World Applied Sciences Journal 23 (2): 167-177, 2013 ISSN

1818-!"2
# I$%SI &u'lica(ions, 2013
$%I: 10)"82!*idosi)+as,)2013)23)02)1808
Innovative Leadership: Learning from Change
Management
among Malaysian Secondary School Principals
Azam Othman and Hamidon Abd ahman
Ins(i(u(e o- .duca(ion, In(erna(ional Isla/ic 0ni1ersi(2, 3ala2sia
S!bmitted: Apr 10, 20134 Accepted: 3a2 22, 20134 P!blished: Jun 10, 2013
Abstract: 56is paper e7plores (6e secondar2 sc6ool &rincipals 1ie+s and e7periences in /ana8in8 c6an8e (6eir
or8ani9a(ions) 56e -ocus is upon 6o+ inno1a(i1e (6e &rincipals are in (6eir decision-/a:in8 and leaders6ip
s(2les) 56e s(ud2 adop(s a ;uali(a(i1e researc6 /e(6odolo82 usin8 open-ended in(er1ie+s (o e7plore (6e
leaders6ip s(2les o- (6e si7 &rincipals in selec(ed secondar2 sc6ools in 3ala2sia) 56e anal2sis o- (6e da(a
re1ealed /os( o- (6e &rincipals did no( realise (6a( (6e2 +ere 'ein8 inno1a(i1e 'ecause (6e2 6ad 'een usin8
(6e inno1a(i1e s(ra(e8ies si/pl2 (6in:in8 (6e2 +ere -indin8 a solu(ion (o (6eir pro'le/s) Ano(6er co//on
percep(ion a/on8 (6e &rincipals +as (6a( 'ein8 inno1a(i1e onl2 in1ol1es co/pu(ers and (ec6nolo82) 56is idea
resona(ed (6rou86ou( (6e in(er1ie+s) 56e in(er1ie+ (ranscrip(ions also re1ealed (6a( &rincipals 6a1e posi(i1e
percep(ions a'ou( (6e c6an8es (6a( 6a1e 'een 6appenin8 in (6e 3ala2sian educa(ion s2s(e/) %(6er e/er8en(
(6e/es included: &rincipals as ca(al2s(s -or c6an8e4 s(a--s< (rus( (o+ards &rincipals4 &rincipals< con-idence in
sol1in8 pro'le/s4 &rincipals< 'oldness in disco1erin8 solu(ions and (6e i/por(ance o- a people-cen(red
approac6 -or leaders6ip) 56e par(icipan(s o- (6e s(ud2 co/prised si7 secondar2 sc6ool &rincipals +6o +ere all
recipien(s o- (6e Inno1a(i1e =eader<s A+ard -ro/ (6e 3ala2sian 3inis(r2 o- .duca(ion) 56e s(ud2 also
in1es(i8a(ed (6e (6in:in8 processes -or leaders< inno1a(ion as +ell as (6eir a((i(udes (o+ards (6eir su'ordina(es)
"ey #ords: =eaders6ip Inno1a(i1e >rea(i1i(2 >6an8e 3ana8e/en(
I$%O&'C%IO$
>urren(l2, /ana8in8 or8ani9a(ional c6an8e is per6aps
(6e /os( cri(ical issue /os( &rincipals 6a1e (o -ace)
An educa(ional leader encoun(ers c6an8e a( di--eren(
le1els, a( curriculu/, resources and co//uni(2 le1els)
=ei(6+ood and $a2 ?1@ ar8ue (6a( &rincipals /us( reali9e
(6a( in order (o /ana8e c6an8e in or8ani9a(ions
e--ec(i1el2, (6e2 /us( 'e -le7i'le, reac(i1e and resource-ul)
No or8ani9a(ion can a1oid c6an8e) >6an8e is ine1i(a'le
and +ill cer(ainl2 6appen) In (6e pas( decade, socie(ies
6a1e (a:en a 6u8e leap -or+ard in (er/s o- inno1a(i1e
(ec6nolo8ies (6a( 6a1e /ade our li1es easier, -or e7a/ple,
co/pu(ers and (6e in(erne() 56is is especiall2 apparen( in
educa(ion, +6ere (ec6nolo82 6as 'e8un (o (a:e o1er (6e
role o- (6e (eac6er) Wi(6 (6ese c6an8es, 6a1e co/e
su's(an(ial responsi'ili(ies and ne+ roles -or sc6ools and
(6eir leaders) Ne+ s:ills are re;uired and (6ese need (o 'e
(au86( and learn( (o (oda2<s principals and (eac6ers)
56is is +6ere (6e role o- &rincipals is crucial so (6a( 6e or s6e
can 'eco/e a ca(al2s( -or c6an8e -or s(uden(s, (eac6ers
and (6e sc6ool as a +6ole)
Creativity or Innovation(: Airs(, le( us loo: a( (6e
di--erences 'e(+een crea(i1i(2 and inno1a(ion) Wes( ?2@
de-ines crea(i1i(2 as B))'rin8in8 (o8e(6er o- :no+led8e
-ro/ di--eren( areas o- e7perience (o produce ne+ and
i/pro1ed ideasC) >rea(i1i(2 in1ol1es us in cons(an(
disco1er2 o- ne+ and i/pro1ed +a2s o- doin8 (6in8s4 i(
/eans c6allen8in8 +ell-(ried and (radi(ional approac6es
and copin8 +i(6 (6e con-lic( and c6an8e +6ic6 (6is
ine1i(a'l2 causes)C
De -ur(6er ar8ues (6a( one o- (6e /os( i/por(an(
con(ri'u(ors (o an indi1idual<s crea(i1i(2 in or8ani9a(ions is
(6e sense o- con-idence in 6is or 6er o+n crea(i1e
a'ili(ies) W6en +e are con-iden(, (6en c6an8es 'eco/e
si/pl2 a c6allen8e (o 'e o1erco/e) 56e c6arac(eris(ics o- a
crea(i1e person include:
Corresponding A!thor: A9a/ %(6/an, Ins(i(u(e o- .duca(ion, In(erna(ional Isla/ic 0ni1ersi(2 3ala2sia)
.-/ail: a9a/Eo(6/anFiiu/)edu
167
)orld Appl* Sci* +*, -. /-0: 1234133, -51.
&ossessin8 in(ellec(ual in(eres( and ar(is(ic 1alues
Gein8 a((rac(ed (o co/ple7i(2
>oncern +i(6 +or: and ac6ie1e/en(
&erse1erance
Independence o- ,ud8/en(
5olerance o- a/'i8ui(2 Need
-or au(ono/2
Sel--con-idence
%rien(a(ion (o+ards ris:-(a:in8)
I- crea(i1i(2 is (6e de1elop/en( o- ne+ ideas,
inno1a(ion is (6e process o- ac(uall2 pu((in8 (6e/ in(o
prac(ice) In i(s si/ples( -or/, inno1a(ion /eans B(6e
in(roduc(ion o- ne+ and i/pro1ed +a2s o- doin8 (6in8s
a( +or:C ?2@) W6ile crea(i1i(2 6appens a( a /icro le1el,
inno1a(ion is an e7(ension (6a( in1ol1es (6e process o-
i/ple/en(in8 (6is crea(i1i(2 in(o or8ani9a(ions) Hers(ein
?3@ de-ined inno1a(ion as usin8 (ec6nolo82 (o c6an8e (6e
rules o- (6e 8a/e) De ar8ued (6a( inno1a(ion is a social
process arisin8 -ro/ (6e deli1er2 o- increased 1alue (o
cus(o/ers) Aocusin8 on (6e 1alue o- (6e cus(o/er is a :e2
(o success) I( /a2 arise -ro/ /an2 sources, +6ic6
includes (ec6nolo82)
Su--eanDussin ?@ de-ines inno1a(ion as (6e rene+al
or /odi-ica(ion o- an idea, (6in8 or :no+led8e, +6ile
ar(is(ic crea(ion /eans (o en6ance or -ul-ill a cer(ain
re;uire/en() Du/ans inno1a(e (o se( a (rend or 'eco/e
pioneers in cer(ain -ields) De adds (6a( inno1a(ion
6appens in (+o s(a8es: (6e indi1idual s(a8e and (6e
or8ani9a(ional s(a8e) In (6e -or/er, (6e indi1idual (a:es an
ac(i1e role in collec(in8 in-or/a(ion and 'uildin8 on i( (o
i/pro1e on an idea, +6ile in (6e la(er, (6e +6ole
or8ani9a(ion /o1es (o i/pro1e on se1eral ideas or
procedures)
3iller ?"@ de-ines inno1a(ion as a ne+ idea, prac(ice
or o',ec(i1e adop(ed '2 (6e rele1an( uni( o- adop(ion,
+6e(6er i( is an indi1idual or an or8ani9a(ion) De clai/s
(6a( inno1a(ion is an e--or( (o in(roduce a prac(ice (6a( +ill
'rin8 a'ou( a social c6an8e) 56e prac(ice need no( 'e
(o(all2 ne+4 i( is (6e e--icienc2 and po(en(ial o- (6e
prac(ice in ne+ con(e7(s (6a( are (6e /ain cri(eria -or
la'elin8 i( as an inno1a(ion) Dis e/p6asis is on (6e
s(ra(e82 used (o deal +i(6 a speci-ic local or na(ional
pro'le/)
3ean+6ile, $u(in ?6@ de-ines inno1a(ion as Ban idea
or prac(ice (6a( re-lec(s an e/er8en( (rend and o--ers an
op(i/is(ic al(erna(i1e -or curren( a si(ua(ion o-
dissa(is-ac(ionC) $u(in ;uo(es $ruc:er<s ?7@ no(ion (6a(
inno1a(ion o--ers solu(ions -or c6an8es in or8ani9a(ions)
In $u(in<s ?6@ o+n s(ud2 o- an inno1a(i1e sc6ool, s6e
disco1ers (6a( (6ere are (6ree +a2s (o cope +i(6
or8ani9a(ional res(ric(ions: na/el2 - se((in8 an e7cep(ion,
re-alloca(in8 resources and adop(in8 al(erna(i1e
s(andards) 56is is par(icularl2 rele1an( (o 3ala2sian
sc6ools +6ere res(ric(ions are pre1alen( and inno1a(i1e
leaders need (o -ind +a2s (o sol1e pro'le/s crea(i1el2)
Literat!re evie#
%he $otion of Change in Organizations: 56e no(ion
o-
c6an8e is rela(ed (o inno1a(i1e 'e6a1ior) As /an2 +ould
a8ree, c6an8e is ine1i(a'le in or8ani9a(ions and c6an8e is
o-(en connec(ed (o pro'le/-sol1in84 (6us, sc6ools
&rincipals are cons(an(l2 -aced +i(6 or8ani9a(ional
pro'le/s (6a( need (o 'e resol1ed) We /easure
inno1a(i1e 'e6a1ior (6rou86 e7a/inin8 6o+ leaders sol1e
pro'le/s) Ne1er(6eless, +6a( does c6an8e reall2 /ean in
or8ani9a(ionsI Nila:an( and Ja/nara2an ?8@ asser( (6a(
or8ani9a(ional c6an8e a--ec(s (6e processes o- 8ro+(6,
decline and (rans-or/a(ion in an or8ani9a(ion) We li1e in
a /odern socie(2 +6ere or8ani9a(ions are e1er2+6ere)
We are 8o1erned '2 or8ani9a(ions and (6e2 run our li1es,
+6e(6er +e reali9e i( or no() 3os( people 1ie+
or8ani9a(ions as (6e -ounda(ion o- socie(2 and consider
(6e/ as s(a'le and -ir/ s(ruc(ures)
In -ac(, or8ani9a(ions c6an8e /os( o- (6e (i/e and 8o
(6rou86 di--eren( c6an8e processes in order (o sur1i1e)
In our o+n educa(ional ins(i(u(ions in 3ala2sia -or
e7a/ple, +e see /an2 c6an8es 6appenin8 since (6e (i/e
o- pos(-Independen( 3ala2a (o (6e presen( da2 3ala2sia)
$urin8 (6is (i/e, (6e 3ala2sian educa(ion s2s(e/ 6as
c6an8ed i(s p6ilosop62, curriculu/ and o',ec(i1es se1eral
(i/es o1er (6e s6or( span o- "0 2ears) 56ese c6an8es
6a1e (a:en place /ainl2 (o acco//oda(e (6e de/ands o-
8lo'ali9a(ion) W6en 3ala2sia +as -or/ed in 1!63, (6e
educa(ion s2s(e/ 6ad alread2 8one (6rou86 a process o-
c6an8e and de1elop/en(, in accordance +i(6 (6e na(ion<s
policies ?!@) We see (6a( in (6e pas(, educa(ion +as /ore
-ocused on reli8ion, in (6is case, (6e reli8ion o- Isla/,
+6en :no+led8e +as disse/ina(ed (6rou86 K/adrasa6s<
or Kpondo:s< (s/all 6u(s or 'uildin8s)) S2lla'i included
learnin8 Ara'ic, /e/ori9in8 Al-Luran and learnin8 (6e
3usli/ +a2 o- li-e) 56e Gri(is6 colonial ad/inis(ra(ion se(
up 1ernacular sc6ools (6rou86ou( (6e &eninsular o-
3ala2a, 'u( (6ese +ere seen as a (6rea( (o (6e 3usli/
+a2 o- li-e) A (2pical da2 in a 1ernacular sc6ool +ould
consis( o- learnin8 (6e alp6a'e(, as +ell as readin8 and
168
)orld Appl* Sci* +*, -. /-0: 1234133, -51.
+ri(in8) 3a(6e/a(ics and 8eo8rap62 +ere included in (6e
curriculu/ (o e;uip s(uden(s +i(6 (6e essen(ial s:ills -or li-e)
In addi(ion (o (6is, separa(e 3ala2, >6inese and 5a/il
1ernacular sc6ools +ere se( up) 56ese +ere di--eren( -ro/ (6e
KAree< .n8lis6 sc6ools, +6ere .n8lis6 +as (6e /ain /ediu/
o- ins(ruc(ion)
>onse;uen(l2, (6e Garnes repor( in 1!"1 ad1oca(ed
(6e crea(ion o- a dual educa(ion s2s(e/ co/prisin8 o-
3ala2 and .n8lis6 sc6ools onl2) 56e e(6nic >6inese and
5a/ils pro(es(ed re8ardin8 i( as an a((e/p( (o assi/ila(e
(6eir cul(ure in(o 3ala2 or .n8lis6 cul(ure) $ue (o (6is,
ano(6er repor( '2 Aenn-Wu in 1!"2 (ried (o es(a'lis6 a
/ore li'eral educa(ion s2s(e/ +6ere (6e cul(ure o- (6e
>6inese and 5a/ils +ere included)) Su'se;uen(l2, (6e
Ja9a: Jepor( in 1!"6 addressed (6e need -or uni(2
'e(+een (6e di--eren( races in 3ala2sia as a 'asis -or (6e
curriculu/) =a(er on, (6e Ja6/an 5ali' Jepor( o- 1!60
c6an8ed (6e educa(ional landscape once a8ain) In 1!7!,
(6e 8o1ern/en( decreed (6a( a s(ud2 'e conduc(ed a'ou(
(6e s(a(e o- educa(ion in 3ala2sia and a repor( +as issued
ou(linin8 se1eral :e2 issues areas (6a( needed (o 'e
addressed) 56is 1!7! >a'ine( repor( +as (6e (urnin8 poin(
-or (6e 3ala2sian educa(ion s2s(e/ +i(6 se1eral o- (6e
:e2 /en(ioned in (6e repor( 'ein8 resol1ed in la(er 2ears)
A( presen(, (6e 1!!6 .duca(ion Ac( is (6e 'asis -or (6e
Na(ional educa(ion s2s(e/ in 3ala2sia)
56e purpose o- (6is 6is(orical descrip(ion is (o s6o+
(6a( (6e 3ala2sian educa(ion s2s(e/ 6as 8one (6rou86
/an2 c6an8es, par(icularl2 in i(s curriculu/, 'ased on (6e
c6an8es +i(6in socie(2 and (6e poli(ical scene o- (6e
coun(r2 ?10@) 56ese c6an8es 6a1e cer(ainl2 a--ec(ed (6e
+a2 &rincipals< (6in: and /ana8e (6eir sc6ools)
Do+e1er, (6ere is one i/por(an( ;ues(ion - +62 6a1e
so/e sc6ools succeeded +6ile o(6ers 6a1e -ailedI 56e
ans+er (o (6is ;ues(ion is si/ple4 (6e &rincipals +6o
learn( 6o+ (o /ana8e c6an8e e--ec(i1el2 6a1e succeeded
+6ile (6e sc6ools o- (6ose +6o could no(, con(inue (o 'e
/ediocre)
Ano(6er ;ues(ion (6a( sc6ool &rincipals con(inuall2
as: is - 6o+ can (6e2 use inno1a(ion (o /a:e (6eir
sc6ools success-ulI 3os( &rincipals and (eac6ers 'elie1e
(6a( +i(6ou( -unds or appropria(e resources, inno1a(ion
canno( (a:e place4 2e(, +e see /an2 sc6ools (6a( 6a1e
ac6ie1ed a+ards o- e7cellence and +6ere (6e &rincipals
6a1e success-ull2 raised (6e s(andard o- (6eir sc6ools (o
na(ional and so/e(i/es (o in(erna(ional le1els, +i(6ou(
-inancial suppor( -ro/ (6e 8o1ern/en() In o(6er +ords,
(6e2 6a1e /ana8ed (o -ind +a2s (o -und (6eir sc6ool
pro,ec(s +i(6ou( 8o1ern/en( 6elp) A sc6ool in (6e S(a(e
o- &era:, 3ala2sia, is reno+ned -or i/ple/en(in8 a
16!
-ree-source opera(in8 s2s(e/ on a s6oes(rin8 'ud8e()
Ano(6er sc6ool in (6e s(a(e o- 5eren88anu, 3ala2sia, is also
-a/ous -or de1elopin8 a no1el approac6 (6a( +as
de1eloped '2 (6e Dead)
%ne o- (6e 'asic pro'le/s o- i/ple/en(in8 c6an8es
in sc6ool is (6a( c6an8e /eans di--eren( (6in8s (o
di--eren( people) Aor /an2 people, inno1a(ion and c6an8e
/ean se((in8 up ne+ co/pu(er la's or usin8 an
a((endance s2s(e/) I( is (rue (6a( suc6 (6in8s do
cons(i(u(e c6an8e, 'u( (6ere is /ore (o c6an8e (6an (6is)
Nila:an(MJa/nara2an ?8@ de-ine Kc6an8e< as so/e(6in8
+6ic6 6appens inside an or8ani9a(ion (6a( in1ol1es
resources, procedures and c6an8es +i(6in indi1iduals o-
(6e or8ani9a(ion rela(ed (o e/o(ions, /o(i1a(ion and
leaders6ip) 56e (+o processes o- inno1a(ion and c6an8e
canno( s(and alone and are relian( upon eac6 o(6er)
3ean+6ile, Gall ?11@ and Wes( ?2@ see c6an8e and
inno1a(ion as e;ual, ;uo(in8 3or(<s s(ud2 on (6e
processes o- inno1a(ion) 56eir -indin8s s6o+ (6a( (6ere
is a pa((ern -or (6e adop(ion o- a ne+ educa(ional idea
o1er (i/e in (6e -or/ o- an S-s6aped cur1e) A( -irs(, onl2
a -e+ inno1a(i1e sc6ools adop( (6e idea, (6en (6e /a,ori(2
o- sc6ools decide (6a( (6e idea is desira'le and -inall2 (6e
adop(ion cur1e le1els o-- +6ere (6e las( re/ainin8 sc6ools
adop(s (6e idea) 56is no(ion o- adop(ion o1er (i/e is
repea(ed '2 Gis6op ?12@, +6o calls i(, (6e: B&rocess o-
planned c6an8eC) De ar8ues (6a( an2 process o-
inno1a(ion in1ol1es -our /a,or -ac(ors: 1) (6e c6an8e
a8en(4 2) (6e inno1a(ion i(sel-4 3) (6e 0ser and ) 5i/e)
56e idea o- p6ases -or (6e di--usion o- (ec6nolo82 is
-ur(6er discussed '2 Jo8ers ?13@ +6o lis(s (6e par(s o- (6e
process o- di--usion as -ollo+s: : 1) inno1a(ion 2)
co//unica(ion (6rou86 a c6annel 3) (i/e ) /e/'ers o-
(6e social s2s(e/) 56e i/ple/en(a(ion o- (6is process,
accordin8 (o Jo8ers, is no( eas2 and accep(ance re;uires
(i/e) Jo8ers ?13@ a8rees +i(6 3or(<s ar8u/en( (6a( an2
ne+ idea or inno1a(ion (a:es (i/e (o 'e accep(ed '2 (6e
people4 6o+e1er, 6e adds ano(6er (+o di/ensions (o (6e
e;ua(ion, na/el2, socie(al 1alues and cul(ure +6ic6 6e
sees as pi1o(al -or (6e accep(ance o- (ec6nolo82) %-
course, inno1a(ion /a2 'e accep(ed la(er i- people appl2
a +ai(-and-see approac6 +6ere (6e2 s(ar( (o use (6e
(ec6nolo82 +6en (6e2 see (6a( o(6ers are 'ene-i((in8 -ro/
(6e inno1a(ion)
I( can 'e no(ed -ro/ (6e ideas a'o1e (6ose 3ala2sian
sc6ool leaders and (eac6ers percei1e (6e a8encies o-
c6an8e (o 'e (6e polic2 /a:ers in (6e 3inis(r2 and no(
(6e/sel1es) In (6e 3ala2sian se((in8, (6ere /a2 'e so/e
(ru(6 in (6is percep(ion, 'ecause /os( o- (6e (i/e sc6ools
are re;uired (o i/ple/en( pro,ec(s (6a( are 6anded do+n
)orld Appl* Sci* +*, -. /-0: 1234133, -51.
(o (6e/ '2 (op o--icials) I( is (6en (6e sc6ool leaders on
(6e -ron( line +6o are e7pec(ed (o /a:e (6e polic2 +or: or
-ail) .1en so, (6ere are /an2 sc6ools leaders and (eac6ers
+6o can 'e considered 8enuine a8en(s o- c6an8e
'ecause (6e2 con(inue (o s(ri1e -or e7cellence +6ils(
copin8 +i(6 c6an8es (6a( occur in (6eir sc6ools) Da1eloc:
and Du'er/ann ?1@ ar8ue (6a(:
BI( is i/por(an( (o unders(and (6a( inno1a(ion is no(
adop(ed '2 people on (6e 'asis o- in(rinsic 1alue o- (6e
inno1a(ion 'u( ra(6er on (6e 'asis o- (6e adop(er<s
percep(ion o- (6e c6an8es (6e2 personall2 +ill 'e re;uired
(o /a:e) 56ose desi8nin8, ad/inis(erin8 and ad1isin8
pro,ec(s do no( 8enerall2 6a1e (o /a:e 1er2 /an2
c6an8es (6e/sel1es) I( is o(6ers +6o +ill 6a1e (o /odi-2
(6eir 'e6a1ior and 1er2 o-(en in a rapid /anner) 56is is an
e7a/ple o- s6o+in8 dan8er in cases +6ere (6e inno1a(or
is separa(ed -ro/ (6e pu'lic)C
56is s6o+s (6a( /os( o- (6e (i/e (6e a8en(s o-
c6an8e do no( +an( (o c6an8e (6eir o+n /indse( 'u(
re;uire su'ordina(es (o /a:e (6e paradi8/ s6i-( -or (6e
sa:e o- (6e sc6ool) 3os( sc6ool &rincipals -eel (6a( (6e2
are onl2 ad/inis(ra(ors and are (oo old (o learn ne+
(6in8s) 56e2 (6ere-ore dele8a(e (as:s (o 2oun8er or /ore
e7perienced (eac6ers and (6en si/pl2 /oni(or (6e
de1elop/en(s) 56is is +6a( Da1eloc: and Du'er/ann ?1@
/ean +6en (6e2 sa2 (6e inno1a(or is separa(ed -ro/ (6e
pu'lic)
Da1eloc: and Du'er/ann ?1@ -ur(6er e7plain -our
-ac(ors (6a( are si8ni-ican( in de(er/inin8 (6e li:eli6ood o-
success or -ailure -or inno1a(i1e pro,ec(s, +6ic6 are: 1)
In-ras(ruc(ure, 2) Au(6ori(2, 3) >onsensus and )
Jesources) In-ras(ruc(ure 6ere /eans (6e procedural
con-i8ura(ion o- (6e s2s(e/s in1ol1ed in (6e 1arious
p6ases o- inno1a(ion) &u( ano(6er +a2, i( /eans a s2s(e/
+6ic6 can iden(i-2 correc(l2 (6e needs and pro'le/s
in6eren( in an or8ani9a(ion and -ro/ (6ese pro'le/s,
solu(ions are i/ple/en(ed) Dere, (6ere is a rela(ions6ip
'e(+een au(6ori(2 and leaders6ip 1alues) A 6i86 le1el o-
leaders6ip ensures (6a( pro,ec(s are i/ple/en(ed and (6a(
inno1a(ion is carried ou(, +6ile a lo+ le1el o- leaders6ip
6as (6e opposi(e e--ec() K>onsensus< /eans (6a( (6e
end-user o- (6e inno1a(ion a8rees +i(6 (6e o',ec(i1es and
(6e +a2 (6a( (6e2 are i/ple/en(ed) Ainall2, Jesources
re-ers (o (6e -unds, /a(erials, e;uip/en(, -acili(ies and
personnel (6a( con(ri'u(e (o (6e success o- (6e pro,ec() A
dia8ra/ illus(ra(in8 (6ese -ac(ors o- inno1a(ion is depic(ed
'elo+:
Gased on dia8ra/ 1, i( can 'e seen (6a( Da1eloc: M
Du'er/an -ocus onl2 on e7(ernal -ac(ors and no( in(ernal
ones, suc6 as 1alues and co8ni(i1e processes)
56e2 concen(ra(e on (6e /acro le1el, ne8a(in8 (6e /icro
$ia8ra/ 1: Da1eloc: and Du'er/anNs &ro-iles o-
Inno1a(ions
le1el and +6a( is 6appenin8 +i(6in (6e /inds o- (6e
inno1a(or) I( is i/por(an( (o :no+ K6o+ does an
inno1a(or<s /ind +or:I< and +6a( (2pe o- /en(al
processes are (a:in8 place +6en an inno1a(or (ries (o
sol1e a pro'le/I
56e li(era(ure s6o+s (6a( /os( o- (6e (6eories a'ou(
inno1a(ion are concerned +i(6 e7(ernal -ac(ors, pa2in8
li((le a((en(ion (o (6e in(ernal ones) Wilson and 3c&a:e
?1"@, on (6e o(6er 6and, ar8ue (6a( &rincipals are
success-ul +6en (6ere is a su's(an(ial K(ea/ cul(ure<
a/on8 s(a--) A s(ud2 done on s/all, rural sc6ools in
Sco(land indica(es (6a( +6en (eac6ers are no( 'o88ed
do+n +i(6 (eac6in8 or ad/inis(ra(ion, (6e2 can 'e 1er2
recep(i1e (o (ea/+or: and (o c6an8e) Ne1er(6eless, (6is
+as relian( upon (6e s:ills and 1alues o- (6e &rincipals)
56e 1alues (6a( +ere /en(ioned included -ir/ness,
prepara(ion, realis(ic plannin8 and ris:-(a:in8) 56ese
-indin8s are suppor(ed '2 Ja/es and Oince<s ?16@ paper
on &rincipals< leaders6ip capa'ili(ies, +6ere &rincipals are
seen as a K1isi'le< role /odel< -or (eac6ers and s(uden(s)
Dence, &rincipals +6o encoura8e and i/ple/en( (ea/
cul(ure -are 'e((er (6an (6eir coun(erpar(s +6o do no(
inculca(e a (ea/ cul(ure)
P!rpose of the St!dy: 56e s(ud2 in1es(i8a(es
inno1a(i1eness and c6an8e /ana8e/en( a/on8 sc6ool
leaders) Accordin8 (o Pir(on ?17@, inno1a(i1eness can 'e
o'ser1ed in (6e decision /a:in8 and pro'le/ sol1in8
s(2les o- sc6ool leaders, alon8 +i(6 crea(i1i(2, +6ic6 is
(6e /ain re;uire/en( -or inno1a(ion and decision
/a:in8)
56is paper presen(s (6e sc6ool leaders< percep(ions
o- (6e c6an8es (6a( 6a1e(a:en place in (6e 3ala2sian
educa(ion s2s(e/) 3ala2sian sc6ools 6a1e seen /an2
c6an8es and inno1a(ions and (6ese /a2 6a1e c6an8ed
(6e i/a8e o- educa(ion as a +6ole) &rincipals are (6e ones
+6o 6a1e (o i/ple/en( (6ese c6an8es in(o sc6ools and
so i( +ill 'e in(eres(in8 (o e7plore principals<opinions
a'ou( (6ese c6an8es) A-(er all, &rincipals are (6e a8en(s
o- c6an8e +6o ensure (6a( policies are i/ple/en(ed in(o
170
)orld Appl* Sci* +*, -. /-0: 1234133, -51.
sc6ools, (6us (6eir percep(ions a'ou( (6ese c6an8es
could a--ec( (6e i/ple/en(a(ion process o- (6e pro8ra/s (6a(
+ill ul(i/a(el2 'ene-i( (6e polic2 /a:ers)
In addi(ion (o (6is, (6e s(ud2 in1es(i8a(es 6o+ sc6ool
leaders cope +i(6 (6e c6an8es (6a( 6a1e (a:en place in
3ala2sian educa(ion 6o+ (6e2 /a:e decisions 'ased
upon (6e /ana8e/en( rou(ines o- (6eir sc6oolsI4 6o+
(6e2 s2ner8i9e (eac6ers in(o 8roups and /a:e (6e/ +or:
(o8e(6er +i(6 (6e principalI and +6a( s(2les do (6e2 appl2
+6en pro'le/-sol1in8I Pir(on ?17@ ar8ues (6a( all 6u/ans
are crea(i1e and -allin(o one o- (+o ca(e8ories: adap(i1e or
inno1a(i1e) W6en +e /erel2-ollo+ rules or +6en +e (6in:
ou(side (6e 'o7, Pir(on considers (6is as crea(i1e)
Inno1a(ion, on (6e o(6er 6and, re;uires us (o (6in:
di--eren(l2)
56is s(ud2 +ill (6ere-ore loo: in(o (6e /ec6anis/s
used '2 sc6ool &rincipals (o /a:e decisions (6a('rin8
c6an8e (o (6eir sc6ools)
Signi6cance of the St!dy: 56e s(ud2in1es(i8a(es
(6e
co8ni(i1e c6arac(eris(ics o- inno1a(i1e leaders) Inno1a(i1e
leaders are o-(en /easured '2 ou(co/es i)e) (6e ;uan(i(2
o- produc(s ra(6er (6an (6e process '2 +6ic6 (6e2 arri1e
a( (6ese resul(s) In Hers(ein<s ?3@ de-ini(ion, inno1a(ion
/eans crea(in8 or e7ploi(in8 ne+ needs, or (6e use o-
(ec6nolo82 (o c6an8e (6e rules o- (6e 8a/e) Do+e1er, (6e
/a,ori(2 o- (6e s(udies are concerned +i(6 Kou(er< -ac(ors
li:e en1iron/en(, su'ordina(es, (6e or8ani9a(ion and
-unds) Aos(er in Sen8e?18@ -or e7a/ple ad1oca(e (6a( (6e
/ore /one2 (6a( is pu/ped in(o (6e pro8ra/, (6e /ore
success-ul i( +ill 'e) 3ean+6ile, $ruc:er ?7@ ar8ues (6a(
inno1a(ion is an econo/ic and social (er/, ra(6er (6an a
(ec6nical one (6a( en(ails (6e use o- poli(ical and /ar:e(
in-luences (o -ull2 reali9e inno1a(ion and increase
produc(i1i(2 in or8ani9a(ions) In con(ras(, Sen8e ?18@
ar8ues (6a( i( is (6e K=earnin8 .(6ic< o- (6e +6ole
or8ani9a(ion (6a( con(ri'u(es (o i(s success)
B56e 'asic ra(ionale -or suc6 or8ani9a(ions is (6a( in
si(ua(ions o- rapid c6an8e onl2 (6ose (6a( are -le7i'le,
adap(i1e and produc(i1e +ill e7cel) Aor (6is (o 6appen, i(
is ar8ued or8ani9a(ions need (o Kdisco1er 6o+ (o (ap
people<s co//i(/en( and capaci(2 (o learn a( all le1els<
3os( /ana8e/en( K8urus< are concerned pri/aril2
+i(6 or8ani9a(ional 1aria'les and (6e2 i8nore (6e Kin(ernal<
-ac(ors (6a( dri1e a person +6en /a:in8 decisions) W6a(
reall2 6appens 'e-ore (6e ou(side -ac(ors s(ar( (o (a:e
e--ec( and /a:e (6in8s 6appenI 56is 'rin8s us (o (6e
concep( o- crea(i1i(2 +6ic6 is a su'se( o- inno1a(ion) In
1!8", Pu6n su88es(ed (6a( Kcrea(i1i(2 /eans (o crea(e
so/e(6in8 -ro/ no(6in8, +6ile inno1a(ion Ks6apes (6a(
so/e(6in8 in(o produc(s and ser1ices<) 3an2 o(6er
proponen(s o- (6is idea 6a1e ar8ued (6a( +i(6ou(
crea(i1i(2, inno1a(ion +ould no( 'e possi'le)
esearch 7!estions: 5+o 8eneral researc6 ;ues(ions
6a1e 'een de1eloped -or (6is s(ud2) Airs(l2, 6o+ do
3ala2sian &rincipals and Dead/as(ers 1ie+ c6an8es in
(6e educa(ion s2s(e/I Wi(6 (6e /an2 c6an8es (6a( 6a1e
(a:en place in sc6ools since 3ala2sia<s independence,
+6a( is (6e 8eneral percep(ionsa/on8 sc6ool
leaders4 'earin8 in /ind (6a( 3ala2sian &rincipals and
6ead-/as(ers 6a1e 'een pro/o(ed (o (6eir pos(s +i(6 an
a1era8e o- -or(22ears o- (eac6in8 e7perience in (6e
3ala2sian educa(ion s2s(e/) 56is /eans (6a( (6e2 6a1e
seen and e7perienced (6ese c6an8es in (6e curriculu/ and
in ad/inis(ra(ion -irs( 6and as (eac6ers, 'u( no( as sc6ool
leaders) In spi(e o- (6e -ac( (6a( poli(ical pressure -orces
(6e/ (o a'ide '2 (6e direc(i1es o- (6e 3inis(r2, +6a( do
&rincipals reall2 (6in: a'ou( (6e c6an8es (6a( 6a1e (a:en
placeI 3ore recen(l2, 3ala2sian (eac6ers 6a1e 'een
co/plainin8 (6a( (6e2 are 'o88ed do+n +i(6 non-
acade/ic (as:s in sc6ool (6a( are 6anded do+n -ro/ (6e
dis(ric( and /inis(r2 le1els) W6a( are (6e &rincipals< and
6ead-/as(ers< 1ie+s on (6ese /a((ersI
3oreo1er, 6o+ do 3ala2sian &rincipals and
6ead-/as(ers approac6 decision-/a:in8 and pro'le/
sol1in8I In (6eir line o- +or: (6e2 +ill 6a1e co/e across
di--eren( +a2s o- /a:in8 decisions and sol1in8 pro'le/s,
especiall2 +6en /ana8in8 c6an8e in sc6ool)) So +6a( do
(6e2 do +6en (6e2 are -aced +i(6 (6ese :inds o- c6an8es
(6a( need (o 'e i/ple/en(ed in(o (6eir sc6oolsI Do+ do
(6e2 6andle (6eir su'ordina(es +6o /a2 'e Kdi--icul(< or
inco/pe(en( a( (i/esI
MA%8IALS A$& M8%HO&S
56is s(ud2 e/plo2s ;uali(a(i1e researc6
/e(6odolo82) Se/i-s(ruc(ured in(er1ie+s +ere conduc(ed
-ro/ si7 &rincipals o- 8o1ern/en( secondar2 sc6ools -ro/
(6e Plan8 Oalle2 re8ion) 56e sc6ools are :no+n as Ks/ar(
sc6ools< 6a1in8 recei1ed a+ards -or (6eir inno1a(i1e
pro8ra/s) &ar(icipan(s +ere selec(ed and no/ina(ed '2
(6e 3inis(r2 o- .duca(ion 'ased on (6eir ac6ie1e/en(s in
inno1a(i1e pro,ec(s and ac(i1i(ies)
Sc6ool A is in a (o+n loca(ed a'ou( 80 /iles -ro/
Puala =u/pur) I( +as selec(ed as a pilo( KS/ar( sc6ool< in
1!!! and success-ull2 ac6ie1ed S/ar(-sc6ool s(a(us)
56e sc6ool pro1ides 'oardin8 -acili(ies -or s(uden(s +6o
171
)orld Appl* Sci* +*, -. /-0: 1234133, -51.
6a1e ac6ie1ed 6i86 scores in na(ional 3ala2sian
e7a/ina(ions -or (6eir dis(ric() 56e sc6ool 6as
appro7i/a(el2 (+o (6ousand s(uden(s and -or(2 -i1e
(eac6ers) 56e &rincipal is a lad2 +6o 6as s6o+n a cer(ain
le1el o- con-idence and (enaci(2 in /ana8in8 6er sc6ool)
Sc6ool G, on (6e o(6er 6and, is si(ua(ed in an ur'an
area o- Puala =u/pur :no+n as A/pan8 'oas(in8 (6e
onl2 8ol- course in (6e area +i(6in (6e sc6ool<s pre/ise)
56e &rincipal +as a 3inis(r2 o--icial and 6as a su's(an(ial
in(eres( in 8ol-) No( onl2 (6a(, 6e passiona(el2 i/ple/en(s
I>5 pro,ec(s in (6e sc6ool and encoura8es 6is (eac6ers
and s(a-- (o use I>5 in (6eir classes) 56e sc6ool is clean
and secluded -ro/ (6e 6us(le and 'us(le o- (6e ci(2) 56e
/ain ad1an(a8e o- (6e sc6ool is (6a( (6e /a,ori(2 o- (6e
paren(s 'elon8 (o (6e upper /iddle class 'and, +i(6 (6e
resul( (6ose a'undan( -inancial con(ri'u(ions (o (6e
sc6ool)
Sc6ool > is a -ull-(i/e 'oardin8 sc6ool si(ua(ed on
(6e ou(s:ir(s o- Puala =u/pur) %nl2 s(uden(s +i(6
e7cellen( na(ional e7a/ina(ion resul(s are selec(ed (o
a((end (6e K6os(el)) 56e sc6ool is +ell :no+n -or placin8
8rea( i/por(ance on curriculu/ con(en( i)e) -ocussin8 on
e7a/ina(ion resul(s ra(6er (6an (eac6in8 /e(6ods, li:e
o(6er 'oardin8 sc6ools4 6o+e1er, (6e &rincipal assured
/e (6a( inno1a(ion (6ri1es +i(6in (6e sc6ool) In con(ras(,
sc6ool $ is si(ua(ed -ar-ro/ Puala =u/pur, in a (o+n
called 3e/'au, in Ne8eri Se/'ilan) 56e &rincipal +as
o1erl2 concerned a'ou( (6e poli(ical si(ua(ion o- (6e da2,
2e( s6e s(ill /ana8ed (o /ain(ain 6er -ocus on (6e reali(ies
o- s(uden(s< li1es in sc6ool) S6e +as ada/an( (6a( (6e
polic2 o- (eac6in8 o- Science and 3a(6e/a(ics in
.n8lis6 - a 6o(l2 de'a(ed poli(ical issue in 3ala2sia -
s6ould 'e con(inued, e1en (6ou86 s6e reali9ed (6a( so/e
(eac6ers and s(uden(s lac: (6e a'ili(2 (o spea: or +ri(e in
.n8lis6))
=i:e sc6ool $, sc6ool . is si(ua(ed in a rural se((in8
in (6e Sou(6ern s(a(e o- Jo6or) 56rou86 de(er/ina(ion, (6e
&rincipal 6as /ana8ed (o c6an8e paren(s< and o--icials<
percep(ions a'ou( (6e sc6ools i)e) (6a( i( /us( 'e in an
ur'an area (o 'e inno1a(i1e) 56e &rincipal 6ass6o+n
inno1a(i1e leaders6ip in (6e +a2 s6e considers pro'le/s
as a c6allen8e) S6e an(icipa(es pro'le/s ra(6er (6an
+ai(in8 -or (6e/ (o 6appen and as a resul(, 6as sol1ed
pro'le/s 'e-ore (6e2 occurred) 3oreo1er, (6e sc6ool
conduc(s /an2 pro,ec(s ai/ed a( 'ene-i((in8 s(uden(sand
(eac6ers)
Ainall2, sc6ool A is si(ua(ed on (6e ou(s:ir(s o- Puala
=u/pur 'ein8 riddled +i(6 pro'le/s and issues, suc6 as:
poor discipline in s(uden(s and e1en so/e (eac6ersQ
172
56e &rincipal +as (rans-erred (o ano(6er sc6ool -or a
+6ile, 'u( +as la(er re;ues(ed (o re(urn (o (6e sc6ool)
56e sc6ool isconsidered 'i8, co/prisin8 o- (+o (6ousand
s(uden(s) 5o add (o (6e pro'le/s, (6ere is ano(6er si/ilar
sc6ool near'2 +6ic6 s6ares pro'le/s) Jecen(l2, (6e
pro'le/ o- s(uden(s pla2in8 (ruan( and loi(erin8 in (6e
near'2 (o+n area +as 6i86li86(ed '2 (6e na(ional
ne+spaper -or +6ic6 (6e &rincipal +as uno--iciall2
'la/ed) 5o (op i( all, so/e o- (6e (eac6ers are 1er2
un-coopera(i1e and re-use (o 8i1e (6eir -ull suppor( (o (6e
&rincipal +6o is (r2in8 (o cur' (6e sc6ool discipline
pro'le/s) Ne1er(6eless, (6is 6as no( s(opped (6e &rincipal
-ro/ /o1in8 a6ead and a((e/p(in8 (o /ana8e (6e sc6ool
in an orderl2 -as6ion) Suc6 e--or(s s6o+ 8rea(
de(er/ina(ion and inno1a(i1eness on (6e par( o- (6e
&rincipal +6o is also (r2in8 (o i/ple/en( a nu/'er o-
pro,ec(s (o i/pro1e (6e sc6ool)
%he Principals )ere Intervie#ed 'sing the
9ollo#ing 7!estions:
W6a( is*are 2our opinion (s) a'ou( (6e c6an8es (6a(
6a1e 'een 6appenin8 in (6e 3ala2sian educa(ion
s2s(e/I
Do+ do 2ou sol1e e1er2da2 pro'le/s in 2our
sc6oolI
W6a( are (6e -ac(ors (6a( in-luence 2ou (o 'e
inno1a(i1eI
56e in(er1ie+ responses +ere recorded and
(ranscri'ed in(o a ;uali(a(i1e so-(+are called N1i1o
1ersion 10) 56e con1ersa(ions +ere (6en coded in(o
(6e/es and (a'ula(ed) 5o ensure relia'ili(2, (6e
(ranscrip(s +ere c6ec:ed '2 (+o e7per(s in (6e -ield o-
educa(ional leaders6ip +6o +ere 8i1en a (a'le
con(ainin8 (6e ;uo(a(ions and (6e/es o- (6e in(er1ie+s
+6ic6 (6e2 c6ec:ed -or sui(a'ili(2) 56e c6ec:lis(s o- 'o(6
e7per(s +ere co/pared and used (o (rian8ula(e (6e
-indin8s)
8S'L%S
%heme 1: Change as a %ool for Achievement:
&rincipal A
+as posi(i1e a'ou( (6e c6an8es (6a( 6a1e (a:en place in
(6e 3ala2sian educa(ion s2s(e/) S6e is a (ou86 'u(
carin8 leader and i( +as e1iden( -ro/ 6er e7periences +i(6
6er (eac6ers and -ro/ 6er opinions a'ou( (6e c6an8es in
3ala2sian educa(ion (6a( s6e 1ie+ed c6an8e as a +a2 (o
i/pro1e sc6ools)
)orld Appl* Sci* +*, -. /-0: 1234133, -51.
B>6an8es in educa(ion are 8ood 'ecause :no+led8e
is d2na/ic so +e canno( 'e specula(i1e 'u( I a/ a
1er2 open person and I can -ollo+) So, +6a(e1er i( is)
I( is easier i- 2ou 6a1e an open /ind and I -orce
/2sel- (o 'e li:e (6a(RAor /e c6an8e is i/por(an(
'ecause i( 'rin8s i/pro1e/en( and I can see (6ere are
/an2 oppor(uni(ies -or i/pro1e/en(sC) (&rincipal A)
&rincipal G s6ared si/ilar 1ie+s a'ou( c6an8e and i(s
e--ec(s on educa(ion) Sc6ools need (o 'e e--ec(i1e in
c6annellin8 in-or/a(ion (o s(uden(s (o prepare (6e/ -or
(6e ,o'-/ar:e( and (6e real +orld) 3ean+6ile, &rincipal >
asser(ed (6a( c6an8e re;uires pro-ac(i1e s(eps (o ac6ie1e
polic2 o',ec(i1es)
>6an8es (6a( are 6appenin8 in educa(ion need (o 'e
reali9in8 (6e de/ands o- (oda2<s +orld) 56is /eans (6e
con(en( is no( s(a(ic and i( de1elops +i(6 presen( (i/e and
(ec6nolo8ies) Si/ilarl2, 6is(or2 is no( s(a(ic 'u( ali1e and
-ull o- in-or/a(ion) 56is also /eans (eac6ers +ill 6a1e (o
6a1e (6e co/ple(e in-or/a(ion as so/e(i/es (6e s(uden(s
are /ore in-or/ed (6an (6e (eac6ers)C (&rincipal G)
B>6an8e is so/e(6in8 (6a( +e canno( a1oid in
educa(ion s2s(e/ 'ecause (6e2 are c6an8in8 +i(6
(6e de1elop/en( o- (6e +orld around us) I see (6ese
c6an8es as a proac(i1e s(ep (o+ards (6e prepara(ion
o- (6e s(uden(s and 3ala2sian in 8eneral (o 'eco/e
(6e de1eloped na(ion in 2020 so i( /us( 'e done
no+)C (&rincipal >)
%heme -: Leaders as Catalysts for Change: In
/an2 ins(ances o- (6e pro'le/s -aced '2 &rincipals, (6e2
ac(ed as ca(al2s(s -or c6an8e - as in (6e -ollo+in8 e7a/ple:
B>6allen8es co/e in 6u/an -or/)))))))(6e s(a-- and
(eac6ers and (6e resources +i(6in /2 au(6ori(2) %nce
(6ere +as co/pe(i(ion in1ol1in8 ro'o(s a( a na(ional
le1el) 56e (eac6ers +an(ed (o do so/e(6in8 di--eren(
+i(6 (6e ro'o( so I su88es(ed (o (6e/ (o do a
(radi(ional 3ala2 dance (o acco/pan2 (6e ro'o( so
I as:ed (6e (eac6ers (o loo: -or a doll (6a( can 'e
used in (6e presen(a(ion) I 8a1e (6e/ J3700 -or
cos(s and e7penses) 56e (eac6ers -inall2 8o( a doll
and +e 8o( /an2 (eac6ers (o c6ip in and con(ri'u(e)
56e2 +on (6e co/pe(i(ion and +ere 1er2 6app2)C
(&rincipal A)
In (6e a'o1e con1ersa(ion, (6e &rincipal descri'ed
6o+ (eac6ers approac6ed 6er and as:ed 6er -or ad1ice on
6o+ (o co/ple(e a pro,ec( -or a co/pe(i(ion (6a( u(ilised
173
a ro'o()) 56e principal +as 1er2 suppor(i1e o- (6e pro,ec(
and used 6er o+n /one2, alon8 +i(6 (6e con(ri'u(ions o-
o(6er (eac6ersN con(ri'u(ions) S6e 8a1e su88es(ions on
+6a( (eac6ers could do (o co/ple(e (6e pro,ec( and as:ed
(6e (eac6ers (o prepare /a(erials -or (6e pro,ec(
presen(a(ion) I( +as a co/'ined e--or( +6ere (6e principal
ac(ed as a ca(al2s() 56e ou(co/e +as (6a( (6e (eac6ers
respec(ed 6er -or 6er e--or(s and (6e sc6ool +on (6e
co/pe(i(ion) 56e principal no( onl2 iden(i-ied (6e pro'le/,
'u( also 6elped (o -ind a solu(ion and ac(ed as a ca(al2s(
-or (6e (eac6ers (o coopera(e e--ec(i1el2)) In ano(6er
si(ua(ion, (6e principal sol1ed (6e pro'le/ o- unsold
spor(s -5-s6ir(s)
B56e (-s6ir(s +ere unsold due (o poor /ana8e/en(
-ro/ (6e pre1ious /ana8e/en() So 6o+ did I sol1e
(6e pro'le/I I pu( (6e (-s6ir( in (6e co-opera(i1e and
/ade an anounce/en( (6a( s(uden(s +ill 6a1e (o
'u2 (6e (-s6ir(s) .1en (6ou86 i( is uncon1en(ional
and I :no+ (6a( /an2 paren(s +ere dissa(is-ied a'ou(
i(, I pus6ed (6rou86 and /ana8ed (o pa2 'ac: (6e
de'( (o (6e prin(in8 co/pan2) Wi(6 (6e 'alance +e
'ou86( presen(s -or (6e spor(s and pri9e 8i1in8 da2)
56is +ould ne1er 6appen i- (6e pre1ious
/ana8e/en( +ere (o 6andle (6e pro'le/)C
(&rincipal A)
=i:e+ise, &rincipal . sin8le-6andedl2 (rans-or/ed 6er
rural sc6ool in(o one o- (6e 'es( sc6ools in (6e dis(ric()
W6en (6e &rincipal -irs( arri1ed a((6e sc6ool, i( +as 1er2
disor8ani9ed and dilapida(ed) S6e sa+ (6a( (6ere +ere
se1eral (6in8s in need o- i/pro1e/en() Aor e7a/ple (6e
In(erne( connec(ion a( (6e sc6ool +as 1er2 slo+, so s6e
and 6er (ea/ succeeded in collec(in8 -unds -ro/
poli(icians and s(a:e6olders (o se( up a co/pu(er
ne(+or:)) S6e crea(ed a cen(rali9ed no(ice 'oard (o 8i1e
in-or/a(ion (o 1isi(ors and s(uden(s) S6e +as also (6e -irs(
person (o (6in: o- re'uildin8 (6e (oile(s so (6a( (6e2 +ere
/ore open, (o cur' cases o- s(uden( s/o:in8 and ac(s o-
1andalis/:
BI (6in: i(s /ore disco1erin8 (6e pro'le/s li:e (6e
-irs( (i/e I arri1e so -e+ s(uden(s can pra2 so i 'uild
'i88er surau so i sol1ed i() 56e ru''is6 and
+as6roo/ pro'le/) 56e sc6ool 6a1e (6ese no(ice
'oards all o1er (6e sc6ools and I crea(ed (6is
cen(rali9ed in-or/a(ion no(ices) So all (6e co-
curricular clu's and uni-or/ed) 56ese are (6e li((le
(6in8s (6a( /a:e our sc6ool 8e( no(iced)C
(&rincipal .)
)orld Appl* Sci* +*, -. /-0: 1234133, -51.
56e /ain c6arac(eris(ic o- inno1a(i1e leaders is (6a( (6e2
see: pro'le/s ra(6er (6an +ai(in8 -or pro'le/s (o occur
'e-ore sol1in8 (6e/))) 56is pro-ac(i1e /ana8e/en( approac6
+as seen in se1eral par(icipan(s o- (6e s(ud2) %ne e7a/ple
+as &rincipal . +6o disco1ered (6a( (6ere +as a poor s2s(e/
o- ru''is6 disposal and so s6e se( up an incinera(or in sc6ool:
BI 6a1e done a lo( o- p62sical inno1a(ions -or
e7a/ple (6e ru''is6 incinera(or) W6en I -irs(
ca/e (6ere +ere 6ardl2 a s/all ru''is6 'in) I-
2ou see our enrol/en( (6ousand nine (6e
a/oun( o- 8ar'a8e e1er2da2) We need a 6eal(62
place and all (6a( and +e did)C (&rincipal .)
%heme .: %r!st: In /ana8in8 (6e sc6ool<s -inances, one
principal (old (6e s(or2 o- 6o+ s6e collec(ed -unds -or
s(uden(-ac(i1i(ies -eelin8 (6a( (6e /one2 +ould 'e 'e((er
spen( i- i( +as used -or (6e 'ene-i( o- s(uden(s) 56is is
ano(6er e7a/ple o- usin8 inno1a(ion (o sol1e a pro'le/)
BI +ould (a:e (6e /one2 paid '2 (6e s(uden(s and
use i( -or ac(i1i(ies (6a( need (o 'e done earl2 in (6e
2ear) As 2ou :no+, (6e -unds -ro/ (6e 8o1ern/en(
can onl2 'e used in (6e (6ird /on(6 o- (6e 2ear and
+e need so/e /one2 (o -und ac(i1i(ies earl2 in (6e
2ear) So ins(ead o- deposi(in8 i( in (6e 'an:, I used i(
(o i/ple/en( (6e ac(i1i(iesC (&rincipal >)
W6a( is in(eres(in8 6ere is (6e idea o- (rus(, +6ic6 is
e1iden( -ro/ (6is e7a/ple)) .1en (6ou86 -ailin8 (o deposi(
sc6ool -ees in(o a 'an: accoun( is a8ains( (6e NrulesN, (6e
principal ;ues(ioned (6e Nnor/N and reasoned (6a( i( +ould
'e 'e((er (o use (6e /one2 -or s(uden(s< 'ene-i() 56e
resul( o- (6is ac(ion +as (6a( (rus( +as ins(illed in (6e
s(uden(s -or (6eir superior, +6ic6 is a dis(inc(i1e
c6arac(eris(ic o- an Asian 1alues and cul(ure) &er6aps i(
is no( surprisin8 (6a( (6e concep( o- (rus( is seldo/
s(udied '2 Wes(ern acade/icians, especiall2 in (6e
con(e7( o- inno1a(ion)
In a si/ilar +a2, (6e second s/ar( sc6ool &rincipal
+as 1er2 co/-or(a'le +i(6 6is posi(ion as an a8en( o-
c6an8e in (6e sc6ool) De s6o+ed 8rea( ener82 and +as
-ull o- ideas -or (6e 'ene-i( o- 6is (eac6ers and s(uden(s)
Dis p6ilosop62 +as N(6e ends ,us(i-2 (6e /eansN and (6is
resona(ed in 6is e1er2da2 dealin8s +i(6 6is su'ordina(es))
In(eres(in8l2, 6is /e(6od -or /ana8in8 -ees and -unds
+as so/e+6a( uncon1en(ional, 'u( 6e ,us(i-ied i( '2
clai/in8 (6a( i( +as done -or (6e 'ene-i( o- (6e sc6ool, (6e
(eac6ers and (6e s(uden(s)
17
BI -ound ou( (6a( +ai(in8 -or (6e 8o1erne/en( -unds
is useless 'ecause (6e sc6ool needs -unds a( (6e
'e8innin8 o- (6e 2ear so I /a:e i( /2 /ission (o
collec( con(ri'u(ions -ro/ (6e 1endors) I :no+ i( is
+ron8 'u( +ould 2ou ra(6er si( around doin8 no(6in8
and +ai( un(il 3arc6 'e-ore 2ou can do an2(6in8I So
I collec(ed a su/ o- /one2 and +e or8ani9ed an
ac(i1i(2 -or (6e :ids) So/e people /i86( ridicule /e
-or doin8 (6a( 'u( I -eel (6a( (6e s(uden(s are /2 -irs(
priori(2)C (&rincipal .)
56is principal prided 6i/sel- +i(6 6is inno1a(i1e
ideas -or /ana8in8 (6e sc6ool) Aor e7a/ple, 6e s6o+ed us
a s/all 'oo: -or recordin8 (6e use o- (6e co/p(er la's '2
s(uden(s) S(uden(s +6o used (6e la's se1eral (i/es +ould
recei1e a 8i-( -ro/ (6e sc6ool) 3an2 sc6ools are no(
concerned +i(6 /ana8in8 (6eir co/pu(er la's, 'u( (6is
principal encoura8ed s(uden(s and (eac6ers (o access (6e
In(erne( and sa1e use-ul in-or/a(ion and :no+led8e on(o
a cd (o 'e pu( in (6e li'rar2 -or e1er2one (o use)
56e principal +or:ed independen(l2 +6en i/ple/en(in8
ne+ ideas, 'u( /ade sure (6a( 6e s(a2ed +i(6in (6e li/i(s
o- rules and re8ula(ions) %nl2 in (6e case o- sc6ool -unds
did 6e ;ues(ion (6e rules and re8ula(ions and in (6is case
6e -ound an al(erna(i1e solu(ion (o resol1e (6e pro'le/)
&rincipal > s6o+ed 6o+ inno1a(i1e leaders6ip can 'e
i/ple/en(ed in a 'oardin8 sc6ool) S6e recei1ed
co/plain(s -ro/ s(uden(s a'ou( (6e openin8 (i/es o- (6e
co/pu(er la's - s(uden(s +ere -rus(ra(ed 'ecause /os( o-
(6eir assi8n/en(s re;uired (6e/ (o 8ain in-or/a(ion -ro/
(6e in(erne(4 6o+e1er, (6e da2(i/e openin8 o- (6e
co/pu(er la's +ere incon1enien() 56e &rincipal discussed
+a2s (o sol1e (6e pro'le/ +i(6 (6e (eac6ers and decided
(o ins(all so/e co/pu(ers ou(side (6e la's, (o ensure (6a(
s(uden(s could 6a1e access (o (6e in(erne( in (6e e1enin8)
56is +as an in8enious +a2 o- sol1in8 (6e pro'le/ +i(6
onl2 a -e+ ne8a(i1e conse;uences i)e) s(uden(s s(ole a
co/pu(er /ouse or occasional cases o- 1andalisin8 (6e
co/pu(ers)) In spi(e o- (6is, (6e pro8ra/ con(inued and
s(uden(s +ere a'le (o co/ple(e (6eir assi8n/en(s on (6e
co/pu(ers) 56is is an e7a/ple o- (6in:in8 Ninside-(6e 'o7N)
56a( is, (6e principal i8nored (6e re8ula(ion (6a( said
co/pu(ers /us( 'e :ep( inside a secure roo/) I( is
pro'a'l2 (rue (o sa2 (6a( (6is +ould no( 6a1e 'een
prac(ical in a da2 sc6ool 'ecause (6e co/pu(ers +ould 'e
carried o-- in (6e ni86()
=as(l2, &rincipal . +as 1er2 ou(ri86( a'ou( a'idin8 '2
(6e rules and re8ula(ions, 2e( 6er sc6ool +as -a/ous -or
'ein8 inno1a(i1e) 56ere +as no(6in8 1er2 di--eren( a'ou(
(6e +a2 s6e /ana8ed 6er sc6ool as s6e -ollo+ed all (6e
)orld Appl* Sci* +*, -. /-0: 1234133, -51.
pro8ra//es 8i1en '2 (6e 3inis(r2 o- .duca(ion)
Do+e1er, s6e /ana8ed (o -ind +a2s (o 8e( around
res(ric(ions +i(6ou( 'rea:in8 an2 rules), 56is s6o+ed (6a(
s6e +as an adap(i1e person) +6o displa2s leaders6ip
c6arac(eris(ics, li:e: e--icienc2, (6orou86ness,
/e(6odicalness, or8ani9a(ion, preciseness, relia'ili(2 and
dependa'ili(2)) Suc6 leaders (end (o 'e s(ric(, adop(in8 a
N-ollo+-(6e-'oo:N (2pe o- leaders6ip4 6o+e1er, (6e2
8enerall2 per-or/ +ell due (o (6eir lon8 e7perience in (6e
-ield as sc6ool ad/inis(ra(ors (6a( 6as (au86( (6e/ 6o+
cer(ain pro'le/s can onl2 'e resol1ed)) 56is is (2pical o-
/an2 sc6ool principals +6o -ollo+ nor/al procedures
+6en sol1in8 pro'le/s) )
%heme :: Innovative Leaders Are Con6dent and
;old:
%ne par(icipan(, +6en (al:in8 a'ou( personali(2, indica(ed
(6a( con-idence and de(er/ina(ion are i/por(an( -ac(ors
(6a( in-luence inno1a(i1eness) I( is nor/al -or &rincipals
(o 'e con-iden( and e1en serious a'ou( /a((ers per(ainin8
(o (6eir sc6ools) A-(er all, (6a( is (6eir /ain concern)
Do+e1er,(6ere is one c6arac(eris(ic (6a( separa(es (6e (+o
inno1a(i1e &rincipals /en(ioned a'o1e -ro/ (6e o(6ers
and (6a( is (6a( (6e2 dared (o (a:e ris:s) Inno1a(i1e
leaders s(and ou( as leaders +6o 1en(ure ou( in(o
un:no+n (erri(or2 +i(6 sel- de(er/ina(ion and e7perience)
BI a8ree +i(6 (6a( 'u( I (6in: 2ou need (o 6a1e proper
personali(ies) Sou need (o pro,ec( (6e proper
personali(2) 32 (eac6ers are (i +ouldnN( sa2 scared o-
/e) (6e2 respec( /e 'u( scared in (6e si(ua(ion +6ere
+6en +or: is concerned (6ere is no co/pro/ise)C
(&rincipal .)
Ano(6er -ac(or /en(ioned '2 one o- (6e &rincipals
+as (6a( o- crea(in8 (ea/+or: a/on8 (6e pla2ers +i(6in
(6e sc6ool) An inno1a(i1e leader di1ides s(a-- and
dele8a(es (as:s 'e(+een (6e/)) Suc6 leaders /ana8e (6e
sc6ool '2 /a:in8 decisions (o8e(6er +i(6 s(a-- and do no(
ac( alone)) In (6is +a2, (6e sc6ool /ana8e/en( 'eco/es
a collec(i1e en(i(2 +6ere e1er2one can con(ri'u(e)
BI (6in: IN/ e--icien(, (6orou86 and or8anised) IN/ no(
independen( and ori8inal) I +or: as a (ea/) I +ill 'e li:e
collec(i1e /ana8e/en() I 6a1e /2 (6in:(an: /2
e7ecu(i1e co//i((ee) We 6a1e our /ee(in8 re8ularl2,
(6ere, +e /a:e our policies) +e 'rains(or/ and ar8ue, (6en
+e co/e ou( as a (ea/) IN/ no( independence 'ecause
o- /2 (ea/)C (&rincipal .)
17"
3os( o- (6e (i/e, leaders are (6e /ain de(er/inan( o-
(6e success o- (6eir sc6ool) W6e(6er 6e or s6e is
c6aris/a(ic or au(ocra(ic, (6e2 need (o 6a1e (6e ri86(
a((i(ude in /ana8in8 and sol1in8 pro'le/s) 56e2 /us(
possess in(eres( and passion in +6a( (6e2, do (6us
e7perience pla2s an i/por(an( role in /a:in8 decisions:
BAn i/por(an( -ac(or is (6e leader 6i/sel-) Gesides
doin8 rou(ine (as:s, 6e /us( do so/e(6in8 crea(i1e and
inno1a(i1e) So/e(6in8 ne+)56is +ill /a:e 6is career
in(eres(in8 and rele1an() 56e second -ac(or is 6is
:no+led8eand disco1erin8 :no+led8e (6rou86 (6e
in(erne( or 6is e7perience o1erseas and (6a( can 'e
i/ple/en(ed in sc6ool)C(&rincipal >)
%heme <: Innovative Leaders Are People4Centered:
B>6allen8es (6a( I -ace are -ro/ 6u/ans: -ro/ s(uden(s,
(eac6ers, s(a--s, pri1a(e +or:ers) Aro/ 6u/an +e 8e(
a((i(udes +6ic6 are e1er2(6in8) 56a( is +62 I don<( use
(6e +ord c6an8e (o (6e/ ins(ead I sa2 i/pro1e/en(C
(&rincipal A)
&rincipal A sa+ 6ersel- as a people-cen(ered person
'ecause s6e placed i/por(ance on 6er rela(ions6ips +i(6
s(uden(s, (eac6ers and s(a--)) In one ins(ance, (6e
&rincipal disco1ered (6a( one o- (6e (eac6ers ca/e la(e (o
sc6ool) 56e &rincipal approac6ed 6er and as:ed +62 s6e
ca/e la(e) 56e (eac6er e7plained (6a( s6e 6ad (o send 6er
6andicapped son (o sc6ool, +6ic6 did no( open un(il 8
a/) >onse;uen(l2, (6e&rincipal arran8ed-or (6e (i/e o- (6e
(eac6er<s class (o 'e /o1ed (o a la(er (i/e (o ensure (6a(
(6e (eac6er +as a'le (o co/e (o sc6ool on-(i/e)
BW6en I re(urned (o (6e sc6ool, /an2 (eac6ers are
surprised (6a( I ca/e 'ac:) 56e2 are (eac6ers +6o 8i1e
/e pro'le/s 'u( I 8a1e (6e/ a c6ance) So/e o- (6e/
e1en approac6 /e and s(ar(ed (o c6an8e and
ac:no+led8e /e as (6e reason +62 (6e2 c6an8e) All
(6ese c6an8e +ill crea(e a con(inuous
i/pro1e/en(en1iron/en()C (&rincipal A)
&rincipal A 6ad /ore di--icul( c6allen8es (o -ace)
Airs(l2, 6ers(uden(s< (ruanc2 +as repor(ed in a na(ional
ne+spaper) Secondl2, s6e 6ad (o deal +i(6 uncoopera(i1e
s(a--) S6e +as (6en (e/poraril2 (rans-erred (o ano(6er
sc6ool 'u( +as su'se;uen(l2 as:ed (o re(urn) Der sc6ool
+as lar8e sc6ool +i(6 appro7i/a(el2 (6ree (6ousand
s(uden(s and (o /a:e /a((ers +orse, (6e ad,acen( sc6ool
+as also lar8e 6a1in8 a 'i8 popula(ion o- s(uden(s) In
)orld Appl* Sci* +*, -. /-0: 1234133, -51.
spi(e o- all (6ese o's(acles, &rincipal A :ep( 8oin8 and
reasoned+i(6 6er (eac6ers) S6e :ep( (r2in8 (o +in (6eir
6ear(s and e1en(uall2 so/e (eac6ers responded (o 6er)
Wi(6 (6e suppor( o- (6ese -e+ responsi1e (eac6ers, s6e
succeeded in i/ple/en(in8 se1eralinia(i1es in (6e sc6ool) Der
perse1erance (6ere-ore paid-o-- so (6a( in (6e end, (6e (eac6ers
,oined-in and 6elped 6er)
&ISC'SSIO$ A$& CO$CL'SIO$
Sc6ool &rincipals can 'e ca(e8orised as ei(6er K
adap(ors< or K inno1a(ors<) Adap(ors re8ard rules,
re8ula(ions and Nnor/sN as sacred (6in8s (6a( /us( 'e
o'e2ed a( all (i/es +i(6ou( e7cep(ion) Sc6ool &rincipals
are c6osen 'ecause (6e2 6a1e learn( (o 'e e--ec(i1e
/ana8ers (6rou86 /an2 2ears o- e7perience +or:in8 in
sc6ools) Do+e1er, so/e sc6ool /ana8ers ;ues(ion (6e
nor/s and res(ric(ions placed upon (6e/, adop(in8 a Bdo
(6in8s di--eren(l2C approac6) ?17@ &rincipals< s(2les o-
pro'le/ sol1in8 s6o+ +6e(6er (6e2 are K adap(ors< or K
inno1a(ors<) Adap(ors, (r2 (o sol1e pro'le/s in a sa-e
+a2, crea(in8 a +in-+in si(ua(ion, +6ere e1er2'od2
'ene-i(s and sc6ool is :ep( sa-e) Inno1a(ors, on (6e o(6er
6and an(icipa(e pro'le/s and (r2 (o resol1e (6e/ 'e-ore
(6e2 arise)) Suc6 leaders see: pro'le/s no( solu(ions)
56is pro-ac(i1e approac6 is a clear indica(or o- (rul2
inno1a(i1e leaders) %- course (6ere are /an2 o(6er (rai(s,
suc6 as: i/ple/en(in8 ne+ and in8enious ideas in(o (6e
sc6ools) In con(ras(, Adap(ors,, re-rain -ro/ 1iola(in8
nor/s +6en i/ple/en(in8 no1el ideas, 'ecause (6e2 are
a-raid (6a( o(6ers /a2 re,ec( or scorn (6eir ne+ ideas)
>on1ersel2, an inno1a(or +ould no( onl2 a((e/p( ne+
ideas 'u( +ould ac( as an a8en( o- c6an8e, or a ca(al2s(,
a/on8 (eac6ers and s(uden(s in order (o 6elp (6e ne+
idea (o succeed) 0nli:e inno1a(ors, dap(ors are rule
:eepers +6o /a:e sure (6a( e1er2one in (6e sc6ool
-ollo+s (6e rules)
56is s(ud2 6as -ocussed /ainl2 upon (6e personal
side o- inno1a(i1eness) In o(6er +ords, (6e process o-
(6in:in8 (6a( (oo: place +i(6in (6e &rincipals +6en (6e2
+ere pro'le/ sol1in8) No dou'(, 'ein8 inno1a(i1e is no(
onl2 in-luenced '2 personal -ac(ors) 3an2 &rincipals
a8reed (6a( (6ere are (+o ou(side -ac(ors (6a( also
in-luence (6e process o- inno1a(i1eness, na/el2: (6e
or8anisa(ion and (6e process o- c6an8e) Accordin8 (o (6e
(6eor2 o- $i--usion o- Inno1a(ion pu( -or+ard '2 Jo8ers
?13@ (6e process o- c6an8e is a--ec(ed '2 people<s
resis(ance (o c6an8e ?1!@) Indeed, (6ere are (6ree /ain
176
-ac(ors (6a( a--ec( inno1a(ion, +6ic6 are: (6e indi1idual,
(6e or8anisa(ion and (6e c6an8e process) 56ese +ould
/a:e an e7cellen( (opic -or -ur(6er s(udies in (6e -ield o-
inno1a(ion) Addi(ionall2, an ins(ru/en( -or /easurin8
inno1a(i1eness +i(6in sc6ool &rincipals +ould 'e 1er2
use-ul and could add (o our unders(andin8 o- (6e
co/ple7i(ies o- /ana8in8 sc6ools) In order -or sc6ool
leaders (o e--ec(i1el2 sus(ain an or8ani9a(ion, (6ere /us(
'e a 'alance 'e(+een (6e (6ree -ac(ors in-luencin8
inno1a(i1e leaders6ips i)e): &ersonal (rai(s, or8ani9a(ional
/ana8e/en( and c6an8e /ana8e/en() &ersonal (rai(s
co/prise o- (6e percep(ion, 'oldness, e7perience and
in(eres(s o- &rincipals and) (6ere +ere /an2 ins(ances
+6ere &rincipals e76i'i(ed (6ese personal (rai(s, -or
e7a/ple, con-idence in /a:in8 decisions and in(eres( in
+6a( (6e2 +ere doin8) We sa+ 6o+ inno1a(i1e leaders are
also resilien( indi1iduals +6o do no( 8i1e up easil2 +6en
-aced +i(6 c6allen8es, loo:in8 -or di--eren( +a2s (o sol1e
pro'le/s) In (rans-or/in8 (6eir or8ani9a(ions and
de1elpin8 s(a--, inno1a(i1e principals accep(ed (6e idea
(6a( (o ac6ie1e success, (6e2 /us( e/'race (6e no(ion o-
c6an8e)
Aor or8ani9a(ional /ana8e/en(, &rincipals +ere 8ood
a( /ana8in8 (6e resources a1aila'le (o (6e/, as +ell as (6e
resources (6e2 ac;uired) 56e2 +ere 8ood a( or8ani9in8
(eac6ers in(o (ea/s and used discussion (o arri1e a(
decisions)) Al(6ou86 &rincipals posessed au(6ori(2 and
e7per( :no+led8e, (6e2 needed (o pla2 (6e role o-
ca(al2s(s o- c6an8e, i- c6an8e +as (o 6appen, I( +as also
seen (6a( success-ul &rincipals +ere 8ood a( /ana8in8
c6an8e +i(6in (6e/sel1es, (6eir (eac6ers and (6e
s(uden(s, u(ili9in8 (6eir au(6ori(2 (o crea(e c6an8e in (6eir
or8ani9a(ions and pro,ec(s and 'ein8 (6e/sel1es a source
o- :no+led8e, -unds and /o(i1a(ion -or (6eir (eac6ers)
56ese -ac(ors sus(ained (6e sc6ools and 'rou86( (6e
sc6ools (o a 6i86er le1el)) %ne /ore (rai( o- success-ul
educa(ional leaders +as (6eir a'ii(2 (o 8ain (6e (rus( o-
(6eir -ollo+ers and (o +or: alon8side (6e/ as a (ea/
/e/'er)) In (6e a'sence o- (rus(, silen( dissa(i-ac(ion
6a/pers (ea/+or: and onl2 ser1es (o prolon8 crises)
Aor -or(2 2ears or /ore, (6e 3ala2sian educa(ion
s2s(e/ 6as 'een de1elopin8 and e1ol1in84 2e( is i( onl2
recen(l2 (6a( (6e concep(s o- inno1a(ion and crea(i1i(2
6a1e 'een in(e8ra(ed in(o (6e Ho1ern/en(<s educa(ional
polic2) 56is is due (o (6e e1er-c6an8in8 na(ure o- (6e
local and 8lo'al en1iron/en(s) 3an2 o(6er na(ions 6a1e
li:e+ise reco8ni9ed (6a( (6e ai/s and 8oals o- educa(ion
are di--eren( -ro/ (+en(2 2ears a8o) 56us (6e 3ala2sian
)orld Appl* Sci* +*, -. /-0: 1234133, -51.
3inis(r2 o- .duca(ion is no+ e/p6asi9in8 (6e need -or
inno1a(i1eness and crea(i1i(2 +i(6in educa(ional
ins(i(u(ions)
Da1in8 said all (6is, i( is -u(ile (o i/ple/en( policies
or pro8ra/s (6a( do no( (a:e in(o accoun( (6e /ain a8en(s
o- c6an8e and inno1a(ion, na/el2, &rincipals and 6ead
/as(ers) 3os( o- (6e policies and pro8ra/s o- (6e
3ala2sian 8o1ern/en( (end (o -ocus /ore on s(uden(s
and (eac6ers and less on (6e &rincipals and 6ead-/as(ers)
56e 8o1ern/en( see/s (o 'e /ore concerned +i(6
o--erin8 /one(ar2 re+ards and :eepin8 (eac6ers and
s(uden(s in-c6ec: (6rou86 con(rac(s and re8ula(ions
respec(i1el2) Ne1er(6eless, (6rou86 (6is in1es(i8a(ion in(o
+6a( is 8oin8-on inside (6e 6eads and /inds o-
inno1a(i1e sc6ool leaders, +e 6a1e seen (6a( &rincipals
and 6ead-/as(ers are (6e pri/e /o1ers -or (6e success o-
an2 sc6ool pro8ra/)
Ainall2, (6is s(ud2 6as loo:ed a( sc6ool-success in a
di--eren( +a2) W6ene1er a success-ul sc6ool is iden(i-ied,
+e (end (o -ocus on (6e ac6ie1e/en(s in (er/s o- a+ards,
(rop6ies and e7a/ percen(a8es) We o1erloo: (6e
processes (6a( 6a1e led (o (6is success) I( /a2 no( see/
i/por(an( (o (6e s(a:e6olders or paren(s (o loo: a( (6e
causes o- success, 'u( -or sc6ool-leaders and (eac6ers,
i( is crucial, i- (6is success is (o 'e repea(ed in (6e -u(ure))
I( is ra(6er li:e a carpen(er +6o learns a ne+ /e(6od o-
/a:in8 a (a'le) 56e +a2 6e /ain(ains (6e ;uali(2 o- 6is
ne+ desi8n -or eac6 and e1er2 cus(o/er is essen(ial (o 6is
li1eli6ood) Si/ilarl2, in (6e case o- sc6ool leaders, (6e
secre( (o (6eir success in :eepin8 (6e sc6ool a( (6e
(op/os( le1el o- per-or/ance lies in 6is or 6er leaders6ip
;uali(ies and inno1a(i1eness in /ana8in8 (6e da2 (o da2
(as:s o- sc6ool li-e)
8988$C8S
1) =ei(6+ood, P) and >) $a2, eds) 2007) Success-ul
&rincipal =eaders6ip in 5i/es o- >6an8e: An
In(erna(ional &erspec(i1e) Sprin8er Oerla8, 0SA)
2) Wes(, 3)A), 1!!7) $e1elopin8 >rea(i1i(2 in
%r8ani9a(ions) 0ni(ed Pin8do/: Gri(is6
&s2c6olo8ical Socie(2)
3) Hers(ein, 3), 1!87) %r8ani9a(ional Arc6i(ec(ure:
$esi8ns -or >6an8in8 %r8ani9a(ions) Josse2 Gass)
0SA)
) Su--ean Dussin, 2002) Ino1asi$asar&endidi:an:
&erspe:(i-Sis(e/ danIno1asi) 0ni1ersi(i3ala2a,
Puala =u/pur)
") 3iller, J), 1!71) Inno1a(ion, %r8ani9a(ion and
.n1iron/en(, 0ni1ersi(2 o- S6er'roo:e, >anada)
6) $u(in, $), 200!) &lannin8 an Inno1a(i1e Sc6ool: Do+
(o Jeduce (6e =i:eli6ood o- Je8ression (o+ard (6e
3ean) .duca(ional 3ana8e/en(, Ad/inis(ra(ion M
=eaders6ip) 37: 3 3a2 200!) Sa8e &u'lica(ion:
=ondon)
7) $ruc:er, &), 1!8") Inno1a(ion and .n(repreneurs6ip)
Darper Gusiness)0SA)
8) Nila:an, O) and S) Ja/nara2an, 1!!8) 3ana8in8
%r8ani9a(ional >6an8e) =ondon: 56ousand %a:s) pp:
37)
!) Saeda6 Da, Sira6, et al*, 1!!3) &endidi:an di
3ala2sia) Puala =u/pur: 0(usan &u'lica(ion M$is() Sdn
G6d)
10) Josnani Das6i/, 200) .duca(ion $ualis/ in
3ala2sia: I/plica(ion -or 56eor2 and &rac(ice) Puala
=u/pur: 56e %(6er&ress)
11) Gall, S), 1!!3) 56e 3icro-&oli(ics o- (6e Sc6ool:
5o+ards a (6eor2 o- sc6ool or8ani9a(ion) 3e(6uen M
>o)l(d) =ondon)
12) Gis6op, H), 1!86) Inno1a(ion in .duca(ion) 3ac/illen
&u'lis6er, =ondon)
13) Jo8ers .1ere((, 3), 1!62) $i--usion o- Inno1a(ions)
Hlencoe: Aree &ress) 0SA)
1) Da1eloc:, H) and D) Du'er/ann, 1!86) 56e >6an8e
A8en(: Huide (o inno1a(ion in .duca(ion) .duca(ional
5ec6nolo82 &u'lica(ion, NJ, 0SA) pp: 2")
1") Wilson, O) and J) 3c &a:e, 2000) 3ana8in8 >6an8e
in s/all Sco((is6 &ri/ar2 Sc6ools: Is (6ere a s/all
sc6ool 3ana8e/en( s(2leI .duca(ional 3ana8e/en( M
Ad/inis(ra(ion Journal) Ool) 28 No)3) Sa8e
&u'lica(ion: =ondon)
16) Ja/es, >) and J) Oince, 2001) $e1elopin8 (6e
=eaders6ip >apa'ili(2 o- Dead(eac6ers) .duca(ional
3ana8e/en( M Ad/inis(ra(ion Journal) Ool) 2!) No)
3) Sa8e &u'lica(ion: =ondon)
17) Pir(on, 3), ed) 1!8!) Adap(ors and Inno1a(ors: S(2les
and >rea(i1i(2 and &ro'le/ Sol1in8) Jou(led8e) 0P)
18) Sen8e, &), 2010) 56eor2 and &rac(ice o- a =earnin8
%r8ani9a(ion) Ar(icle.7(rac(ed -ro/ 6((p:**+++)
in-ed)or8*(6in:ers*sen8e)6(/ on 2 3a2 2010)
1!) %<$+2er, G), 200) >oncep(ions o- >orpora(e Social
Jesponsi'ili(2: 56e na(ure o- 3ana8erial >ap(ure)
3>G l(d) 0SA)
177