This document outlines the course structure, requirements, and content for Social Theory I at Allama Iqbal Open University. The course is divided into two blocks of study. Block One covers the Theory of the City State through examining early Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Block Two examines moral and political philosophy related to the nation state through studying thinkers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Students must complete two assignments, attain a minimum grade, and attend a compulsory workshop to pass the course. The goal is to trace the development of social and political thought from ancient Greece to modern theories of society and government.
This document outlines the course structure, requirements, and content for Social Theory I at Allama Iqbal Open University. The course is divided into two blocks of study. Block One covers the Theory of the City State through examining early Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Block Two examines moral and political philosophy related to the nation state through studying thinkers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Students must complete two assignments, attain a minimum grade, and attend a compulsory workshop to pass the course. The goal is to trace the development of social and political thought from ancient Greece to modern theories of society and government.
This document outlines the course structure, requirements, and content for Social Theory I at Allama Iqbal Open University. The course is divided into two blocks of study. Block One covers the Theory of the City State through examining early Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Block Two examines moral and political philosophy related to the nation state through studying thinkers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Students must complete two assignments, attain a minimum grade, and attend a compulsory workshop to pass the course. The goal is to trace the development of social and political thought from ancient Greece to modern theories of society and government.
!De"a#t$ent of Pa%itan Stu&ie' (ARNIN) *+ PLA)IARISM OR ,IRIN) OF ),OST (RITER!S' FOR SOLVIN) T,E ASSI)NMENT!S' (ILL DEBAR T,E STUDENT FROM A(ARD OF DE)REE-.ERTIFI.ATE, IF FOUND AT ANY STA)E+ /+ SUBMITTIN) ASSI)NMENTS BORRO(ED OR STOLEN FROM OT,ER!S' AS ONE0S O(N (ILL BE PENALI1ED AS DEFINED IN 2AIOU PLA)IARISM POLI.Y3+ .ou#e4 Social T5eo#y6I !7889' Se$ete#4 S"#in:, /;*< Le=el4 M+ Sc Total Ma#%4 *;; Note4 An>e# 5oul& ?e "#efe#a?ly in En:li5 an& ?ae& u"on t5e "#ec#i?e& #ea&in: $ate#ial+ .onult cou#e outline fo# :ui&ance+ Atte$"t all @uetion+ ASSI)NMENT No+ * !Unit *67' Q.1 Discuss the concept of an ideal state in the light of early Greek philosophies. (25) Q.2 To what extent the !ocratic Dialogue" had helped sol#e the $oral and philosophical pro%le$s of that ti$e& 's it possi%le to take guidance for$ it to help sol#e $odern world"s $oral and philosophical dile$$as& (25) Q.( )ritically analy*e +lato"s Theory of 'deas in order to explain the dispensation of the realities of today. (25) Q., Discuss the writings of -ristotle on .ogic. /ow $uch contri%ution was $ade %y -ristotle"s logic in the de#elop$ent of e$pirical $ethod& (25) ASSI)NMENT No+ / !Unit A69' Total Ma#%4 *;; Q.1 )ritically analy*e !ocial )ontract Theory. Do you think that the theory is still rele#ant& (25) Q.2 - nu$%er of scholars %elie#e that /o%%es" 0aterialis$ is consistent with description of hu$ankind1 ci#il society and nature. Do you agree2disagree with this #iew& 3xplain with cogent argu$ents. (25) Q.( 4hat do you know a%out the natural rights propounded %y 5ohn .ocke& Discuss natural rights in the light of works of 5ohn .ocke. (26) Q., Do you agree2disagree with the argu$ents of 7ousseau regarding origin of ine8ualities& -naly*e whether these argu$ents can help sol#e the pro%le$ of ine8ualities. (25) 1 ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD Faculty of Social Science !De"a#t$ent of Pa%itan Stu&ie' .OURSE OUTLINE SEMESTER4 SPRIN), /;*< SO.IAL T,EORY6I .o&e4 7889 .ou#e De=elo"$ent .oo#&inato# D#+ Lu?na Saif 2 *+ St#uctu#e of t5e .ou#e 9nder the title of !ocial Theory1 you will study two course !ocial Theory:' ()ode; ,<<=) and !ocial Theory:'' ()ode; ,<>6). 3ach course contains nine units and carries weight? age of three credit hours. This is !ocial Theory:' ()ode; ,<<=). 'n this course you will study nine units which are arranged in two study %locks. 'deally one unit is a student work of 12:1< hours. !ince the course?work of one unit will includes studying the prescri%ed reading $aterial and as the length of the units is une8ual you ha#e to calculate how $uch ti$e you are re8uired to spend on each unit and $ake your own ti$eta%le. 4e expect you to finish the work within the allocated ti$e. @or this course1 BFo#tni:5tly Tuto#ial0 are arranged in 9ni#ersity"s 7egional !tudy )entres. The pro#ide facilities to $eet with one another for $utual help and indi#idual discussion with the tutor". These tutorials are not for$al lectures" gi#en in any for$al uni#ersity1 rather these are $eant for groups and indi#idual discussion with the tutor to facilitate you to undertake part of your learning together. !o1 %efore going to attend a tutorial prepare your?self to discuss course $aterial with your colleagues and the tutor. 4e reco$$end that you should regularly attend these tutorials for achie#ing good results. @or this course1 like other course1 you will ha#e to do T>o Ai:n$ent, a set of these assign$ents is %eing sent to you in this $ailing package. -t the end of the se$ester and %efore the final written exa$ination1 your will ha#e to attend the .ou#e (o#%5o" for ( days which will %e organi*ed at the notified regional office. 't is co$pulsory to attend the workshop. Aou will not %e declared pass if you fail to attend the course workshop. *+* Ae$ent Fo# eac5 cou#e t5e #e:ite#e& tu&ent >ill ?e aee& a follo>in:4 (a) -ssign$ents (continuous assess$ent). !ee details as gi#en %elow. (%) @inal 3xa$ination (a three?hour written exa$ination will take place at the end of the se$ester. T5e con&ition to @ualify eac5 co$"onent a#e :i=en ?elo>4 - $ini$u$ of ,6B in each assign$ent. (Total nu$%er of assign$ents for this course is 2) - $ini$u$ of ,6B of the final written exa$ination. -n aggregate of ,6B of %oth the co$ponents i.e. assign$ents and final exa$ination. To take final exa$ination the students has to pass the assign$ent co$ponent. T5e :#a&e >ill ?e &ete#$ine& a follo>in:4 ,6B ? ,=B D 56B ? 5=B ) <6B ? <=B C >6B ? >=B - -%o#e D6B -E ( Ai:n$ent -ssign$ents are those written exercises1 which you are re8uired to co$plete at your own ho$e or place of work after ha#ing studied different parts of the prescri%ed reading $aterial within the scheduled period of study. (+lease see the schedule) for this course you will recei#e 2 assign$ents1 which we expect you to co$plete within the scheduled period. This is a co$pulsory course work and its successful co$pletion will $ake you eligi%le to take final exa$ination at the end of the se$ester. To co$plete you work successfully1 you are pro#ided with tutorial support1 so that you can discuss your acade$ic pro%le$s in tutorial $eetings. -fter co$pleting the assign$ent you will send it to the tutor2course guide1 whose na$e is notified to you for assess$ent and necessary guidance. Aour tutor2course guide will return it after $arking and pro#iding acade$ic guidance and super#ision. Note4 T5e tu&ent a#e info#$e& a?out t5e na$e of tuto# an& tu&y cent#e in t5e ?e:innin: of t5e e$ete#+ If you &o not #ecei=e uc5 info#$ation, Pleae contact you# Re:ional Office+ *+/ .ou#e (o#%5o" The workshop of e#ery course will %e held at the end of each se$ester at 7egional )a$puses notified to you %y your regional office. 't is co$pulsory to attend the workshop. Aou will not %e declared pass if you fail to attend the workshop. - student who does not o%tain $ore than >5B attendance in the workshop will %e considered F@ailG. The duration of the workshop for a three credit course is ( days. In o#&e# to $a%e t5i an en:a:in: an& #ea&in: eC"e#ience fo# e=e#yone, tu&ent a#e #e@ui#e& to co$e "#e"a#e& to fully "a#tici"ate in t5e >o#%5o"+ /+ .ou#e Dec#i"tion /+* O?Decti=e of t5e .ou#e4 4hat is a social theory& - si$ple answer is an atte$pt to understand the nature of the society. +eople always had ideas a%out the nature of society1 e#en if these ideas reflected nothing $ore than an a%solute sense of the rightness of their own social custo$s. 'n this course we will introduce you to so$e of these ideas which ha#e %een the interest of philosophers since the Greek )ity !tate. Hur ai$ is not only to trace the origin and e#olution of these ideas %ut also to assess so$e of the $ost fa$iliar theories which contain the$. +ri$ary o%Iecti#e of this course is to trace the de#elop$ent of speculations concerning the nature of $an and society which has existed al$ost as long as $an hi$self. .ong line of thought 8uestioning the relationship of $an and society which has grown fro$ Greek thinkers onwards is the interest of this course. The ai$ is to understand that today"s ideas of society are deeply rooted in earlier , traditions of thought and feeling. Today"s theorists" concern is al$ost si$ilar to early theorists1 like theorists of past1 their concern is to de#elop a philosophical understanding of >5at ou:5t to ?e in the scientific explanation of >5at i. !ocial Theory is a $ost #aried enterprise. 'n this course we will fa$iliari*e you with so$e of the $ost leading thinkers who ha#e influenced the progress of social theory and in turn had an i$pact o#er the growth of the society?fro$ a feudal society to today"s nation state. The ai$ is to trace the de#elop$ent of social theory in relation to the ad#ance$ent of $odern hu$an society. /+/ .ou#e Outline Bloc% One6Mo#al an& Political P5iloo"5y6T5eo#y of t5e .ity State !9nit 1) The )ity !tates !9nit 2) !ocrates !9nit () +lato (9nit ,) -ristotle Bloc% T>o6Mo#al an& Political P5iloo"5y6T5eo#ie of Nation State (9nits 5 J <) Tho$as /o%%es (15DD:1<>=) (9nit >) 5ohn .ocke (1<(2:1>6,) (9nits D J =) 5ean 5ac8ues 7ousseau (1>12:1>>D) /+< .ou#e Int#o&uction There are nine units in this course which are arranged in two !tudy Clocks. 9nder the %road the$e of $oral and political philosophy1 Clocks Hne1 (units 1:,) deals with the Theory of )ity !tate. 't is so$eti$es argued as to what extent theorists of past are still influential or the 8uestions raised %y early theorist are still rele#ant. !a%ine o%ser#ed that $ost $odern political ideals such for exa$ple1 as Iustice1 li%erty1 constitutional go#ern$ent1 and respect for the law" had their origin in political and social thoughts of Greek philosophers reflecting upon the institution of the city state. 1 3xplaining why later philosophers repeatedly refer to +lato and -ristotle1 !a%ine writes that the presu$ption upon which +lato worked K that hu$an relations $ay %e $ade the o%Iect of rational study and $ay %e su%Iected to intelligent direction : is a sin 8ua non of any social science whate#er". -nd si$ilarly the $ore general ethical principle of -ristotle"s political theory K the con#iction that a state ought to %e relation %etween free citi*ens $orally e8ual1 conducting itself according to law and resting upon discussion and consent rather than force" has %een the underlying principle of 3uropean political philosophy. 2 There is no dou%t that the city state was different fro$ today"s nation?state1 howe#er1 it needs to %e re$e$%ered that it was only different in the sense that it was a $ore #ital and intense for$ of the sa$e thing. Cecause of its s$all si*e and its syste$ of pri$ary go#ern$ent1 the indi#idual in a city state $ight realise hi$self $ore easily as part of the state. !ir 3rnest %arker argues that in studying the syste$ of the city state1 we are studying the idea of our $odern statesL we are studying a thing1 which is as $uch of today as of yesterday1 %ecause it is1 in its essentials1 for 1 George /. !a%ine1 The History of Political Theory, (.ondon; Geourge G. /arrap J )o. .td. 1=<()1 p. 12(. 2 '%id. 5 e#er." ( The Greeks in#ented the political theory during the 5 th century C) and their theories pro#ide the foundation of a de$ocratic society of today. !o$e political scientists in late 26 th century redisco#ered their -ristotelian roots %y returning to the 8uestion of how to achie#e the good1 Iust and sta%le polity?that is %y returning to the study of De$ocracy. )ontinuing with the the$e of $oral and political philosophy1 Clock two (9nits 5:=) exa$ines the theory of the Mation !tate. 'ntense conflict of econo$ic1 political and religious nature in the 15 th and 1< th centuries on the one hand %rought -sia and -frican under the cloak of 3uropean )olonialis$1 and on the other hand it caused the disruption of feudal order gi#ing %irth to the )apitalis$1 and on the other hand new secular de$ocratic nation states in 3urope. 7ossides o%ser#es that the transfor$ation and gradual replace$ent of feudal )hristendo$ is the $ost profound social e#ent in recorded history. , 4ith the e$ergence of nation states1 the attraction for di#ine law and natural law gradually receded and a new kind of social theory" ca$e into %eing which not only dropped the earlier %asis of power and authority1 %ut also %rought in so$e kind of ulti$ate Iustification" to the actual laws of the state. 3ach nation state was de$anding for political authority and independence. The struggle for independent nation states is reflecti#e in the de#elop$ent of ideas during the 1> th and 1D th centuries. 7onald @letcher writes that with the e$ergence of the $odern nation statesN..the social contract kind of theory ca$e into %eing1 di#ine law had %eco$e to %e suspect1 and had to %e attacked. 4ith the o#erthrow of )hristendo$1 howe#er1 so$e new %asis of political so#ereignty had to %e found." 5 The theorists of this period used the social contract idea with different e$phasis. -ccording to 7onald @letcher1 towards the end of se#enteenth and during the eighteenth centuries till the @rench 7e#olution1 the theorists were confronted with a new challenge to pro#ide details of the new secular political order". <
3xplore the theories of nation:state1 our focus will %e on so$e #ery fa$iliar theorists of this era1 which include Tho$as /o%%es (15DD:1<>=)1 5ohn .ocke (1<(2:1>6,) and 5ean 5ac8ues 7ousseau (1>12:1>>D). 'n 1> th century 3ngland1 /o%%es and .ocke are the earliest theorists who proposed the social contract theory. Though1 we find di#ersity in their ai$s and argu$ents1 there is one thing co$$on1 they %oth contri%uted to the theory of li%eral politics and li%eral society. The social contract theories of /o%%es and .ocke1 gi#e us the $ost radical expression to free politics fro$ religion and feudalis$. The social contract pro#ided a new %asis for the politics. 'ts re#olutionary significance" is that it ga#e new assu$ptions a%out the nature of society. This theory altered the earlier notions a%out the nature %y pronouncing that it is not the society which gi#es identity to the indi#iduals1 rather fro$ the indi#iduals the society would recei#e its identity as indi#iduals had identities prior to the society. This idea that indi#iduals create society and are noted its creatures1 ga#e new direction to the western social thought. The works of ( !ir 3rnest Carker1 The +olitical Thought of +lato and -ristotle1 .ondon; Do#er +u%lications1 1=5=)1 p. 15. , Daniel 4. 7ossides1 The History and Nature of Sociological Theory (.ondon; /oughton 0ifflin )o$pany1 1=>D)1 pp. 1=?26. 5 7onald @letcher1 The Making of Sociology: Beginnings and Foundations, (.ondon; Melson1 1=>1) p. 16>. < '%id. < /o%%es and .ocke reflect the intellectual cli$ax to the gradual e$ancipation of econo$ic and political institutions fro$ the structure of feudal )hristendo$. The characteristics of a li%eral society can %e descri%ed as indi#idualis$1 pri#ate property1 the pri$acy of econo$ic $oti#es and $arket relations1 utilitarianis$1 and a separate and supre$e real$ of positi#e law. 't will not %e surprising1 if we infer that /o%%es and other theorists of the 1> th century de#eloped the $ain assu$ptions of li%eral social theory. Tho$as 5efferson who drafted the Declaration of 'ndependence of the 9nited !tates %etween 5une 11 and 5une 2D1 1>><1 %orrowed ideas of indi#idual li%erty fro$ philosophers like 5ohn .ocke and succinctly descri%ed the$ as F!elf?e#ident TruthsG in setting forth a rationale for %reaking ties with colonial powers of 3ngland. The 3nglish philosopher Tho$as /o%%es (15DD?1<>=) is %est known for his political thought1 and deser#edly so. /is #ision of the world is strikingly original and still rele#ant to conte$porary politics. /is $ain concern is the pro%le$ of social and political order; how hu$an %eings can li#e together in peace and a#oid the danger and fear of ci#il conflict. /e poses stark alternati#es; we should gi#e our o%edience to an unaccounta%le so#ereign (a person or group e$powered to decide e#ery social and political issue). Htherwise what awaits us is a state of nature" that closely rese$%les ci#il war : a situation of uni#ersal insecurity1 where all ha#e reason to fear #iolent death and where rewarding hu$an cooperation is all %ut i$possi%le. Hne contro#ersy has do$inated interpretations of /o%%es. Does he see hu$an %eings as purely self?interested& !e#eral passages support such a reading1 leading so$e to think that his political conclusions can %e a#oided if we adopt a $ore realistic picture of hu$an nature. /owe#er1 $ost scholars now accept that /o%%es hi$self had a $uch co$plex #iew of hu$an $oti#ation. 5ohn .ocke (1<(2?1>6,) presents an intriguing figure in the history of political philosophy whose %rilliance of exposition and %readth of scholarly acti#ity re$ains profoundly influential. .ock proposed a radical conception of political philosophy deduced fro$ the principle of self?ownership and the corollary right to own property1 which in turn is %ased on his fa$ous clai$ that a $an earns ownership o#er a resource when he $ixes his la%our with it. Go#ern$ent1 he argued1 should %e li$ited to securing the life and property of its citi*ens1 and is only necessary %ecause in an ideal1 anarchic state of nature1 #arious pro%le$s arise that would $ake life $ore insecure than under the protection of a $ini$al state. .ocke is also renowned for his writings on toleration in which he espoused the right to freedo$ of conscience and religion (except when religion was dee$ed intolerantO)1 and for his cogent criticis$ of hereditary $onarchy and patriarchalis$. -fter his death1 his $ature political philosophy leant support to the Critish 4hig party and its principles1 to the -ge of 3nlighten$ent1 and to the de#elop$ent of the separation of the !tate and church in the -$erican )onstitution as well as to the rise of hu$an rights theories in the Twentieth )entury. .ocke is rightly fa$ous for his Two Treatises of Governent yet during his life he repudiated his authorship1 although he su%tly reco$$ended the$ as essential reading in > letters and thoughts on reading for gentle$en. The Treatises swiftly %eco$e a classic in political philosophy1 and its popularity has re$ained undi$inished since his ti$e; the 5ohn .ocke acade$ic industry" is #i%rant and %road with an acade$ic Iournal (5ohn .ocke !tudies) and %ooks regularly co$ing out dealing with his philosophy. 5ean?5ac8ues 7ousseau was one of the $ost influential thinkers during the 3nlighten$ent in eighteenth century 3urope. /is first $aIor philosophical work1 ! "iscourse on the Sciences and !rts, was the winning response to an essay contest conducted %y the -cade$y of DiIon in 1>56. 'n this work1 7ousseau argues that the progression of the sciences and arts has caused the corruption of #irtue and $orality. This discourse won 7ousseau fa$e and recognition1 and it laid $uch of the philosophical groundwork for a second1 longer work1 The "iscourse on the #rigin of $ne%uality& The second discourse did not win the -cade$y"s pri*e1 %ut like the first1 it was widely read and further solidified 7ousseau"s place as a significant intellectual figure. The central clai$ of the work if that hu$an %eings are %asically good %y nature1 %ut were corrupted %y the co$plex historical e#ents that resulted in present day ci#il society. 7ousseau"s praise of nature is a the$e that continues throughout his later works as well1 the $ost significant of which include his co$prehensi#e work on the philosophy of education1 the 'ile, and his $aIor work on political philosophy1 The Social (ontract: %oth pu%lished in 1><2. These works caused great contro#ersy in @rance and were i$$ediately %anned %y +aris authorities. 7ousseau fled @rance and settled in !wit*erland1 %ut he continued to find difficulties with authorities and 8uarrel with friends. The end of 7ousseau"s life was $arked in large part %y his growing paranoia and his continued atte$pts to Iustify his life and his work. This is especially e#ident in his later %ooks1 The (onfessions, The )everies of the Solitary *alker1 and )ousseau: +udge of +ean,+ac%ues& 7ousseau greatly influenced '$$anuel Pant"s work on ethics. /is no#el +ulie or the New Heloise i$pacted the late eighteenth century"s 7o$antic Maturalis$ $o#e$ent1 and his political ideals were cha$pioned %y leaders of the @rench 7e#olution. P#ec#i?e& Rea&in: Lit )o$pulsory 7eading; 1. - /istory of +olitical Theory %y George /. !a%ine. Su::ete& Rea&in:4 1. !ir 3rnest Carker1 (1=5=) The +olitical Thought of +lato and -ristotle1 .ondon1 Do#er +u%lications. 2. Daniel 4. 7ossides1 (1=>D) The History and Nature of Sociological Theory .ondon1 /oughton 0ifflin )o$pany. (. 7onald @letcher1 (1=>1) The Making of Sociology: Beginnings and Foundations, .ondon1 Melson. ,. Micholas 5olley1 (1===) -ocke, His Philoso.hical Thought, Hxford1 Hxford 9ni#ersity +ress. 5. Tully1 5a$es1 (1==() !n !..roach to Political Philoso.hy: -ocke in (onte/ts, )a$%ridge1 )a$%ridge 9ni#ersity +ress. <. Moel 0alcol$1 2662. !s.ects of Ho00es& Mew Aork; Hxford 9ni#ersity +ress. >. Micholas Dent1 (2665). )ousseau& .ondon; 7outledge. D. 7o%ert 4okler1 (1==5). )ousseau& Hxford; Hxford 9ni#ersity +ress. D