VISOKATEHNIKAKOLA

STRUKOVNIHSTUDIJA
UNIU

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TEMPUS JPHES 158781
Occupational safety and health degree curricula and lifelong learning

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his project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This
publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held
responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

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TEMPUS - JPHES 158781 Occupational safety and
health degree curricula and lifelong learning
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FUNDAMENTALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IN

REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
AIMS AND OUTCOMES
The aim of the lecture is to familiarise the vocational students with the basic legal
regulations on occupational safety and health in Serbia - The Law on health and safety at work
from 2005 and several Regulations. The Act on risk assessments, a procedure of risk
assessment, examination and testing of the work equipment and examination of work
environment conditions are presented. The outcome is the students' awareness on the key
content of the Law and regulations in this area and acquisition of the basic knowledge of the
risk assessment.
Key words: Law on OHS, regulations.

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9. Five steps to risk assessment, Health and Safety Executive, INDG163 (rev 2),
ISBN 0 7176 6189 X, http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg163.pdf , June 2006.

10. OSHA European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2006 Risk Assessment
Tool, Document No. TE-76-01-001-EN-C.

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SAFETY IN HANDLING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

AIMS AND OUTCOMES
The aim of this lecture is to introduce future mechanical engineers and environmental
engineers, with nature of hazardous materials, as well as some safety measures during the
handling process with them. Special attention in the lecture is devoted to the method and
technique of marking different types of hazardous materials, as well as proposal warning labels
for laboratories, warehouses, manufacturing plants and all the spaces where the employees
handling with these materials. Also, students will become familiar with potential hazards that
participants in those technological processes and environment are exposed, how to protect
themselves, reduce the level of risk at work and maintain it on the acceptable level.
Key words: Safety, harmfully, risks, hazardous materials

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electrical, and building safety, NFPA 704 Standard System for the
Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Rasponse,
http://www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=704

32

 158781, 1, 2011.

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SAFETY IN TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS MATERIALS IN ROAD

TRAFFIC
AIMS AND OUTCOMES
The goal of the lecture is to teach students that application of regulations related to
packaging, handling and transport vehicles for hazardous materials, reduces danger to human
lives and the environment which indirectly affects the people, to the minimum. The regulations
also apply to workers involved in the transport system. The responsibility of participants in the
transport is emphasized, and the perspectives of development in order to improve the safety
status in this field are presented.
Key words: hazardous materials, transportation, regulations, road traffic.

1.
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43

 158781, 1, 2011.

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RELOADING MECHANIZATION AS A POTENTIAL CAUSE OF

ACCIDENTS DURING LOAD HANDLING
AIMS AND OUTCOMES
The paper points out the necessity to increase the awareness of the importance of the
safety in work processes in general and, especially, the safe execution of the reload-transport
operations. It also emphasizes the importance of the study of the possible causes of occurrence
and the consequences of the accidents through the analysis of the work processes execution and
the psychology of workers, as well.
Keywords: safety, reloading, mechanization

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. , ,

.
.

( 1.)

1:

46

 158781, 1, 2011.

, ,
.

3.

( ):
;
.

.

, .
-
, ,
, ,
, .

-
.
, , , ,
, .
,
33%.

.
- .
,

.

,
.


OHSAS (IS 18000).

. SHA (Occupational Safety and Health
Administration) [5]
..

.

.
47

 158781, 1, 2011.

3.1.


.
, ,

, ,
.
-
, :
- 0,5 ,
0,3 ,
, ,
, , .;
- (
,
)
;
- ,
,
;
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) ,
, ,

;
- , , , . [1]

, ,
, (.
),
.
,
,
.
,

, .

48

 158781, 1, 2011.

4.



.


.
,
.

.
(.
, ...),
(. , ...)
(.
.).
4.1.
-
. ,
( - 860 ).

.

.
Industrial truck association [6] ,
, 80 , 35.000
60.000 20.000 .
National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities (NTOF) 1530
1980. 2001. [3] .
, ( 2) , ,
.
26%
, 18%
, 14% , 14%
, 7%
, 7%
, 7%
, 3%
4% [7].

(
) (max. 16 km/h)
.

49

 158781, 1, 2011.

. ,
, ,
.

2:

:
- ,
;
- ;
-
(
);
-
;
- ,
;
-
(
),

( );
- , ,
;
- ,
, (
, ).
50

 158781, 1, 2011.

3:

,
60-75 cm
. ,
12%,
.
.

, .

50 mm.
,
(
),
.

4:

51

 158781, 1, 2011.
4.2. -
, , ,
. ,


.
,
.
, .
,

. ,
.
"David Mac Collumna"
:

;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
.

1000 (
), 15%
. 10.000
3% , 8%
, 20%
.
"Division of Occupational Safety and Health California of
Industrial Relations" DOSH [8]
01.01.1997. 31.12.1999. .
158 , 115 (73 %) , 16% je
, (, , ...)
.
"Japan Crane
Association" [ 9] 1987. 1992.
.

52%
.
52

 158781, 1, 2011.

5:

.
"Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)"[5],
(87%)
, . National Safety
Council (NSC) [10],
90% -
.
45.000
-.
: (, , , ..),
(, , , ...)
.

.
.
.
53

 158781, 1, 2011.

,
, , ,
.
, , ,


.
.
, , ,
.
4.3.
(
)

.
( , .)
, .
, ,
, .
,
, .

, , ,
. ( 6)

6:

,
.
,
.
54

 158781, 1, 2011.

5.
,
,
.
.
, ,
,
.
.

. .

6.
1. , ., , ., , ., , ., , .,
, .: ,
, TEMPUS - JPHES 158781
Occupational safety and health degree curricula and lifelong learning,
2011.
2. www.ilo.org
3. www.cdc.gov
4. , ., , .: -
, -
, , ,
2010.
5. www.osha.gov
6. www.indtrk.org
7. , .: , ( ),
,
8. www.dir.ca.gov
9. www.cranenet.or.jp
10. www.nsc.org

55

 158781, 1, 2011.

,

o

. ,

.
: , , .

DANGERS AND PROTECTION OF AN OPERATOR IN PLASTIC

DEFORMATION PROCESSING OF METAL
AIMS AND OUTCOMES
This paper aims at giving basic information about the potential dangers that are possible
in production conditions in the deformation processing technology. In addition, the intention is to
initiate the creative thinking when designing machines and tools used in deformation processing,
in terms of providing greater security for an operator and the environmental protection.
Key words: danger, protection, press

1.
,
.
,
. ,
.


.
.
Current 49 [1],
1980. 151.000
. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) [5]
20.000 . 1.600 2.000 (10%)
.

.

56

 158781, 1, 2011.

2.

:
- ;
-
().
,

.

:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .

3.

.
, .
, , .
,
, .
,
.
.
, .
,
.

.
,
. , :
1. ,
;
57

 158781, 1, 2011.

2. -
;
3. ;
4. ;
5. .
:
- ;
- ;
-
;
- .
:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .

1:

3.1.

.
:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

;
;
( );
;
;
.
58

 158781, 1, 2011.

.
100mm ( )(.2).
,
6mm ( ).
.
.

.
3. je

.
:
- ;
- ;
- .

2:

3:

. , 4.
.
, , , .
,
,
.
. :
- ;
- ;
- ,
(. 5).
59

 158781, 1, 2011.

4:

5:

, ,

.


.

. 0.5
(. 6).
(. 7).
.

60

 158781, 1, 2011.

6:

7:

8:

.

(.9.).

9:

.
.

.
.

61

 158781, 1, 2011.
3.2.


( ) ,
.
,
.
( ), ,
. :
- ;
- ;
- .
,

:
-
;
- ;
-
(. 12).
:
- ( );
- .
:
-
6mm. ,
(
),
(. 10).

10:

11:

62

 158781, 1, 2011.

-
(. 11).
-

(. 12).
-
. ,
(.13).

12:

13:

-
(.14), .
.

.
,
(.15).

14:

15:

63

 158781, 1, 2011.


.
, .
.
.

. ( )
.
.


.

16:

()
. ( ),
(), -.

. ,
.
() .
()
, .
()
(. 17).

.
.

.
(. 18).
64

 158781, 1, 2011.

17:

18:

4.

. :
1. ;
2. .


.

:
-
;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
:
-
;
-
;
-
;
-
;
- .

65

 158781, 1, 2011.

5.
1. Millar D.: Injuries and amputations resulting from work with mechanical
power presses,Current 49, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.87-107, Maz 22,
1987. P14
2. .: ,
, , 1982.
3. , ., ., .,:
, 14
.(16/17)
1-2/2003., .69-77.
4. .: , XU, , 1999.
5. www.bls.gov

66

 158781, 1, 2011.

,

, ,
, . ,
, ,
, .
, .
,
,
,
.
: , , .

SAFETY DURING LASER PROCESSING OF MATERIALS

AIMS AND OUTCOMES
Today, with the growing demands of the modern society, conventional material processing becomes very difficult and often impossible. Hence, in parallel with the development of
new materials, new processing methods are being developed and introduced, being much more
progressive, productive and economic. One of these methods is laser processing, which belongs
to the group of non-conventional processing methods.
This lecture will give a short review of suitable safety measures when working with
laser devices in metal processing industry, in order to familiarise students with the safety issues,
preventive actions and contol of risk level.
Key words: safety, laser processing, protection.

1.
(Light amplification stimulated emission of radiation), o
se () .
(solid-state), , , , dye
, .
, , ,
, , .

, , .
,

.
67

 158781, 1, 2011.

, : [1]
-
;
-
, ()
(), , ;
-
.


.

2.

1:

, . :
, , , , .
: ,
, , ,
. ,
,
.
.
( )
.
68

 158781, 1, 2011.
1.

Excimer

193-248nm

510 -310 W

He-Ne

632nm

()

<1W

Rubin

693nm

()

1104 - 4104W

100 - 200W
Nd-YAG

CO2

1,06m

10,6m

106 W
500 W
<5103W
2 - 2,2104W

, ,

, ,
,
,

0.2 108 W/cm2.
, ,
.
. :
,
CO2
(2, r, 2 ).[3]

. hardware software
,
, , .

3.



[7].


.

(.2)
69

 158781, 1, 2011.
2.

( 180 280 nm)

( 280 315 nm)

( 315 400 nm)

( 400 780 nm)

,
( 780 1400 nm)

( 1,4 3,0 m)

, ,

( 3,0 m 1 mm)

, .
(> 1 kV),
.
,
.
,

.
, .
.

.
.

4.

, .
, ,
, .
70

 158781, 1, 2011.

3:

:
1. ;
2. ;
3. ;
4.
5. .

(
).[1]

.

:
- 20 m2.
4-5 m2 15-20 m3 ;
- 1 W,
;
- 1 m,
, 1,2 m ;
- 0,8 m ;
- 0,4.
71

 158781, 1, 2011.

. : ,
.

.

4:

5:

,
. ,
.
.
.

.
.

.

.
72

 158781, 1, 2011.

, ,
, , , .

.
: ,
, ,
. .

. : ,
.
.
.
.
.
.
. ,
, .

.

5.

. ,
- ,
. .
,
.
, , , ,
, .
, ,


.

6.
1. , . , .13/2010
2. ., ,, .,
, 30
, , 2005.
3. ., .,
, 3. ,
, 79. 2010.
4. ., ., ,
, , , 1994.
73

 158781, 1, 2011.

5. ., ., ., .
, ,
, , 1998.
6. . ,
, , , 1990.
7. . ,
, ,
, 1990.
8. Koechner, V., Solid State laser enginnering, Springer Scinece 2006, pp
706-712
9. , ,
, 1997.
10. ISO 9000, ,
1., , 1995.
11. . ,
, , , 1990.
12. JUS IEC 825-1, ,
, 1997.

74

 158781, 1, 2011.

, ,

,


a
. .
: , , , , . , , .

STATIC ELECTRICITY GENERATION, CONSEQUENCES AND

PREVENTIVE MEASURES
AIMS AND OUTCOMES
The aim of the lecture is to introduce future engineers of technological orientation to
the potential hazards and harms arising from the presence of static electricity at the work place
and in work environment. Future engineers will become familiar with methods of prevention
and technological procedures that minimize potential risks.
Key words: Hazard, harm, static electricity, potential, electrical field. Grounding,
humidity, ionization.

1.
a .
, , a, , .
,
,
. o
, ,
. ,
, ,
.

.
,
75

 158781, 1, 2011.

, ,
. , , ,
,
[1].

2. ,

2.1.

. , ,
a a
.
, ,
.
,
, . ,
,
(
),
,
. .
q,
[2].

. , , ( , .). , :
, , , .
,
.
,
(, , ).
. ,
(, , , ,
.),
.
. (
60-90%;
) 1:

76

 158781, 1, 2011.

1:

,
,
( 2) [3,4].
, , , , .
- ,
- ,
, .
, , .
, ,
200
. ,
.
77

 158781, 1, 2011.

2: ra

3.

,
, .
, .
/ . . . ,
.

, , ,
, [5].

:
;
;
;
;
;
.
3.1.

.

:

A q (1 2 )
78

(1)

 158781, 1, 2011.

,
, 4 mm2.

203 mm.
10 mm2.

,
.
,

("
", . 43/66).

.
, , , .
,
0,1 0,2 kp/cm2.
.
3.2.

.
,


.
,
.
70%
. 90%
.

, , [7].
3.3.

106 .
.

79

 158781, 1, 2011.

2:
3.4.
.
.

. .
, , [6].
3.5.

,
.
.
.
1 .

,
,
[7].

80

 158781, 1, 2011.
3.6.

, , ,
.

3:

.
, ,
.
, .

4:

81

 158781, 1, 2011.

.
a,
.
107 .
e ,
.
. ,
, . [7].
3.7.
, .

(). , -
( 5).

. ee .
0 V 1

.
-
. .
1
.
[8, 9].

5:

-
. ESD Co
. Floor materials and footwear voltage
measurement in combination with a person
[9].
- .
0 V.
82

 158781, 1, 2011.

-
. Cordless wrist strap
,
.

. [10].

4.

,
IC , .

,
.
, :
: " " [8].
.
, ,
.
:
" ".

. .
, .
o ,
.
, , IC
.
:

.

6: ) , )

83

 158781, 1, 2011.

5.
. ,
, ,
, ,
, .
, .
/
. . .
,
.

6.
1. A Critical Review of Epidemiologic Evidence for Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Neck, Upper Extremity, and Low Back, edited by
B.P.Bernard, 1997. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/97-141/.
2. Dhogal (1986), Basic Electrical Engineering, Volume 1., Tata McGrawHill. p. 41.
3. Tolson, P., Assessing the safety of electrically powered static eliminators
for use in flammable atmospheres, Journal of Electrostatics, 11, pp. 57-69
(1981).
4. EC Directive 94/9/EC on the approximation of the laws of the Member
States concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in
potentially explosive atmospheres, (1994.).
5. National Fire Prevention Association, NFPA 77-2000 Recommended
Practice on Static Electricity 2000 Edition, Quincy, MA, pp.32-33 (2000).
6. , " ", .
101/05.
7. Ion Systems, Virtual AC Intelligent Static Neutralizer for Hazardous
Locations, echnical literature, Windsor Locks (2000).
8. . Mooney, F. Rodriguez., The Flooring and Footwear System An
Important Part of any Electrostatic Discharge Control Program, 3M
Electronic Solutions Division, 2007.
9. ANSI/ESD STM97.2-2006 - Floor Materials and Footwear - Voltage
measurement in Combination with a Person.

84

 158781, 1, 2011.

,



.
: , , .
COMMUNAL NOISE AS A FACTOR THREATENING
THE QUALITY OF WORK
AIMS AND OUTCOMES
The acquisition of appropriate levels of theoretical knowledge in the field of
noise in order to create conditions for dealing with the phenomenon as inevitable
companion of modern life for the safety of living.
Keywords: negative effects of noise, communal noise, protection at work.
1.
. ,
,
, .

1dB[1].
,
, .
, e
.
,
.


.
.
.
,
,
.

85

 158781, 1, 2011.
2.
. ,
, . , (,
, , .) .
,
.

: " :
;
;
."

. ,
- .
()
.

. , ,
.

, (I0=10-12W/m2 10 W/m2)
,
1000Hz. (
), .

L 10 log

I
I0

dB ,

(1)

. 10dB 130dB.

( ), fon .
. 1000Hz
: fon LdB .
:
- (
, );
- (

)
- (
,
).
86

 158781, 1, 2011.

(t1, t2 ):
t

1 2
I sr
, I sr
I (t )dt .
Leq 10 log
I0
t2 t1 t1

(2)

.
(, B, C, D)
, ''''',
.
,
,
1000Hz. dB(),
dB(B), dB(C), dB(D) [2].
3.

,
.
:
(,
, ,
, ,
, , )
( ,
, ,
, ).

.
4.
.
.
500
80 dB() [3].
,
, ,
.

1 dok su u 2 10m
.
3.
(SEL) 300m . 4
[4].

87

 158781, 1, 2011.
1:

(dB(A))

90km/h

69 78

63 67

69 73

74 79

70 80

75 85

85 95

2: 10m

(dB(A))

90km/h

72 75

82 87

85 88

98 103

82 89

( )

70 75
3:

SEL(dB(A))

Boeing 707,DC-8

113.5

Boeing 727

112.5

Boeing 737,DC-9

110.0

Boeing 747

102.5

DC-10

100.0

Boeing 757

97.0

Boeing 767

96.7

Boeing CH-47C

99.2

Sikorsky S-64

93.2

Bell 212

89.0

Augusta A 109

89.7

88

 158781, 1, 2011.
4:

. .

1.
2.

3.

4.
5.

6.

7.
8.

a;
;



.
,
,
.

.
.

. a,
o .
o (,
.).
,
,
.
,
, .

9. .

dB (A)

85

85

80

80

75

70

75

70

60

70

65

55

60

50

55

45

40

35

30

a .
b .
c ( ,
, , .)

4.1.
4.1.1.
. :
, , ,
, , ,
.
:
;
;
;
89

 158781, 1, 2011.

;
() ;
,
.

. :
- ;
- ;
-

- .

80km/h (
70 dB() 95 dB()). 50km/h
[5].
.
.

[6].
.
:
(0-2)dB().
, [7].
4.1.2.
,
, , .

, ,
, .
9 (
) ,
89dB() 91dB(),
147 kW. ,
,
, ,
. ,
,
, .
9,
,
. 20%
( )
4,8 dB(), 20%
[5].

90

 158781, 1, 2011.
4.2.

:
- ;
- ;
- ( )
- .
:
- ,
- , ,
-
- .
, ,

.

. .
. 30m -
90dB() .
7 dB().
,
, .

, 100dB() 30m
, .

( ),
.
. 20dB()
, .
4.3. ( )

. :
- ,
- ,
-
- .
.

. :
, .

91

 158781, 1, 2011.

. ,
.
,
.

, , .
,
. .
(330m/s),
. , .
. :
, , . [8].
5.

,
. :
- ( , , , );
- ( )
- ( ).

: ,
, , ,
.
20 dB(). ,
,
100dB() 3m .
(
) .
,
.

.
, ,
[9].
6.
""
. , 79,2%
, 7,7%
, 5,2% , 7,9% .
36,6% , 18,3% ,
14,7% 24,6% .

92

 158781, 1, 2011.

.
. ,

.

, .
:
; 90 dB()
10%, , , 15%,
20%.
(45-60) dB()
65 dB() . 70
dB() , (80-90) dB()
. 90dB().

. -
,
.
.
, ,
. ,
.
, .
.
,
. ,
, , ,
. 8 12
. 2-3 .
30dB 65dB , 65dB 90dB
;
90dB 120dB
. 120dB ,
, , ,
.
,
, .
7.
, ,

. ,
,

.

93

 158781, 1, 2011.

.
( 4),
.

:

.

, .


, (
, ,
,
) .
75dB, 80dB.

. high by-pass ,
.
1200m.

, '' ''

.
,
, ,
.
.

.
, ,
.

: .
, , ,
( 1).
(15-30) dB.
,
, . (10-15) dB.
105 dB.
94

 158781, 1, 2011.

,
- 7 dB.
,

.
,
.
, 1000
. . ,
.
.
.

1:

.
,
.
:
,
,
, . [10].
8.


.
, ,
.

95

 158781, 1, 2011.

,
, .
.
12%
, 16% ''
'' ( 65 dB).

.


.
9.
1. . : ( , , 1991).
2. . , . , . : , ,
(, ,1982).
3. . , . :
( XV
III : ,
, 1995).
4.
, , . 21/92
5. G. Beara: ( , ).
6. Z. Zelvcer:Gradostroitelni aspekti zatiti ot uma- (
Moskva, 1979).
7. . :
(XXXI ETAN-a, , 1987).
8. www.fhwa.dot/gov: Highway Traffic Noisse in the Unated States Problem
and Response by US Department of Transportation Federal Highway
Adiministration.
9. Norton, M.P.,Karczub, D.G.:Fundamentals of Noise and Vibration Analysis
for Engineers (Cambridge University Press, 2003).
10. www. sluni aparati.com/hronina akustina trauma.htm.

96

 158781, 1, 2011.

,



,

(
(. . 101/05)). ,
,

.
: ,
, .

HAZARDS AND HARMS DURING INSTALLING THE WATER

SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE
AIMS AND OUTCOMES
With the technical documentation of the Main architectural- construction project must
accompany the display of safety at the facility investacionom applied regulations, measures and
standards of safety at work with a note of all the risks and hazards and provided measures for
their elimination (under the Health and Safety at Work (Sl.Glasnik R.Srbije number 101/05))
This applies to the project water supply and sanitation, thereby preventing a malfunction or
damage to water and sewage networks, as well as non-functioning of these facilities, which
represent a possible danger to life and health of workers.
Key words: Safety investacionom facility, damage to water and sewage networks, risk
to life and health of workers.

1.

.

.
.

, ,
,
, ,
.

97

 158781, 1, 2011.

.

,


1.1.




:
;
;
;
;
;
;

;
;

;

;
;

;
;
;
.

,
.
:
;
(, .);
( , , );
;
;
;
.
98

 158781, 1, 2011.

,
, .
,
.
2.




, ,

, ,
, ...


,
.

:

,


x;

, , .,
,
.. 4 cm
.
, ,
.. ;


,

;

10 cm,

;

,
, : (
99

 158781, 1, 2011.

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