , a rra n g e d
i n s urf a c e s of l a rg e ra d i i of c urva t ure s ub
s t a n t i a l l y a s , a n d f or t he p urp os e d e s c ri b e d .
.3. I n a p l a n t f or t he t ra n s mi s s i on 'of e l e c
t ri c a l e n e rg y wi t hout wi re s , i n , c omb i n a t i on ,
9 0
9 5
1 0 0
1 0 5
1 1 0 - '
wi t h a p ri ma ryore x c i t i n g c i rc ui t a s e c on d - i
a ry c on n e c t e d t o g roun d a n d t o a n e l e va t e d
t e rmi n a l a n d ha vi n g i t s , out e r c on d uc t i n g
b oun d a ri e s , - whi c h a re c ha rg e d t o a hi g h
p ot e n t i a hj a rra n g e d - i n s urf a c e s of l a rg e ra d i i
of c urva t ure 'f f or t h p urp os e of " p re ve n t i n g
l e a ka g e a n d l os s
4 .. As a me a n s /f or t ra n s mi t t i n g e l e c t ri c a l
e n e rg y t oj a d i s t a n c e t hroug h, t he . n a t ura l
.me d i a " a g roun d e d re s on a n t c i rc ui t , vc om
p ri s i n g a p a rt - up on whi c h os c i l l a t i on s a re
i mp re s s e d a n d a n ot he r f or ra i s i n g i t he t e n
of , e n e rg y, s ub s t a n t i a l l y a s '
1 2 0
1 2 5
1 0
1 5
1 , 1 1 0 , 7 8 2 ,
s i on , ha vi n g i t s out e r c on d uc t i n g b oun d a ri e s
on whi c ha hi g ht e n s i on c ha rg e a c c umul a t e s
a rra n g e d i n s urf a c e s of l a rg e ra d i i of c urva
t ure , s ub s t a n t i a l l y a s d e s c ri b e d . _
5. The me a n s f or p rod uc i n g e x c e s s i ve
e l e c t ri c p ot e n t i a l s c on s i s t i n g of a p ri ma ry
e x c i t i n g - c i rc ui t a n d a re s on a n t s e c on d a ry
ha vi n g i t s out e r c on d uc t i n g e l e me n t s whi c h
a re s ub j e c t t ohi g ht e n s i on a rra n g e d i n p rox
i mi t yvt o e a c h ot he r a n d i n s urf a c e s of l a rg e
ra d i i of c urva t ure s o a s t o p re ve n t l e a ka g e
of t he c ha rg e a n d a t t e n d a n t l owe ri n g of p o
t e n t i a l , s ub s t a n t i a l l y a s d e s c ri b e d . '
6 . A c i rc ui t c omp ri s i n g a p a rt up on whi c h
os c i l l a t i on s a re i mp re s s e d a n d a n ot he r p a rt
f or ra i s i n g t he t e n s i on b y re s on a n c e , t he v
l a t t e r p a rt b e i n g s up p ort e d on p l a c e s 'of l ow
e l e c t ri c d e n s i t y a n d ha vi n g i t s out e rmos t
c on d uc t i n g b oun d a ri e s a rra n g e d i n s urf a c e s
2 0
2 5
of l a rg e ra d i i of c urva t ure , a s s e t f ort h.
7 .> I n a p p a ra t us - f or t he t ra n s mi s s l on of
'e l e 'c t ri c a l 'e n e rg y wi t hout wi re s a g roun d e d
c i rc ui t t he out e r c on d uc t i n g e l e me n t s of '
whi c h ha ve a g re a t a g g re g a t e a re a a n d a re
a rra n g e d i n s urf a c e s of l a rg e ra d i i of c urva
t ure s oa s t ox p e rmi t t he s t ori n g of f a hi g h
c ha rg e a t a s ma l l e l e c t ri c d e n s i t y a n d p re
ve n t l os s t hroug h l e a ka g e , s ub s t a n t i a l l y a s
d e s c ri b e d . . ' ' - f
8 . A_ 'wi re l e s s t ra n s mi t t e r c omp ri s i n g i n
c omb i n a t i on a s ourc e of os c i l l a t i on s a s a
c on d e n s e r, a p ri ma ry e x c i t i n g c i rc ui t a n d a
s e c on d a ry g roun d e d a n d e l e va t e d c on d uc t or
t he out e r c on d uc t i n g b oun d a ri e s of whi c h
a re i n - p rox i mi t y t oe a c hot he r a n d a rra n g e d
i n s urf a c e s of l a rg e ra d i i of c urva t ure , s ub
s t a n t i a l l y a s d e s c ri b e d . -
' 9 . I n a p p a ra t us f ort he t ra n s mi s s i on of
e l e c t ri c a l ve n e rg y wi t hout wi re s a n e l e va t e d
c on d uc t or or a n t e n n a ha vi n g i t s out e r hi g h
p ot e n t i a l c on d uc t i n g or c a p a c i t y e l e me n t s
a rra n g e d i n p rox i mi t y t o e a c h ot he r a n d i n
s urf a c e s of l a rg e ra d i l of c urva t ure s o a s t o
ove rc ome t he e f f e c t of t he s ma l l ra d i us of
c urva t ure of t he i n d i vi d ua l e l e me n t s a n d
l e a ka g e of t he c ha rg e , a s s e t f ort h.
1 0 . A _ 'g roun d e d re s on a n t t ra n s mi t t i n g
c i rc ui t ha vi n g i t s out e r c on d uc t i n g b oun d
a ri e s a rra n g e d 'i n s urf a c e s . of l a rg e ra d i i ,
of c urva t ure i n c omb i n a t i on wi t h a n e l e
va t e d t e rmi n a l of g re a t s urf a c e s up p ort e d
a t p oi n t s - of l owe l e c t ri c d e n s i t y, s ub s t a n
t i a l l y a s d e s c ri b e d .
' ' ' NI KO LA TE SLA.
Wi t n e s s e s z , y ' v
' M . LAM SO N DY E R , - .
R I C HAR D DO NO V AN. "
" a ,
30
35
4 0
50