VISOKA TEHNIKA KOLA

STRUKOVNIH STUDIJA
U NIU

:
TEMPUS JPHES 158781
Occupational safety and health degree curricula and lifelong learning

.
.
.
his project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This
publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held
responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

:

:
,
:


:

:
, . . .
:
, . . .
:
,
:
500




. ,

, ,
,

.


, , .
, 2: ,
,


.

TEMPUS - JPHES 158781
Occupational safety and health degree curricula and lifelong learning

2010. 2012. .

, , ,
,
.
,
,

.
,
,
.


.
,

. ,
,
.

, 2011. .


...........1

................................................8

- ..................................19


.............................................................................................29

E
........43
,

.........................................................................................................53
,

.......................................................................................................................63


..........................................................73

..............80

O .....................................90
,

 ,
............................................................106


.....................................................................................................................115
,

.......................................................................................125
,

 158781, 2, 2011.

, ,

,
.
,
.
,
.
: , , , ,
.

SAFETY DURING MATERIALS TESTING IN LABORATORY

AIMS AND OUTCOMES
The aim of the lecture is to introduce students to the rules of conduct in the laboratory
for materials testing and safety measures in the investigation of certain material properties. This
article describes the kind of danger that may arise during the testing of toughness in Charpy
pendulum, universal tensile testing machine and during hardness testing. Article also provide
measures to be applied in order to avoid danger to health or safety of students during their stay
in this kind of laboratory.
Key words: Safety, harmfulness, risks, materials testing, laboratory

1.

(". " .
101/05)
,
(, , , ) [1].
,
,
.
,

,

.
,
()
.
,
1

 158781, 2, 2011.

, .

2.

.

. ,
,
.

,
( ,
, ,
.).
.

.

, :
,

,

,
,
,
,
,
,
,

.
:
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
2

 158781, 2, 2011.

3.

: , , , .

( ),

()
.

3.1.

1. .

1:

1. ( 12 .)

.
.

1. ,
,
.

.
3

 158781, 2, 2011.
1.,
,
(
).
2.,
.

2:

3.2.

.
:
,
,
,
,

3.,
.

3:

 158781, 2, 2011.
,
3,


.
.
,
3. .

.

, 3.
,
.
,
4.

4:

4.
, .

.

()
, 5.

5:

 158781, 2, 2011.
5.,
.

.
.
,

6.

6:

3.3.

.

.
,
.
7. .

7:

 158781, 2, 2011.

4.

,

.
,
.
,
(


, )

5.

.
, , ,
, ,
.
,

.

6.

1. , , .
101/05.
2.
, . . 72/06.

 158781, 2, 2011.

,


.
,
, ,

. ,
,
.
: , , , ,

THE SAFETY ASPECTS OF WORKING ON COMPUTER

AIMS AND OUTCOMES
The main objective of this paper is to give students a basic understanding of security
aspects that need to take care when working on their computers. The paper gives basic
recommendations for proper installation and commissioning of computers to work, choice of
appropriate equipment and furniture, proper posture when you work, work habits when working
with computers and the necessary measures to be taken to ensure a smooth and safe operation
on your computer. In addition, the paper presents the main recommendations to be taken so that
the negative effects of computers to the health be down to a minimal level.
Key words: computers, risks, health, prevention, referrals.

1.

XX XXI
.
. K e
, , , .
:
, , , . ,
,
.
. ,
,
. ,
,
, [1].
.
,
8

 158781, 2, 2011.

.

.

.

.
.
.

2.

,

. ,
,
. ,
. , , .
, ,
,
. ,
, ,
, , .
, , ,
. ,
,
, . ,
, , . , ,
. , ,
, .

,
. ,
, ,
,
. , ,
40 . ,
50 % [2].

, . ,
, 9

 158781, 2, 2011.
.
,
CRC , ,
, (Repetitive Strain
Injuries - RSI). , ,
,
,
.

3.

.
,
.
,
. ,
, .
,
.
,
.
3.1.
, .
,
. , .
.
,
, ,
.
,
. .
, , , . . ,
. ,
,
.
. ,
,
7 , 72% ,
.
, 32
,
.
10

 158781, 2, 2011.
70-75% ,
. ,
[3].
,
, CRC . ,
.
, . VESA ,
80Hz,
.
.
3.2.
,
.
, , .
, ,
. (Computer Related Injuries)
: (Repetitive
Strain Injury, RSI), (Work Related
Upper Limb Disorder, WRULD) .
3.2.1.
(
1713. )
-
, XXI
100.000 .
,
,
. , ,
,
, ,
,
,
.
, -
.
[4].
1. - , (retinakulum),

.
( ) ,
11

 158781, 2, 2011.
.
.
, ,
.
, .
(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome)
,
.
. ,
,
.

1:

, .
.

. 8,5% ,
13,5% . 40.000
. ,
.
10-20 ( 1700
) 30 [5].
2. -
(tendinitis)
, ,

. tendinitis ,
,
.
(tenosinovitis) , ,
.
- , DeQuervain-
(tenosinovitis
), (,
epikondilitis, ),
trigger finger ( ) .
12

 158781, 2, 2011.
3.2.2.


(Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, TOS)
,
. ,
, .
, ,
.

(),
(tortikolis), , ,
, .
.

(
).
(), ,

.

4.

( ergon nomos ),

.
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
,
,
.

, ,
, .
,
,
.

13

 158781, 2, 2011.
4.1.

,
.
(,
) ,

.
(LittleFingers),
(Kinesis, Goldtouch, ErgoFlex)
(Natural Keyboard, TypeMatrix).
Safetype, ,
,
.
. .
Renaissance Mouse
;

. Whale Mouse
.
(Perfit Mice , ,
). ,
(Smart-Nav AT),
3 (RocketMouse).
, . .

, .
: ,
,
. ,

. CRC

( 75-80 ).
TFT , ,
/ 5 ms [6].
4.2.
,
.
-

- .
,

14

 158781, 2, 2011.
,
.
75cm,
60 cm.
, 150 300
. , 3 4
.
( 2).
4.3.

.

,
( 2).
ISO-9241,
() ,
. ,
.

,

. ,
, ;
, (
). ,
, ,
( ). ,
:
, ;
, ;

. ,
, ,

( , )
[7].
4.4.
RSI
.
,
15 .
,
. ,
15

 158781, 2, 2011.

( ,

). ,
[8].

,
e

50 - 70 cm

10`` 15``

0
90

90 -120

90

,
,

2.

4.5.
,
,
, .
(ISO-9241)
.
,
,
.
16

 158781, 2, 2011.
,

. , ,
.
,
,
.
. 50
.
[9].
, , ,
.
, ,
,
, . ,
,

.

5.

.
,
, .
, , , ,
,
.

, ,
, .

. ,
,
.

6.

1. http://www.cet.rs/cetcitaliste/CitalisteTekstovi/396.pdf . 03.04.2011
2. http://www.scribd.com/doc/36592729/Zastita-Prilikom-Rada-NaRacunaru-9612 . 26.03.2011
3. http://www.poslovnazena.biz/porodica/kompjuteri-i-zdravlje-27-230
4. http://www.vreme.com/arhiva_html/525/33.html . 28.03.2011
5. Five steps to risk assessment, Health and Safety Executive, INDG163
(rev 2), ISBN 0 7176 6189 X, http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg163.pdf
6. http://www.sveznadar.info/50-RelaxComputer/30-Ruke/31-Ruke.html
17

 158781, 2, 2011.
7. Tvrtko Malko, "Prevencija zdravstvenih rizika kod ponavljajuih radnji",
http://web.zpr.fer.hr/ergonomija/2001/malkoc/rsiprevencija.html
8. http://www.mondo.rs/s198907/Zdravlje/Ledja_bole_od_kompjutera.html
9. www.hp.comergopdfs417893-E33.pdf , . 26.03.2011

18

 158781, 2, 2011.

-
,


, .
(,
, , ).

.
,
, ,
.
: , , .

VIBRAIONS - PHYSICAL HARMFULNESS

OF WORK ENVIRONMENT
AIMS AND OUTCOMES
Vibration is usually undesirable phenomenon in the mechanical process, which is harmful
not only to the original machine but also on the body of workers. The harmful effect of vibration
depends on its dynamic and kinetic characteristics (amplitude, frequency, velocity, acceleration and
direction of propagation in relation to the body axis). Perennial exposure to vibration leads to
pathological and anatomical changes and functional disorders that are manifested as a vibration
disease.
The aim is to highlight the importance and influence of vibrations, as one of the physical
hazards of working environment, to point to the possibility of its
reduction and therefore to be
protected from its harmful effects.
Keywords: vibracions, impact, protection.

1.

.
, , .
[1]:
.
. ,
() .

(, ),
.

.

.
19

 158781, 2, 2011.
, ,
, ,

. ,
,
,
, .

. , ,
, .

. [2],
: ,
;
; .

2.

[3] ,
,
.
,
.
,
. : ,
. ,
, ,
. .
,
.
,
, .
. ,
.

,
( )
( ) .
,
.
,
.
(, , ).
,
.

.
20

 158781, 2, 2011.

3.

[2]:

(
)
(
:
, , .
).

:
;
;
, ;
;
;
;
;
''''' ;
;
;
.

[4]. -
. :
: ,
;
: ;
: , .

4.

[3]:
1. :
(, ,
);
2. :
-
(, , .);
3. :
( ,
.).
21

 158781, 2, 2011.
[4]:
:
, . ,
;
(x,y,z)
;
: , .

(xh,yh,zh)
.
, ,
[3]
.
, ,
. .
[4].
:
1.

2. ,
: , ,
, , , , , ,
, , .


. ,
. (
) .
.
.
.
[3],

:
10Hz 30Hz ;
40Hz ;
50Hz 70Hz ( )
70Hz .

.

. - ''''
. ,
3 Hz 6 Hz .
''--'' 20 Hz 30 Hz
22

 158781, 2, 2011.
. '' '' 1 [3].
1Hz 20Hz,
2 [3]. 1 Hz
,
: , , , , .
1:
'' ''

-
,


-



-

f0(Hz)
25
30-80
4-5
16-30
10-12
50-200
60
4-8
2
>20

2:
1Hz 20Hz

f(Hz)

'' ''

4-9
13-20
6-8
13-20
12-16
5-7
4-10
10-18
13-20
4-8
4-9

.
23

 158781, 2, 2011.

5.

[3]:
2631 ;
5349 -;
8041
.

.

:
-
- .

. ,
.
: ,
, [1]. ,

:
x

a
LV = 20 log
= 20 log = 20 log
(1)
0
x0
a
0

, .

. .
,

.
:

a = a(t ) ; = a(t)dt ; x = a(t )dt

(2)

[5]
,
.
, , ,

.
,
[1]: (,
), , .
: ,
().
24

 158781, 2, 2011.
2631/74
'' ''
(
1 Hz 100 Hz) ( 1 min 8 h) :
. ()
z (az)
.
() x,y (ax, ay).
1
(az) [6].
,
0,5m/s2. ,
,
. e .
5349 , ,
10m/s2 ( ) 50%
7 .

1:

, .

.
25

 158781, 2, 2011.

6.

[1]:
(- ),

.
6.1.
-
. .

(). ,

.
, '''',
.
:
- (
, . ,
;
)
- (
;
;
).
, .
, .

( , ).

. -,
: , ,
, .
,
, :
-
;
- ;
- ,
,
;
- ;
- ,
.
, -
, .
26

 158781, 2, 2011.
-
.
, , [7]
:
- ( , ,
);
- , (
)
- (
).
6.2.
[4]
, ( 5 ).

.
:
, , .
6.3.

.
.
1Hz
80Hz, 8Hz 1000Hz.

7.

.
, ,
, . ,

.
, ,
,
, .

8. :

1. . : 1, ,1986.
2. . , . : ,
, , 2009.
3. . , . : ,
, , 2005.
4. . , . : , ,
, 2009.

27

 158781, 2, 2011.
5.
, '' '', .
94/2006 108/2006.
6. 2631/74.
7.
, ''
'', . 92/2008.

28

 158781, 2, 2011.

,

,

.
.
, ,
(
) .
.
: , , , IT , .

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNICAL INSPECTION

OF VEHICLES IN THE PREVENTION OF RISK
AIMS AND OUTCOMES
The aim of the lecture is to introduce students how to recognize the dangers and
hazards and their evaluation for the selection of preventive measures during transportation of
hazardous goods by road.It is also indicated that a solid risk assessment is the one that offers the
right measures to reduce risk.In addition tominimizingorexcluding hazards forrisk reductionand
application of technical means,information technologies, it is necessary to inform employees
and apply appropriate training (by model for training) for a safe and healthy work.The outcome
is the linking of general procedures and regulations with specific examples.
Key words: Danger, risk, security, IT technology, training.

1.

, ,
, .
,

.
,
. ,
, , ,

[1].

.
29

 158781, 2, 2011.
:
- ,
,
-
,
- , ,
-
e
,
.

( ),

.
.

(IT- )
. GPS
.

. GPS

.

2.

,
.
,
( ) ,
, ,
.

: ,
,

, ,

.

, , ,
, ,
, /
.
30

 158781, 2, 2011.

,
,
,

.


, .
,

,

[1].
, , ,
, ,

.


.
,

. ,
ADR-a (ADR - The European agreement concerning the International
Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road
) ,
, ,
[2].

.
.
, ,


.
GPS
,
. GPS


.

31

 158781, 2, 2011.

3.
, ,

, ,
, ,
.
.
--

.

, , ,
ADR- ,
, ,
.
, ,
/ / /
/ .
:
- ,
- ,
- .
: ,
, .

.
.
:
-
,
- () ,
,
.
.

.
, ,
, .
.
32

 158781, 2, 2011.
, , :
- , , ,

;
- , ,
.
(
, , ), .
, ,
[3].


.


. HSE OSHA [4,5]
:
1. .
2. ( ,
; ).
3. () ,
.
4. , .
5. .
,
,
,
, .
,

. :
- .
-
- .

4.

, .

. ,

. .
33

 158781, 2, 2011.
,
.

, ,
,
, . ,
,
,
.

,
,
.

, ,
, ,
, .
:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ,
;
- .

(, , ).

.
, ,

. ,
,
.
4.1.
,
,
.
ADR ,

.


( , ).
34

 158781, 2, 2011.
3
( ). 3 .


, .
:

,
, ,
.

, , , ,
, ,
, ,
, .

,
,
.

,
.

, , ,
,
.

: , ,
, ,
.

[6].
4.2.

,
,
:
- ,
.
-
- ,
.
35

 158781, 2, 2011.
.
.
(
).
, :
- .
- .
-
, .
- ,
.
- ,
( 15 ).
- ,
.
-
[6].
,
ADR
, , ,
ADR .
-

5. GPS

GPS
.
(ITS-Intelligent Transport Systems)

. 1.
GPS- (Global Positioning System)
,
,
.
GPS
,
.
GPS

.
IT
.
36

 158781, 2, 2011.

1: (ITS-Intelligent Transport Systems)

IT :
- .
- .
-
.
-
.
- .
- ,
.
- [7].
GPS (Global Positioning System)
Galileo ( 2002)

, .
, , , ,
GPS ,

. ()


/ .
,

.


.
37

 158781, 2, 2011.
,
.
.
NAVSTAR (Navigation Satelite Timing and Ranging) :
- ();
- ( )
- ( GPS ).
24 6
( ).
600 , , (
2.). 20.000 km 12- ,
24 .

2: () GPS

-
.

.
.
.
( )
, .
NAVSTAR OCS (Operational Control System)
, (Ascension Island)
, Diego Garsia wlein
MCS (Master Control
System) Falkom, 15 km
Kolorado Springsa.

GPS ,
GPS .
38

 158781, 2, 2011.

GPS . GPS ,
,
. ,
, ,
.
,
.

.

, .
GPS-
()
( ),
SAD ,
, .
GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System),
,
, , .
.
Galileo ,
, (European Space
Agency). GLONASS GPS, Galileo
,
SAD.
Galileo 30 3
24.000 , Galileo , Galileo Uplink stanicu,
Galileo Senzorsku stanicu .
, ,
,
:
- , PPS (Precision Positioning Service)
SAD ,
SAD SAD
[14,15].
- SPS (Standard Positioning Service)
.
GPS . GPS :
- ,

- , ,
, .
39

 158781, 2, 2011.


, :
- GPS/GSM ;
- RFID i GPS/GPRS (
).
GPS/GSM
, GPS/GSM
.
- GPS (Global Positioning System)
,
.
- GSM (Global System for Mobil communication) GSM-R


GSM
(GSM-R).

, , ,


.
RFID i GPS/GPRS/XML ,
( 3.).
:
- , Falcom EVR (Electronic Vehicle
Regulation), RFID
, ,
, , GPRS

;
- ,
,

[15].

GPS/GPRS . GPS

. GPS GPRS
GSM .
:
- (
GSM );
-
;
-
.
40

 158781, 2, 2011.

3:

GPS
,
.

6.

,
.
.

.
, ,
, ,
.
.
,
GPS
.
(
)
.
.
GPS ,

.
,
.

.

41

 158781, 2, 2011.

7.

. ., ., ., ., .,
., ., ,
, 2010.
2. .,
, , 2005, . 13.
3. , , ,
, ,
- , ,
2003.,43-50.
4. Five steps to risk assessment, Health and Safety Executive,
INDG163(rev2), http:/www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg163.pdf, June 2006.
5. OSHA-European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2006 Risk
Assessment Tool, Document No. TE-76-01-001-EN-C.
6. ., ., .,
, , 2010.
7. ., ,
, , 2006.
8. ., ., .,
, ,
, , 2010.,
332-337.
9. , , .36/2009.
10.
, , . 53/2002.
11. , ,
.101/2005.
12. .,
, , 6.
, ,
, 2011., 447-451.
13. ., ., .,
, , , 2002.
14. http://www.konekt.rs/gps.htm
15. http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/gpscurr.html
16. http://metaresearch.org/cosmology/gps-relativity.asp
17. http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/gpsinfo.html
18. http://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/aids_to_navigation/the_task/satellite_
navigation.html
19. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/02072/index.cfm
20. http://www.ccg-gcc.gc.ca/eng/CCG/DGPS_Home
1.

42

 158781, 2, 2011.

E


, ,

, ,

.

.
.
.
: , , ,

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION BASE STATIONS OF

MOBILE TELEPHONY
AIMS AND OUTCOMES
The main goal of this lecture is to introduce students of communication technolog
with problems of electromagnetic radiation with particular emphasis on the radiation produced
by mobile telephony base stations. his paper provides data from the legislations on the level of
electromagnetic radiation which is allowed, and also presents the working principles of these
base stations. What is more, this paper indicates the problem of unacceptable levels of radiation.
A method for solving this problem is presented as well as comparison of the levels of radiation
which are allowed by the law in Serbia and in Europe.
Key words: electromagnetic radiation, base stations, mobile phones, legislations.

1.
,
,
[1-8], .

.
.
, .
, .
.
43

 158781, 2, 2011.
, ,
. , X .
, ,
, .

1:

,
.
,

,
.
2.
, ,
900 Hz 1800 Hz. ,
2100Hz.

[1,2]:
;
.

.

. .
.
. ,

.
44

 158781, 2, 2011.
,
,
.

.
.
, .
,
. .
, ,

.
2.1.

:
;

;

;
, ,
;

;

.
, ,

.

: ISO 17025 CEI IEC 61786 (
) CEI IEC 61566
( -
100kHz 1GHz).

,
[1], , .

, . [2-8].

[2].
45

 158781, 2, 2011.
2.2.
,

.

.
,
(0Hz 300GHz)
.

.
, o
, :
(B), (), (SAR),
(S).
,
,
[8].

,
:


,
.
, ,
,
.

. (-)
( )
( W/).
1: -

6 . 10 6 . 10 )
6 .
) ,

, .
.
10MHz -10GHz
0.4 W/kg
10 W/kg
20 W/kg

46

 158781, 2, 2011.
2: -

6 . 10
6 . 10 )
6 .

)
,

, .
.
10MHz -10GHz
0.08 W/kg
2 W/kg
4 W/kg

: (V/m),
H (/m), B (),
( a ) - Skv (W/m2 ).
3: 900Hz, 1800Hz 2100Hz

900MHz

1800MHz

2100MHz

41 V/m

58 V/m

61 V/m

0.11 A/m

0.156 A/m

4.5 W/m2

9 W/m2

0.16 A/m
10 W/m2

.

.
,
.
3. -
3.1.

( ) ,
.
, ,
( ) .
'70-
'80-
.
GSM 900 Hz 1800 Hz. -
(, )
47

 158781, 2, 2011.
1 8,
. ,
10 W/. , 12,5% .

8 . ,
,
: (

) (
).
.
UMTS
( 1 2 ),

. , UMTS
, 40 W/. ,
.
GSM UMTS
,
.
GSM UMTS .

2: ,

(
) , ,
.
(
). ,
.
, . 2
GSM
900 Hz.
, , .
48

 158781, 2, 2011.
3.2.

GSM
900 MHz, ,
1999. . W/m2 .
, ,
( , .
4 ) .
. ,
GSM 900 Hz 250 W.
,

.

3:
1999..

.
, - (
, ...)
.
,
.
, .
( -
) (24 , 365 )
.
:
,
,
.
49

 158781, 2, 2011.
,
.
,
. ,
,
. ,
, :
,
,
;
,
6
;
,
24
;

( , .)

.

4:

.
,
( 7 -10 ),
( 120 ). ,
,
.
- .
.
50

 158781, 2, 2011.
.
-
(
),
.

, ,

4. ,

,
:
1. .
2.
.
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
9. .
10. (
).
11. .
12. ,
(". " .
101/2005)
.

5.

.

.



.
, .
,
.
51

 158781, 2, 2011.

6.
1. (" ",
. 36/09);
2. ,
, ("
", . 104/09);
3.
(" ", . 104/09);
4.
(" ", . 104/09);
5.

(" ", . 104/09);
6.
,

(" ", . 104/09);
7.

("
", . 104/09).
8.
, " ", . 72/06.
9. . , . , . , . , . , .
, . , "
", Acta Medica Medianae 2010,Vol.49(1)
10. , " ",
" ", , 2010.
11. Bela Szentpali: "Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields from Mobile
Phones", TELSIKS, 1999.
12. Antonio Sarolic, Borivoj Modlic, Gordan Sisult and Mario Cvitkovic:
"Human EMF Exposure Health Hazard Range Modeling", International
Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT
2008).
13. " ", http://www.foti.co.rs.
14. , , ,
, : "

2003, .

52

 158781, 2, 2011.

, , T

XXI ,
,
,
: , .
, , ,
,
,
.
: , , .

SAFETY IN HANDLING NATURAL GAS FACILITIES

AIMS AND OUTCOMES
Natural gas is becoming a leading energy source in the XXI century, since it has many
advantages over the liquid and solid fuels, making it the most suitable energy carrier that can
meet the stringent requirements of modern-users: the three "E": efficiency, effectiveness and
environmental protection. Therefore it is necessary to introduce future mechanical engineers,
who will meet, through various projects, construction and technological processes this energy
source, with the hazards that the participants in those technological processes and the
environment are exposed, as well as measures to reduce the risk level and maintained at an
acceptable level.
Key words: Safety, danger, natural gas.

1.

. , ,
ao

.
:
, ,
,
,
.
,
, , .

53

 158781, 2, 2011.
(
) , , , .

. ,
,
.

2.

2.1.

. (
).
, (, , )

.
.
. ( )
. , .

300 ( ) 180 0C.
,
, . ,
liquified natural gas.
2.2.

.
, ,
:
1:

CH4

84,9 97,07%

C2H5

1,13 9,51%

C3H8

0,7 3,02%

C4H10

0,21 2,00%

CO2

0,21 1,10%

, ,

54

 158781, 2, 2011.
, , ,
0,611, 0,55 0,7,
55 70% .
,
. 0,35 m/s.
, ()
595 do 645 0C, 2.000 0C.
,
( ) .

5% 15%.
,
5% (), 15%
().

1:

:
Vobe W = 44,6 54 MJ/m,
Hg = 30,2 47,2 MJ/m,
Hd = 27,2 42,5 MJ/m,
120 130.
1m3 2m3 .
,
, , ,
(SO2), (CO),
.
CO2
.
55

 158781, 2, 2011.
,
, ,
.
, ,
12 16 % (
).
2.3.

(
) (
, , , , ).

,
() ().


. ,



.

2:

.

.

. ,
, ( )
90 %.
56

 158781, 2, 2011.

3.

, . 5 % .
, .
,
. , ,
, (C) .
0,2 % 2
.

,
.

(C2)
, (C)
.
(C2)

. , (C2)
5-6% ,
(C2) 10% ,
25% .
(C)

,
. (C)
. C 0,04%
. 0,04-0,064%
, 0,064-0,40%
. 0,40%
5-10 .

5% 15 %
, .
57

 158781, 2, 2011.
:
. ,
.

.
( )
5%, 15%, . 5 15%

.

, (7-9 ).
, ,
.


. 1% ( )

.

4.

4.1.


, , .

,
,
.
.
,
.


(
, , , ,
).

.

, ,
,
58

 158781, 2, 2011.
,
.

.
4.2.
,
.
, ,
,
.
.
, .
, .
, ,
(" ", . 10/90 52/90),
.


. ,
. ()

. ,
,
.

()
( ) (
).

, , ,
.
4.3.

.
.
:

.
59

 158781, 2, 2011.

.

.
,
.
.
.
1%,
.


.
""
. ( ,
, ), ,

, , .
,
,
.
, ,
(". ", . 10/90 52/90),
.
,
.
.

.
.

.
. ,

. ,
/ .
x .
4.4.


.

.

60

 158781, 2, 2011.
.
:
- .
- ,
,
.
- , ,
: , ,
.
-
,
.
- , ,
,
, ,
.
- ,
.
- ,
,
.

.

3:

:



61

 158781, 2, 2011.

5.

, ,
,
, .
,
.
,

.

6.

1. , , .
101/05
2.
, . 72/06.
3. " ", . 84/2004,
4.
" ", . 29/97,
5. " ", . 37/88, 53/93,
67/93, 48/94
6. , ,
. ", .
10/90 52/90
7.
, . 20/92, 33/92
8.
, , . 94/06
108/06
9.
, . 21/09
10. http://www.yugorosgaz.rs/.

62

 158781, 2, 2011.

,

o
. ,

.
: , , , .

DANGERS AND PROTECTION N METAL LATHE MACHINES

AIMS AND OUTCOMES
This lecture aims at giving basic information about the potential dangers that could
occure in production conditions within metal cutting process technology on metal lathe machines.
In addition, the intention is to initiate the creative thinking when designing machines and tools in
terms of providing greater safety of an operator as well as the environmental protection.
Key words: danger, protection, lathe, metal.

1.
,
.
, .
, ,
.
, ,
.

. ,
,
40.000 150.000
.
. . 1.

.

63

 158781, 2, 2011.
1: 100.000
1993 2002.

...

1993 -2002

63

52

29

23

13

20

208

2.

:
- ;
-
().
, ,

.

:
-
-
-
-
-
:
-
-
-
-
-

3.

. .
,
, . 26%
( ), 49%
. ,
25% .

36% , 15%
, 20% ,
15% .
64

 158781, 2, 2011.

, .
3.1.
:
1. - , , .
2. , ,
.
3. : , , .
4.
.
5. , ,
.
6. .
7. .
8. .
9.
.
1 .

1:

1 - .
2 - .
3 - .
4 - .
5 - .
6 - .
7 - .
8 - .
9 - .
10 - .
11 - .
65

 158781, 2, 2011.

.
.
)

.

, , ,
,

.

2.

3.

,

, ,
, ,
.

4.

5.

66

 158781, 2, 2011.
) :

7.

6.

9.

8.

:
1. ( 10).

-. /3/
/5/ /6/. ,
.


, .
67

 158781, 2, 2011.
2. (
11).

11.

10.

.
.
.
) ,

,
. 800,
.

( 12).

( 13).

12.

13.

68

 158781, 2, 2011.
:
1.
( 14) .
2. ( 15).
3.
, ( 16).

15.

14.

. .
.

( 17). ,
, /1/
//, //.
.

16.

17.

.
.
69

 158781, 2, 2011.
:
1. ( 18).
2. ( 19).
.
.
.

19.

18.

( 20).
. ,
, .
,
.

21.

20.

.
( 21).
.

, .
70

 158781, 2, 2011.

4.

,
4 m,
2 m2 8 m3
.
.
50 mm
50 mm,
. 1.8 m,
0.8 m ,
.

0.7 m.

, .

.

.
.
. .
.
.
10 ( )
23,
55% 65%,
0.1 m/s.

15 17 , 75%
0.5 m/s.

, 180 300 lx.

80 dB , 74 dB
70 dB (, ...).

.
() ,
,
, .
. , ,
.
.
71

 158781, 2, 2011.

, .
, , , , .
,
.

5.
?

, , ,

.
, , .
.
,

.
(, , ,
...) , ,
, .


.

,
.
.
,
.
.
.

6.

1. 36/09.
2. .: ,
, , 1980.
3. - ,:
, ,
, 2010.
4. .: , XU, , 1999.

72

 158781, 2, 2011.

,

,
. ,
,

.
, ,
, ,
, ,
a .
,

.
: , ,

PROTECTION AND SAFETY MEASURES, MENAGEMENT TOOL

PROCESSING PUNCHING AND CUTTING
AIMS AND OUTCOMES
In modern societies, human labor is necessary, first and foremost precondition for the
survival and functioning in society. Interest and goal of society, of all subjects and each
individual should be the work itself is safe and not infringing on the workers and the practice of
which the full extent provided by the preservation of health of workers and the work being done
in a safe and healthy conditions. Achieving these goals is a big job that requires taking certain
measures and activities for the purpose, on the one hand, the reduction of side effects, such as
occupational injuries, occupational diseases and diseases related to work, on the other hand, the
protection of life and health employees and other persons who are entitled to.
The aim of these lectures is to introduce the tools for punching and cutting, which are
very dangerous and very risky in the application and proper access to measures and protection
of open kind tools to.
Key words: danger, protection, preventive

1.

,
.
.

, ,
, .
73

 158781, 2, 2011.

,

. ,
.
,
,
,
.
.

, ,

.

.

.
,
. , ,
,
.

2.

- .
, ,
. , ,
- , :
,
. ,
.
:
, .
- ,
.
.

, .
, .
.
- , ,

, ,
74

 158781, 2, 2011.
.
,
. .
, .

3.
.
:
(
),
( ),
(
.).

.
.

) ;
) ;
) ;
) e.
, a (. , ).

,

) ,
) ,
) .

(, , , ...)
,
,
.
.
75

 158781, 2, 2011.

4.

.
, , ;
, , , .
.
,
.
,
. ,



,
.


( ).
,
,
:
, ;
( - );
, ,
);

- ;
;
;

, .

5.

,
:
1)
;

;
,
;
76

 158781, 2, 2011.

;

, , , , .;

.
2)

( ,
, - , ,
, , .);
,
;

, (
, ,
,
.);

( );
;

;

(
, .).

3)

;
;

(, , ,
.);
;
;

.

77

 158781, 2, 2011.

6. ,

,
:

;

;

;
;
;
;

.
( )

;

,
( );
.

7.

,
,
,
,
.
,
, ,
.
, 2012. ,

,
.
, ,
,
.

, , ,
,
,
78

 158781, 2, 2011.
.
,

.

8.

1. , " , .
101/05.
2.
, . 72/06.
3. Five steps to risk assessment , Health and Safety Executive, INDG 163
(rev 2), ISBN 0 7176 6189 X, June
2006., http://www. hse. gov.
uk/pubns/indg163. pdf .
4. JUS.EN.1050, , , 2005.
5. , . .
6. EU ISBN 92-827-4278-4, .
7. 89/391/
.
8. , .

79

 158781, 2, 2011.

,

-
,
. ,
,
.
: , , .

SECURITY MEASURES AND PROTECTION IN THE ULTRASONIC

MACHINING
Ultrasonic processing is one of the unconventional methods of treatment - the removal
of material processing methods, in which the removal of material from the workpiece using
ultrasonic vibrations. In this paper emphasizes the importance of using an ultrasound machine,
processing, beneficial and harmful effects of ultrasound on the man with the measures of
security and safety at work.
Key words: ultrasound, Ultrasonic Machining, protection.

1.

.
, ()
,
,

.
j
,
, .

, ,
.
,
:
1. () ,
2. .
()
,
: , , ,
80

 158781, 2, 2011.
.
, :
)
( , ,
, );
)
( , , ,
, );
)
( , );
) (
, ).


,
.
() (Ultrasonic Machining UCM)
() , ,
.
.

2.

(16.000 20.000 Hz).
(,
), .

.
.

.
, .
,
.

.
2.1.
:
, ,
, . ( ,
, , ) ,
.

81

 158781, 2, 2011.
, ,
, ,
( ) , ,
.
:
, ,
.
, ,
.
.
, , , .
, , .
.
,
( ), .
2.2.

() , (
1).
: , .
, ,
, .

1:

,
,

.

.
82

 158781, 2, 2011.

3.

, 1953. 1955.
.

:
,
.
,
.
, .
,
, .

.

. .
.
,
.

2: CNC

. ( 2)

4.

,
, - ,
.
, ,
: , , , , ...
83

 158781, 2, 2011.
,
, , ,
.
. , ,
.
, , , ,
, , , ...

:
,
,
,

,
.

5.
, .

, ,
. ,
, ,
.
,
.
.
,
, .
.
().
.

,
,
. ,
.
.
, .
,
.
. .

( ). ,
. ,
84

 158781, 2, 2011.
. ,
, ,
60C.

, .
, .

, ,
.

, .
. 1927.

.
1981. .
.
, .
( ) .

.

, .
:
1. -
, .
2. -
.
.
3. -

()
.
110 dB,
120 dB,
.

6.
:
1. ,
2. ,
3. .

85

 158781, 2, 2011.
6.1.
,
, .
.
, ,
,
, ,

.
- ()
.
-
,
.
, -

.
- .

.
.
6.2.


.
.


.
.

,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.

. ,
.
86

 158781, 2, 2011.

.
.

.


.

, .

.

.

.

,
.

.
, , , ,
.
.


,
.
,
, .
.

.
6.3.

, ( 3) :
,
.

87

 158781, 2, 2011.

3:

7.

.
, .

.
.

.
, , ,
.
.
.
( ,
), .
,
.
.
,
.

:
1.
, .
. ,
.
2.
.
: , ,
88

 158781, 2, 2011.
, , .
.
3.
: , , ,
, . .

,
,
,
.
8.
1. , , .
101/05.
2.
, , . 72/06.
3. winner.hot4um.com/t2447-dejstva-ultrazvuka.
4. , ., , ., -
, Ma , , 1994.

89

 158781, 2, 2011.

O
, ,



.
.
: , ,

HAZARDS AND HARMS IN PROCESSES OF PLASTIC

DEFORMATION OF METALS
AIMS AND OUTCOMES
The aim of the lecture is to inform future engineer industrial engineering from the
welding process in terms of its impact on health and safety of direct participants in those
processes. The paper points to the dangers to health and life as a welder and welding protection
measures.
Key words: welding, work hazard, protective measures

1.

, ,
, ,
.

,
.


()
.
, , ,
.
:
: 70%
: 20%
: 10%

90

 158781, 2, 2011.

, :
() ,
,
,
, ,
.


.

.

2.
,
.
:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
80%
.
:
REL - ,
EPP -
,
MIG/MAG -
- ,
TIG/WIG -
-
MIG/MAG 70%
,
30%.
91

 158781, 2, 2011.


,
,
. ,
, ,
.
:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- , ;
- ;
- .
2.1.
,
. , ,
.
, ,

, , ,
. (AC) 15 mA ,
80 mA , .1.
1:

do 1 mA
1 do 8 mA
8 do 15 mA
15 do 20 mA
20 do 50 mA
50 do 100 mA
100 do 200 mA

-
,

. 50 mA
.
92

 158781, 2, 2011.
. ,

. ,
.
. , . ,

. ,
.
:

. , ,

2 m,
, ,
.

1:

2:
( )

:
,
, ,
93

158781, 2, 2011.

,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,

,

:

. C,
B, .
( 3).

3:

,
( )
, .
. .
(
)
.

. , ,
, .
94

 158781, 2, 2011.

2.2.

- ,
- .

4:

, ,
,
.

, .
0,5 m ,
.
.
( ) 10.000

.
.
.
2.3.
, 6.000 C
, , ,
( - REL )
.
.
95

 158781, 2, 2011.

:
,
,
,
,
.

:
: H2, N2O2, O3, H2O, H2O2, NO, NO2, CO, CO2, PH3, NH3, C2H2,
CH4,
: FeO, Fe2O3, Na2O, K2O, Fe3O4, TiO2, NaO,
Al2O3, Ti2O3, SiO2, CaO, MnO, Mn2O3, Mn3O4, Na2CrO4, Cr2O3, NiO,
CoO, WO3, VO, MoO3, NB2O5, CuO,
: F2SiF4, HF, NaF, KF, CaF2, TiF4.
,
( .).
:
,
-,
,
.
,

Slika 5. a) toksini gasovi u okruenju zavarivaa; b) nastali gasovi pri zavarivanju

elika MAG-CO2 postupkom zavarivanja

.
2 - 4 . 2 3 mg/m3.
96

 158781, 2, 2011.
-
0,005%. MAG (CO2)
0,025% CO, 0,007% CO,
0,001% CO.
(MIG) -.

, ,
. .
:
,
,
.
( )
,
().

, .
(3)
,
. 0,1 mg/m3,
,
.

( ) ,
.
, .
,
, .
, , , ,
.
, .
, ,
.
, ,
,
.

(MDK), .
8 .
. ,
, , 16
. 2. MDK
, .

97

 158781, 2, 2011.

2: ()

MK
mg/m3

, ,
9000
,
CO2

, , ,
55
CO
, ,
,
20
, ,
NO, NO2
10

, ,

0,5
,
COCl2

, ,

0,15
, ,
PbO

, ,

0,1
, ,
CdO

2,5

CaF2, KF

6

MnO, MnO2

, ,
10
,
ZnO2

-----

Cl

,
0,1

, ,

.
,
,
( ).
,
.
.
. , ,

.
,
. ,
,
( ).
98

 158781, 2, 2011.

2.4.
, ,
, , ,
, .
.
,
,
,
, .

3.

, ,
.
. : , ,
.
, (15 20 )
.
, ,
.
,
.
.
(Cr, Ni, Mo),
.
85 db .
3. .
, ,
, ,
( ) . 85 db
, 90 db
.
3:

(as)
(dB)

90

92

95

1,5

0,5 0,25

97 100 102 105 110 115

.
99

 158781, 2, 2011.

( , ), ( ) .
(, ) .
, . ,
, 42 47
,
, .

.
47- 48
, ,
- . , ,

.

4.

.
4.1.
: ,
, , ,
.

.
.

.
, . .
.

. 5 3 .

.

,
. .


.
100

 158781, 2, 2011.

6: ,

( 7.) ,
, ,
.
. , .
.
, .
.
.

7: : ) , )
, ) ) +

8.

,
.

8: ) ; ) (
)

101

 158781, 2, 2011.
4.2.
:
- ( , ),
- , ,

.

,
.
2000 m^3/h 1 kg/h
.

( 9.).

9:

,
.
( 10.).

10:

102

 158781, 2, 2011.


.
,

(
).

11: ;

.
, 12
806 . ,
,
, .

().

. , , 200
, 1961.,
2009..
103

 158781, 2, 2011.

5.

.

20
.
,
.
.
.

.
-

-
-
-

.
-

-
-

.
-

-
-
-
- ,

- , , ,
,

104

 158781, 2, 2011.

-

- ,
-
-

- , ,

-

-
-
-
-
-
-

6.
1. (IWE)
(IWT),
, , .
2. , ., , ., , .,
, IMK-14- , vol.11, iss.1-2, pp.77-85,
2005.
http://scindeks.nb.rs/article.aspx?artid=0354-68290521077J&redirect=ft
3. - ,
, ,
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://webmail.mef.unsa.ba/mts/st
udenti/onlinevjezbe/TS/vTS1-V2.
105

 158781, 2, 2011.

,

,



.

. je
. ,
, .
: ,
, .

PROTECTION AND SAFETY AT WORK ON THE HEIGHTS,

PROTECTION AT WORK ON SCAFFOLDING
AIMS AND OUTCOMES
The aim of the lecture is to introduce students to safety and health at work includes
realization of the conditions in which they have taken some measures and actions to protect life
and health of employees. The role of safety and health at work is determined by its purpose and
scope of rights and obligations of employers and workers. Construction is specific and
najrizinia branches of the economy, where the statistics come to the greatest number of
injuries at work. The largest number of serious industrial accident occurring, is caused by
poorly built structures and auxiliary facilities.
Key words: Protection and safety at heights, safety at work on scaffolding, hazard to
life and health of workers.

1.

, . 1996.
2003. 2.100 2.500
,
.
,
(3,3 100.000 ).
17
1.000 , . ,

,
. ""
1.000
1994. 2001. 80,82.
106

 158781, 2, 2011.

1: .

,
.
, .
( ) ,
(
) ( ),
.
,
.
, ,

.
, ( , ).
.1.

56%

10%

5%

4%

- .

3%

1%

,
, .
107

 158781, 2, 2011.

2.

450cm , ,

. ,
.
450cm .
100cm
100cm.
,
. ,
,

. ,
.
130cm 200cm, 150cm
, , 300cm ( ).
,
.

2: .

3: .

108

 158781, 2, 2011.
, ,
,
.
(, .)
.
, ,
.
, ,
,
,
( .).
2.1.
, ,
, ,
3,0m , ,
, .

,
, ,
, , ,
, .

.
, ,
,

. ( )
.
.
.
20cm.
( 60, . 80cm):
60 m,
60cm,
80cm,
1050 1300cm,
1500cm.
: ( )
, 30 - 35cm,
( 15cm).

300N/m.

109

 158781, 2, 2011.

4: - .

6m.
, (, ,
, ). , .
,
.

. (
), .

5: .

60cm,
40%. 100cm
,
110

 158781, 2, 2011.
80cm.

(,
.) .
2.2.
,
, ,
, , ,
, ( ,
.),
( , .).
,
, :
,
, ,
( , ,
.,
,
.

6: .

2.3.

, ,
.

.
,
111

 158781, 2, 2011.
, ,
.

() . ()
,
.
(
), 1,5.

.
10%
, .
.
.
,
. ,
.

7: .

,

,
.

.
,
2,5m .
1,5m.
,

.
.
, ,
.
112

 158781, 2, 2011.

3.

,
,
.

,
.
: , ,
,
,
,
, , ,

.

. , ,
,
, ,
, (76%) ,
. , ,
, ,
.

.
, , ,
. ,
, ,
, , .

,

, ,
,
,
,
.
,
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
.

113

 158781, 2, 2011.

4.
.

1. , , .
101/05.
2. , , . 72/09.
3.
, , . 72/06.
4.
. , . 53/97.
5.
,
,. 101/05.
6.
, ,. 101/05.

114

 158781, 2, 2011.

, ,

o
, ,
.

.
: , , .

SOURCES OF RISK AND MEANS OF WORKER PROTECTION

DURING CONSTRUCTION
AIMS AND OUTCOMES
Purpose of this lecture is to inform students about permanent dangers that are present at
construction cites and to which both workers, supervisors and everyone in vicinity of cite, are
exposed. It is intended to present some preventive measures as to avoid accidents which
frequently lead to serious injuries or even fatality.
Key words: construction cites, danger, protection.

1.

,
40 1000 ,
.
, 25.000
. 200
.
.

. ,
330 300 , 29
,
.
,
.

2.

.
.
115

 158781, 2, 2011.


.

, :
;
( );
o
;
;
( );
;
;
;
();
;
,
.
.
,
.

.
1.

%
14.9
14.4
13.2
8.7
8.1
5.5
4.8
4.5
2.7
2.5
20.7
100

:
;
;
;
;
116

158781, 2, 2011.
;
;
.

3.

. .
.

,
, .
3.1

, .
,
.
:
;

;
;
, ;
;
, ,
.

;
,
;
;

,
;
;
;
;
, .
3.1.1.
( 1)
. .
.

.
117

 158781, 2, 2011.

1: .

3.1.2.

,
.
, ,
, ,
.

2:

118

 158781, 2, 2011.
4.

4.1.

.

.
, ,
.
.

.
,
1.5 .

3: .

,
.

,
.
4.2.
100cm
,
( 4.).

, 200cm.
,
.
119

 158781, 2, 2011.

75cm (
).

. ,
50cm .

4:

5:

( 5.)

. ,
60, 2m.
,
1.2 1.5m.
..
40%.
4.3. T

. ,
,
.
a ,
60cm.
40%.

10km/h 5km/h.
, 48mm,

.
120

 158781, 2, 2011.

6:

7:

8:

50kg 60m. ,
25, 50m.
, ,
25kg, 12kg.
( 8.),
.
4.4.
,

.

.
.
:
;
;
;
.

:
-15C
35km/h.
,
.
.
,
. -10,
50%.
( )
, .
,
.
121

 158781, 2, 2011.

9:

10:

.
:

;
;
,
.

4.5.

450m , ,
,
. 450cm
.
100m

100m.
,
,
.

70.

, 150cm .

.
.

122

 158781, 2, 2011.

11:

, ,
.
:
80cm;
60cm,
60cm, 80cm;
1050 1300mm.
.
6.
.

.
. 60cm,
40%. 100cm
,
100cm.
123

 158781, 2, 2011.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

12:.

(,
.) .

, .
.

5.

. , ,
.
,
.

.
,
.

6.

1. , : ,
.., , 2004
2. , : ,
, 2004.
3. , , . 72/2009
4.
, " , .72/2006".

124

 158781, 2, 2011.

, ,

,
, ,
.
,
, .
,
, .
: , , ,
.

THE IMPORTANCE OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS IN THE

ASSESSMENT OF RISK SAFETY AT WORK
AIMS AND OUTCOMES
Systematization and deepening knowledge in the field of statistics and analysis, with
their wide application in all spheres, even in cases of occupational accidents, is the main goal of
the lecture.
Outcome of the teaching
is the application of statistics and analysis in solving
engineering problems, given with example from the field of occupational accidents. Students
will have an understanding of theoretical basis of necessary methods of descriptive statistics,
statistics reasoning, and techniques of analysis of large amounts of data.
Key words: Occupational accidents, Statistical methods, Exposed group, Control
group.

1.

,
.
,
.

,
.

, ,

,
.
125

 158781, 2, 2011.

2.

, ,
, .
,
.
:
,
;



;

.

(, ).

( ).

,
,
, ,
.
, .
, .

1:

,
.
.

.
.
, ,
.
126

 158781, 2, 2011.


.


.
2:

, ,
.

.
- ,
,
.
,
.
, :

;
,
;


.

2.1.

.
. , ,
, ,
.
,
, .

.
:
1. .
2. .
3. .
:
(, : );
(: ).
127

 158781, 2, 2011.
, ,
,

, .
,
:
, 1854
(, , ,
) (
, ,
, , ,
), , 1380
.

3.

,
.
, . ,
, ,
, , , ,
, .

,
, .
.

, ,
, , /,
., ,
,
.

AUVA (Allegeine
Unfallversicherungsanstalt), WKO (Wirtschaftskammem Osterreichs), SME (Small
Medium Enterprizes), PILZ .
3.1.

,
,
. , ,
,
.
128

 158781, 2, 2011.

60% (331),
, , ,
33,33% (181 ) , 3,87%
(21 ) , 1,84% ( 10)
.

3:

,
.
.

4:

, 543 , 62,98% (342 ) ,

,
.



, ,
, .
129

 158781, 2, 2011.
11,05%
.
.

,
. ,
, ,

.
37,38% (203 )
, 79% ( 430)
.
, . -
, .

5:

3.2.


.
.
1854
(, , ,
) (
, ,
, , ,
). 1380
.

2 .
3.2.1.

,
, , .
130

 158781, 2, 2011.

1:

49,8 8,9
27,6 4,8

..=

50,1 7,8
28,2 5,9

p
..
..

( 1.).
2:

(N=1850)

%
465
25,1
668
36,1
92
4,9
91
4,9

(N=1380)

%
331
23,9
485
35,1
67
4,8
68
4,9

p
..
..
..
..

112

6,1

84

6,1

..

455
19
321
81

24,5
10,2
17,3
4,4

332
14
249
57

24,1
10,1
18,1
4,1

..
..
..
..

3:

(N=1850)

%
258
13,9

(N=1380)

%
27
1,95

p
<0,01

124

6,7

97

7,02

..

382

20,6

124

8,98

<0,01

, ,
, ( 2.).
,

( 3.).
382/1850 (20,6%),
124/1380 (8,98%); p<0,01.
,
(13,9% 1,95%
) p<0,01.
131

 158781, 2, 2011.

4.

.
:
.
,

,
.



.

,
,
.
,
.

.

5.

1. Acta Medica Medianae 2009,

, Vol.48(4),
, , , .22-26.
2.
,
, 2006.

132