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UNIVERSITY
OF

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& the Built

Schoolof Engineering
Environment
ModuleNumberET2003

AIDEDDESIGN
ModuloTitlo:- COMPUTER
ANDDEVELOPMENT
2

ModuleGuide

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andlh. BuinEnvnonnenl
Schoolof Enginesnng
schoolAsse$meil Handbook

ModuleGuide
ModuleTitle:

COIVIPUTER
AIDEDDESIcNANDDEVELOPMENT
2

ModuleCods:

ET2003

Pre-requisites: Computer
AidedDesign
andDevelopment
1
Co-requlsltes: None
Semester/Acadmic
Year

2006107

CrEditValus:

30

L6velofstudy:

ModuleLeader:

InsertNameDrA J Felton,
Ro o mM
: A1 1 0 b
Phone:
Fax:
E-mail:a.j.felton@wlv.ac,uk

Internal
Moderator;

Mr G L Oakes

RationalE

Theprincipal
aimof thismodule
is to
.
.
.

Furlh.r devoloplh6 prlncipl63

of d$ign mlhodology
by th9 application
ot syltemEticspproach.!for
producld33i9nsnd d.v.loprn.nl.
Inkoduc
lor produclstruclung sid u3! olslandadptu.
3lrel6gl3
Us. cornputsr
ld6dd3lgntoob in th6 c6ation,dvltopment,
synth$l! rnd commlficationof d$ign
3olulorcandpDvidoxpefinc
ofpoducl d$ign al th6detailstag.,

Learning
outcomes

By successful
completion
of themodulestudents
willbe ableto show:
2.1 KnowlEdg
and Understanding
of:
. Mathematical
and Scientificprinciplesessentialto the product
developmentprocessincludingnumeracyand may extendto
principles
scientific
suchas anthropometrics
and ergonomics
and
theirapplication
to design.

OTheUnive6ityoi Wolverhampton
SchoololEngineering
andlhe BuillEnvimnmenl
SchoolAssessme.tHa.dbook

2ofE

2.2 SubjectSpecificSkills:
. Abilityto demonstrate
knowledge
and undeFtanding
of essential
facts, concepts,principlesand theoriesrelatingto designand
technology.
.

Developdesignsolutions,
artifacts,
designsimulations,
schematic
layoutsand selectappropriate
methodsand materialsfor given
proposalswith due regardto prevailingstandards,social and
economic
factors.

Demonstrate
a proficiency
in the production
and representation
of
designmodelsthroughthe useof ITC

2.3 lntellectualSkills:
. Applyknowledge
andunderstanding.
2.4 Key Skills:

Weeklytopic guide(Modulecontent)

(Please
notethalonoccasion
it maybenecessary
to amendlheschedule)
sysrmaricapproschstoroeiail
Dsign
andembodimenl
inlooverallsolltions
Synthesi3
otconcepl3
i .
e
l
-r1
l
e
m
a
.rl
c
pnmary
!.d
l
.c
4
.c
a
'
fu
n
crl
on!.
m' r3 andse.onda.y
' | Jnci ol s
\.
- t/ I .
O6ul0P.erlofcomooronisintodls13'orm.nL'aclur6
'.
Aslhetoand ulilllarian
driversolfom
A .
Pedomanceanalysla
andsvalurlion
I.
Dssignilralionsnd convasnce
/ .
P6ductSiruclurligandC6ifigufation
.
ProduclFamilbs
.
PrcdlctPlrrlomsandlvodulard.3ign
.
U8sot StandadPa s
Tim6Compre8s
on T6chnologos
.
hbglion lo Ma.ufactue
.
Rapidprololyping,
.
Oaiasxchan$ in CADCAMenvironmbnl
DeEign
for l,,l.iufaciure
.
pfocess
to Iunclionmatial,andmanLrfacluring
Componntlamandils lationship
.
Lrmlisandliis
t
Geomelrctolrances
t
Surlacfn shes
Pnrciplesofva !e engineer.g
'
Des9n forassembly
'
Conpule|idedDes9n ard Deveopmefi
,
3D modellnool assembiies
designve llcalion,nterierence
checking
- synlhesisreatiorships,
.
ps,slandadlibra es
3D modellnSol pads-iealurc modellfg,relalionsh
.
l.eg..ro. wrl^DelailedDes9. - 2Ddrawings
.
properues,
Inlegfauonwthanalysis
.9.Geomelric
FEA
.
poperlieseid padsisls
Symbolibra es, d mensioning,
loleEnces,
.
Engineerns
dEwinsslo 8s8888

(SeeAcademicCalendarin ModularSchemeGuideand onJine)

OTheunive6llyof Wolverhampton
t i ro n menl
S c hoolo fEn g i rene9a n di h eB u i l Efv
SchooAssessnnentHandbook

3ofe

SpecialistResources(Schoolprovided)

3D solidmodelling
CADsoftware
GraDhical
oresentation
software
Accessto the rapidprototyping
facilities.
SpecialistResources(Sludentprovidedwith cost indicated)

IndicativReadingand LearningSupportList
Pugh, Stuart.- Total design: integratedmethodsfor successfulproduciengineering.Wokingham
Addison-Wesley,
1990.- 0201416395
Ullman,DavidG., - The mechanical
designprocess.- 2nd ed. - NewYork;LondoniMccrawHilt.1997.- 0071155767
Eaxler,Mike. - Pfoductdesign:a praclicalguide to systematicmethodsof new produci
develoDmenl
Chapman
& Hall.1995.- 0412632306
- London:
Ulrich,KadT. - Productdesignand development
/ KarlT. Ulich, SlevenD. Eppingef.- 2nd
ed.- Boston,Mass.;London:lrwin/tulccraw-Hill,
2000.- 0071169938
Childs,PelerR. N. - Mechanical
design/ PeterR. N. Childs.- London;Arnotd,1996."
0340692367
Samuel,AndrewE. - Inlroduolion
to engineering
dsign:modelling,synlhesisand probtem
solving.- Oxford:Butterworlh-Heinemann,
1999.- 0750642823
Dietef,GeorgeEllwood.- Engineedng
design:a mate als and processing
appfoach/ George
E. Dietet.- 3rd ed.- Boslon,ll\4assl; LondoniMcGEw-Hill,
2000.- 0071162046
Designfor manufactute:
strategies,principlesand techniques/ leditedby]. - Wokingham:
Addison-Wesley,
1991.- (Addison-Wesley
se es in manutacturing
systems).- 0201416948
8lack,Rod.- oesignand manufaclurei
an integtatedapproach.- Basingstoke:
Macmillan,
1996.- 0333609'158
Voland,Gerard.- Engineering
by ds'gn.' Reading,lvlass.iHarlowiAddison-Wesley,
1999.0201498510
Pugh,Stuarl,- Creatinginrovalivproductsusingtotal design:the livinglegacyof Stuart
P!gh.- Reading,
l\4ass.t
Wokingham:
Addison-Wesley,
1996.- 0201634856
Wright,
L C., lanClifford.
in engineering
- Designmethods
andproducl
design
/ L C. Wright.
Londonr[4cGlaw-Hill,
1998.- 0077093763
Hales,Cispin. - Managingengineering
design.- HarlowrLongmanScientificand Technicat,
1993.- 0582039339
Cross, Nigel,- Engineeringdesignmethods:slralegiesfor productdesign.- 2nd ed. Chichester:
Wiley,1954.- 0471542286
Buhl,HaroldR. - Creativeengineering
design.- AmesrlowaSlate UniversilyPress,1960.60012687
Ashford,FrederickCharles - The aestheticsof engineeringdesign.- London:Busrness
Books,1969.- 0220798559
Hawkes,Barry.- The engineering
designprocess/ BarryHawkes,Ray Abinett.- Harlow:
Longman
Scientific
& Technical,1984.- 0582994713

Teachingand LearningMethods

The Schoolof Engineering

andthe BuiltEnvironment's
teachingand Iearning
philosophy
provide
youwithchallenging
is to developthewholestudenti.e.to
activities
and assignments
that requireyou to developand improveskillsas
well as increaseknowledge
and understanding
of contractual
and financial
procedures
withina construction
context.
oTheUnivrsity
orllrolveftamplon
schoorofEngineedng
alrdthe BuilrEnvircnmenr
SchoolAssessmeni
Handbook

t
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This value-added
approachmeansthat you need to be providedwith the
opportunity
to developskillsthroughthe natureand designof the casestudy.
The lectureprogrammeis designedto bridgethe gap betweenyour current
knowledge,
understanding
andlevelof skillsandthoserequired
by a manager
in a construction
environment.
Tutorials,practicalsand seminaractivitywill involveyou in investigations,
presentations,
discussions
and/orexerciseson set topicsand may involve
selfand peerassessment.
Thisapproachseesthe learningneedsas the focusof the learningactivity
withthe understanding
that you will needto take on someresponsibility
for
yourownlearnrng,

8 Assessment
8.1 Methodsand Weiqhtinqs:

Brief desciption of assessnenfnethods/weightings

and minimumgraderequired
forindividual
elementsandconponents
for thismodule.
'| Component
2 Elements
To pass the module you must achlva mlnlmumgrade of E4 for 999! Elementot
g!!la mlnlmumgradaof D5tor 9g9[ Compgnont
Assessment
ofAsaBament.

8.2 Agsea9mentCom nents

Learning
Outcome

ASSeSSment %
hand-in
date
w6ightlng (univercily
Tasks

RationaJe
torthetask

weeK)
l\4athematicaland
principles
Scientjtic
essentialto the product
process
development
including
numeracy
and
mayexlendto scienlific
principles
suchas
anthropometrics
and
ergonomics
andtheir
application
to design.
Abilityto demonstrate
knowledge
and
understanding
of
essentialfacts,
concepts,principles
and
lheoriesrelatingto
designand lechnology.

1,
Component
1.
Element
lndividual
designproject
designedto
offefthe
studentthe
opportunity
to
applyanalytical
principles
in
boththe
oestgn
developmeni
andseleclion
phasesof lhe

@TheUnivrsily
ol Wolverhampton
SchoolofEngineenng
andlhe BuiliEnvironmenl
Handbook
SchoolAssessmenl

6a%

Week5

Enables
thestudent
to utilise
l\4athematical
andScienlif
ic
principles
withinthedesign
process.
Thedesign
taskwill
beof a broader
naturelhan
thaltackled
at level1 andwill
require
thatdueconsideiation
is givento producvhuman
interface.

Deveiopdesign
solutions,
artifacts,
design
simulations,
schematiclayoutsand
selectappropriate
melhodsand materials
forg;venproposals
with
dueregad to pfevailing
standards,
socialand
economicfactors.
Demonstfate
a
proficiency
in the
production
and
represenlalion
of design
modelsthroughlhe use
of lTc.

Component
1,
Element
2.

40%

Groupproject
of
- incJusive
detaildesign
andadditional
constfaints
suchas design
fol
manufacture
and
envircnmental
oonsideralions.

To provideopportunity
to
designandcrealecomponent
parlswithina designieam.
Week12
Design{eam
Group
eportto incl!de
Presentalion/f
Presentationindividualcriliques.

Report

Applyknowledge
and
understandina.

8^3 MarkingCritria
Full detailsof the markingcriteriawill be issuedto you as part of the
assignment
briefat thestartofthemodule.
8.4 Submission
of Courswork
Theassignments
shouldbe handed
in at theCityCampus
Student
Registry
(MTBlock)
anda receipt
obtained.
8.5 Extensions
Extensions
willonlybe allowed
in exceptional
circumstances
andyou must
havea validcause(normally
covered,
for example,
by a medicalcertificate).
Applications
needto be madeusingtheAU33formobtainable
forextensions
(MTBlock),
fromtheCityCampus
Student
Registry
Assignments
submitted
latewithouta sanctioned
extension
will bemarkedF0.
lf youareunable
to submityourworkby thedeadline
or withinanyextension
granted;or if you consideryourperformance
has beenaffectedby some
exceptionalcircumstancesyou should consider applying for
Extenuating/Mitigating
your
Circumstances.
In suchcasesyoushouldconsult
Personal
Tutoror a University
Counsellor
foradvice.
8.6 Returnof Coursework
Thepinkcopyof the Student
Assessment
formwillnormally
be returned
to
youwithinthreeworkingweeks.Student
workis not normally
returned
and
youareadvisedto keepyourownhardandsoftcopyof anyworksubmitted.
8.7 Retrieval
of Failure
governing
Regulations
retrieval
of failurevarydepending
on youraward,in
particular
you arestudying
uponwhether
for a degreeor a highernational
@TheUniverc
ly ofWolverhamplon
S c hoolof E f g i fe e rn
an
g dl h eB u i tE fv i ro n m e n t
SchoolAssessmenl
Handbook

qualification.
Please refer to your 'Award Handbook'or the University's
'Undergraduate
ModularSchemeGuide'for Students
200S/06.
8.8 Moderation
A representative
sampleof all elements
of assessment
withinthe modulewill
procedures
be moderatedin accordance
with the
set out in the School
Assessment
Handbook.
9

Plagiarismand Collusion

Plagiarism
andcollusion
areveryserious
offences
thatcanresultin expulsron
fromthe University.
This is becausethosefoundguiltyof plagiarism
or
collusion
willnot onlyhaveattempted
to represent
someone
else'sworxas
theirownbut havealsosoughtto gainan unfairadvantage
overtheirfellow
students.
9,1 AvoidingPlagiarism
andCollusion
group
1. In thecaseof
workyouareactively
encouraged
to workin a team.
However
the sections
of the assignment
thatyou answermustbe your
ownindividual
work.
2. You shouldmakeit veryclearwhatsourcesof information
havebeen
used;wherematerial/information
fromthesesources
is quotedit mustbe
clearlyreferenced
usingthe HarvardReferencing
System.(Detailscanbe
obtained
fromLearning
Centres
or on-line
viathe Learning
Centrehome
Page:httpr//asp.wlv.ac.uk/LevelS,asp?UserType=4&LevelS=31
65).
paraphrase
Never
3.
attempt
to copyor
another
student's
work.
10 AwardHandbook
andAcademic
Regulations
for Students2005/06
This moduleguideshouldbe read in conjunction
with the termsano
conditions
contained
in yourAward'Pathway
Guide'and the University,s
'Undergraduate
lvlodular
Scheme
cuide'forStudents
2005/06.
'l1 Moduleparticipants

Module
Leader:

InsertName DrA J Felton

Room:
M A11 0 b
P ho n e :
Fax:
E-mail:
a.j.felton@wlv.ac.uk

ModuleTeam:

InsertName l\4artin
Eason
Room:
MA109
Phone:
Fax:
E-mail:
m.eason@wlv.ac.uk

@TheUniversity
oi Wolve|hamplon
SchoolofEngineeiigandlhe Blllt Environment
SchooiAssessmeni
Handbook

l2 Registration
You are remindedthat only studentswho have formally registeredas
participants
on a modulewillbe ableto gaincredits.

13 MobilePhons

In the interestof courtesyto otherstudentsand staff pleaseensurethat

mobilephonesare switchedoff duringlecturesand tutorialclasses. ln
phonesto
exceptional
circumstances
themoduleleader!!gy allowindividual
be kepton if a validreasonis given.Anystudentwhoconsiders
theyhavea
priorto thelecturestarting.
validreasonmustdiscussthiswiththelecturer

@ThUnivelsily
of Wolvelhamplon
schoolorEnginring
andlhe BuillEnvironmnl
SchoolAssessmsnl
Handbook

Sofe

uNrvERsrrY
oF

U-t

\V\Z

WoLVERHAMPToN

and the BuiltEnvi.onm3nt

Schoolof Engineefing
ASSESSMENTBRIEF
Module: - ET200JComputerAided Designand Development2
ModuleTitle:
ModuleCoder
Component
Number:

weighting:

ET2003
I of t

60%

ElmentNumber:

I of 2

30 CreditModule

PROJECT- FoldingTrailer
[,earninsOutcomesto be assessedi

Mathematical
andScientificprinciplesessential
to theproduct
processincludingnumeracy
development
andmay exteld to scientific
principlessuchasanthropometrics
andergonomics
andtheirappljcationto
design.
Ability to demonstrate
knowledgeandunderstanding
ofessentialfacts,
principlesandtheoriesrelatingto designandtechrology.
concepts,

MsrkingCriterla:

PleaseSeeFollowingsheetunderREPORT/ASSESSMENT

Th.nininun p$s nfklor lnis clcD.ldcooponclr* irD5.

Ilrhis is rn.l.ncn( you rill pars th. modul. iflou rchicvr Dirinun g.rde ofE4 for thh.l.mcnl rnd in av.ng.
gru d.o lDSf or t h. Rhol. c oDpon. n(

Aslignmnthanddoutr

Week2

Latestdatefor submission:

Friday8rhDec06

Asligln .nr s lr bnit t d{ f ier t h. d. Ndlir eandwith o u t ! n . u t h o r h . d . x l . n s i o r 0 f t i f r . w i l l b . m r r k . d F 0 .

Pleasemark your assignmertfor the attentionofi

Dr A J Fehon

havebeenusediwhere
material/infomal
ontromthese
Youshouldmak6I veryclear$halsourcesof nfomEtion
Relerencng
Syslem.(Delailscanbeobtainsd
lrom
soufcesis quoledit muslb clearlyfefeEnceduslnglhs Harvard

Theassignment
must be handedin to city S,tud,)nt
Registry,
MT 3lock.
whentheassignments
aresubmitted.
You shouldkeep
A signedreceipt
muslbe obtained
your.eceiptin a safeplace.
& 'hard'copyof anyworksubmitted.
Youarc advisedlo keepyourown electronic

PROJECT- FoldineTrailer
Module: - 8T2003 ComputerAided DesigDatrdDevelopment2
ComDonent
l. ElementL
Individualdesignprojectdesigned
to offerthstuden.theopportunity
to applyanallical principlesin
phases
boththedesigndevelopment
andslection
oftbe design
Assignment
Weighting:60%
Hand"in-date:
Friday8thDecember
2006

SPECIFICATION
Cunent productsfor ft lwo-wheelDIY $ailer marketwhilst sellinl rcasonablywll, are facing
increased
competition.In addition.lhc currcnrrrailersusr traditionalstew fastenings
rharaddro rhe
a3semblytime and preventsdisassemblyfor the winter monthsihat causegrusting, seizing and incurs
additionalproductioncosts. lt is felt that an improv.dmethodof locatingand fixing the individual

would,whencoupled
withmodularisation,
components
significantly
improve
sales.
In ordertoregainmarket
share
a company
wantsto modularise
anddevelop
a foldingtrailer,
Youarerequjre
to carryoutthefollowing:
L Research
existing
towedtrailerdesign.
2. Produce
sketches/concept
designs
fora newfoldingtrailer.
3. Design
development
ofthefoldingtrailerusjngmodular
parts
design
fixingsandexisting
standard
available
through
various
suppliers
i.e.axle,wheels,lighting
boards
ctc.
package
you shouldprepare
4. Usingthetaughtsolidmodlling
andsubmita fully assembled
3t)
' solidmodelofaFolding
lrailcr fortheDIY 1n6rket,
5, Anyappropriate
standards
e.g,BS,ISO.
6. Ergonomic/anthropometric
data6hould
betakeointoaccount
forthisdesign
dpplication.
Theassembly
shouldbe completeFof example
safetyandeaseof usearepammount.
All
.slo.rager
edg.sshould
offandmainbodyshould
bercunded
beableto withstand
in service
conditions.
ACTIVITIES
You shouldtakeresponsibility
for reiearching,
developing
concepts,
designing
andmodelling
th
for theassembly.
various
components
required
Thesubmission
shouldbelargelybased
uponodginal
devlophents
createdFomyourfindingsanddesigncalculations
shouldbe complcted
basedupon
loading
characteristics.
Thecomponelts
oftheFoldingTrriler areto bemodelled
withSolidworks
theCADsystem
thatyou
to checktheintegrity
havebeenlearning
andthenassembled
ofthdsign.Youareadvised
to model
thepartsseparately
thmusingthetechniques
andto assnble
thatwill bedhcussed
andd.monstrated
withinthemodul.
(858888,
In addition
to theabove2D partdrawings
thirdangleprojection)
mustbegenerated
fromthe
geometrical
datacontained
by th solidmodeh.MassproFertis
on at lastthreeof the main
in thereportanda listingofmaterials
conponents
should
beincluded
usedplusthevolume
capacity
of
thetrailer-

8,EB9Rrr4S!ES!!4EM
ReportshoLrld
beno greaterthan4000wordsard conlainsections
on: Resareh,Copfskeds, dqigsar&dhio!:s, finsl di!'r+futioh,ergonomic/anthropometric
data,
S}solid no#s; 2D+atdBwinS!, tna$?ropedies,-&atrialslisting, ad .lf."l.i{"
'"fsrBcai sing
th-I!{*var+ysleln
Therepo( mustbe printedon A4 andhandedintoCity campusfegjstry(MT Block).
Rei - Dr A J FeltonJuly 06

A,
t1u
romata?L assc,-bJlu,a
(J
6 2 ' l' 7 (

ET 20&l Compttr Aided dcsign and DevclopmcDt2.

30 crcdft modde
Compon t I,ElcDe

2. /109/0

Handin datc.Thursday3'dMay.
Lcsmlng outcoDcr to be a$e.3etl
Developdesignsolutions,sttifacts, designsimulations,schcmaticlayoutsand selectappropriat
mcthodsard matcrialsfor givcn proposalsv.ith dueregad ro F.vailitrg standards,social,nd economic
frctors.
DcDroD5talea proficiencyin the productionandrcprescntationof dcsignmodclsthroughthe useof
ITC.
To Fovida opportudty to desig! andclcalc componcntp6rls within a de3ignteam.
DcsigntcampEs"ntrdtiodreponto inclu& individual cf,itiqucs.
Groupprojrcl - ilclusive oldetail designandadditionalcodiaints suchas designfor manufactureand
cnvirolrrnt al considrations.

C[il& rouDdrbouiproJ.ct
ProduccaninfoducloryrepononihethemeDesignfor Manufactura
andAssemblylisringthcrnajor
andanyulcful wcbsiGsrclatedto thistopic.
publicationg
DFMAintoyourdasignwo*.
/Discuss youro\rnftetbodolos/for itrtcgraliDg
Y Approx1000words.
(2J%)

Witbtllevalcc to tbedesigD
providcdfor thcchild'sroundabout,
givanoution\rcck
briefald sketches
thaitgm.
I one,choosaoneofthe vehiclcclcEeDhardrcscarcb
* Drawirg! or rkctchcstom thisr$earchshouldbc includldin yourreporl
producca 3D CADmodclthatwill transfomiDtoa child'sacdvityplayccDtc.
* Frcmthi5rcscarch
f Crcatcanexploded
viewoftbc majorshc.tmctolandtubccompoDDt
pafisin yolr dcsigD.
Produca
a pdrtslistingofthc majorshcctmotalandtubeconpoDent
partsanddcrcribathe
hatrufactudng
Eethodsyouwouldusato crcarcdFsc.
ConmeDtonanyalt!f,nativa
usadfoi you!coDstruction.
matcrir,ls
I Describyourmcthodofasslhbly ofth. hajoipartshigllightinganygoodDFMpoiD6in rh. dcsigi. .trComment
oDth. problenaoftoiarncjng for oncoffFoductioncomprrcdto lrachinemaDufscrured
partsfor mdtiplcprodDction.
(50o/t

groupsproduccassembly
In youIdesignated
sccrariosfor yourparticularroudaboutthme.
As a gloupFoduceBpowcrpointpr.sehtation
highlightiDg
eachof yourthcmeddesigns,
howthcy
FansforDandhowthcyint grali asa playunit.
Approximatly
I 0 minuLFcsantatio!.(25%)

'

Clalityofdiscussion
rclatcdto th. DFMAth.mc,applopria@
uscofbackground
andreferenccd
matlrial,noveldcsignidcaswill aidin gaininghighcrgradcs.

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OR IG INU K

D A TEA ugl sl 1989

INFORMATION
ORAWINGS
BY IIIE EIACK & OECKEf,SERVICE
ANOfECHNICALOEPARTUENT

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MOTOR WIRING DIAGRAM

SW I TC HWI A I N G O I A G R A M
O R G I N UK

S WI T C I ] WI R I N G D I A G F AM

oA TE June1989

OFAWINGSBY IHE BLACK ! OECXERSERVICEINFOAMATIONAND TECHNICAL DPAHTMENT

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SolidworksOnlineTuiorials

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STANDARDIZATION

Standards promote corsistent quality and ecouomic production

by providing
technicalcriteria accepiedby cotrsensus.
They simplify malufacture Nnd

cncourage

interchangeability. They ratiotralizeprocessesand qethods of operation,

making
commuDicationatrd the exchatrgeof goods and serviceseasier.
Their use gives
confidnceto maDufacturersand usr! alike.

The broad aims of standardizationcatrbe summarizedas:

(4,

provisionof communicationamongall ilterested parties;

(b)

promotiotr of economy itr humar effort, matrials and

enerry in the,
productionand exchangeof goods;

(c)

protectiotrof consumerintreststhrough adequeteerd corsiEtentquatity

of
goodsand services;

(d)

promotion of the qu.lity of life: safety, hesrth and the protection

of the _r
environmetrt;

(e)

promotion of trade by the removal of bsrriers causedby

differerce! in +_
nation.l practices.

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Standardsfor EnsineerinsDrawinq
Engineering
drawingpracticeBS8888
Typesof drawingsin commonuse
Designlayoutdrawing
DetailDrawing
Tabulardrawing.
Assembly&awirg
Combineddrawing
Arrangement
drawing
Diagram
Itcm list
Drawinglist
Drrwingshets
Sizes
Formats
Bordersandftames
Basicinformationondrawing
Supplementary
informationon drawing
Scalca
General
Enlargement
scale
Reductionscale
Indicationof scale
Reommended
scales
Choiceof scales

I
i

Typesoflinesandtbeirspplic&tion
Thickness
General
Dashed
lines
Chainlines
Leaderlines .
Arrowheads
Lettering
Character
heightandproponions
Projection
Firstangle
Thirdangle
Symbolsindicatingmethodof projection

General
Numberof views

Choiceofviews
Partialviews
Auxiliaryviews

.-

Enlargedfeatures

of symmticalparts
Representation
Iatemrptedviews

of reptitivefeatules
Representation

Section!ard sectionrlyiews
Lunrngplane
Hatchirg
Thin materialin section
Featuesandpartsin longitudinalsection
Half sections
Localscctions
Revolvedsctions
Removed
sections
Successive
sections
Sectiontakenin morethanoneplanc
Ilem rferences
Assemblydrawings
Commotrlyrcceptcdlymbol!andrbbrsvirtions
Useof symbols
views(initial oudines)
Developed
Planefaceson cylindricalparts
Knurling
SplinesandserratioN
Screwthreads
Bearings
Gears
Springs

TT'PESOF DRA.WINGIN COMMON USE

DesignLayout Drawing
A designlayout&awing (or designscheme)
represents
in broadprinciplesthe feasible
solutionsmeetingthe designrequirements.
Detail Drawing
A detail drawing (or single-partdrawing) depictsa singl object and ircludes all the
necessaryinformationrequired(e.g. the form, dimensions,tolerances,q1419641finishes,treatmnt,
etc.)to definecompletelythatobject.
Tabular Drawing
A tabulardrawingdepictsan objector assemblytypical of a seriesof similar such
objectsor assemblies
havingtheirvariablecharacteristics
presented
in tabularform.
AssemblyDrrwing
An assemblydrawingshowstwo or moreparts,or sub-assemblies,
in their assembled
including
any
form,
dimensionsand instluctions necessaryto effect assembry. An
item list shouldbe includedor refenedto.
CombinedDrawing
A combined drawing shows an assembly,item list and constituent details &awn
sepaEtelybut all on the samedrawing.
ArrangemetrtDrawing
A drawingofthe cornplete
finishedproductor equipmentshowingthe anangement
of
assemblies. It includes important fiDctional and./or performance featues. An
installation drawing is a particularvariation which providesthe necessaryinformanon
to effectproperinstallationon siteor in funherequjpment.
Diagram
A diagramis a drawingdepicting,by the useof simplified representation,the function
parts,seeBS 5070.
ofa systemor therelationship
betweencomponent
Item List
partsrequircdfor an assembly,
An item list (or partslist) is a list of component
shov"n
either on the drawing or on a separatelist.
Drawing List
A drawinglist is a list ofdrawingsassociated
with anassembly.

Brsic hformrtioD

It is recommendcd
thatprovisionbemadefor basicinformationsrilh asthefollowing,
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(0
(S)
(h)
(r)
0)
(k)
0)
(m)

Nameofcompanyor organization
Drawingnumber
D$criptivetitle ofdepictedpan or assmbly
Dateofdrawing
Signature(s),
e.g.drawDby, authorized
by
Originalscale
Copyrightclausc
Projectionsymbol
Unit of measuement
Rcfcrcnccto standards
and/orrelatedspccifications
Sheetnunbr
Numberofshcets
Issucinformation

Supplemetllrry
ILforErtion
The following list givcs additionalor supplementary
informationwhich shouldbe
consideredfor inclusion in the drawing format. The list is not necessarily
comorehensive.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

(D
(e)
(h)
(i)

c)
(k)
0)

(m)
(n)
(o)
(p)

Matedalandspecification
Treatrcnt/hardncsg
Finish
SurfacetextuF
Gencraltolcranccs
Kcy to gcomcticaltolcrances
Screwthrcadforms
Sheetsize
Firstusedon
Similarto
Equivalctrtpad
Supersedes
Supcrscded
by
Toolrefcrsnccs
Gaugercfcrcnccs
Wamingnots,e.g.'Do notscals'

315
l.'

tt

,: :1": '' -3\

,,,1'*'

EVOLUTION
OFTHESPECIES
I| na_.
| r\- JrgerFd\ drw.yr beer one ot rhe no{

poputdrbik$ in
TriuhPh'r 6ngeand 5incetheoriginalshuhch in I994 haswon a legion
oi iansthe wodd ovsthanks to ils all-purpose
usefuinestmile munching
abilityand sheerdependability.
2007 welcomesthe releaseolthe brandn@ TriumphTiger 1050,a maiof
evolLtionarystepirr the model't historylne adventlrerports.lassis a
tough one and TrilnlPh'senginedhaveworked long and hard ro sive the
ns-Iiger the edqejt needsto excel,
Takinga nM modelto podu.tion is a mammothtask SimonCaner me!
a tsof the peopleat Hin.kleyiDvolvedin bringingthe nger to life.

ToRauE9

pe.ple horkn9 on the prolecr

experierced
a.ros all depanmenl'any.onceirshave
benwelmdnaged.45 we maMe a5i
comPary,the peoplewo*ing on bkc
deveropmenr
alsDmatlre raoerherth ngs
becomemorent! lNe,expenences kLry
We aie .ontlnlally mprcvng rnd n ovrng
fotuardandit s very ex.rng ro be pan ol

o
,,:lr .-:-il, .l''

W)$ the bke 5 feleas-.dr 6 fa.tarrcto

standnextto the bikeat showiand isrrnro
goodand bad Ahera the
Peopescomments,
erfonlhatgoeelnLoaunchlngd bke t never
easyro larento any ncgatveieedback-bur il
5 impoda.l.lt s how we improven the
iutue As hasbe.n,ad before,I s al abolr
co.tnuol! rhprovmenr

d,.! prcv'd" ouhr.ndrg ropp'ng dun.

THEPROJECT
MANAGER
MY ob 5 io do whitver 5 reqrnedto takea
br(e from the ea y con.eptsryln9na9e5
rhroughto produ.toh,on tme rnd ar the
nqh(con t 6 a broadreht t.o!ld be ar
dr!.6e as sortn9our a lnrforfr for a dergn
engneerso he canconcen$ate
on donq the
mportafr rruri,enslrn9 prodL.tronorne6 are
p a.ed on me ro a ow bre ro be buir
One of trie keyeary naasol the proe6
wa3deremrni.glhe bkd sryln9 $e s\'ln9

of rhe 19$ war pres.ntedat rx styrrg clficj

in Romea|n]Mia.In O.rober2003 Fonr
Ire feedbaclar rBe clincs,toqetherwth
anayesot saes and markerrq dara,rre
de.s on ror how th qerwo!.1 ook was
ni3de Thedesiqntdmsfow had a eleror
shapto work wth and re der.i nelgn of all
Ihe compoients.oLld $an I w.s ry nte to
ensuretharrhestylingd re.r6n {as adhel"d
to and to a$|rl almvolvedwherder po$ ble
11! proect hasbe,.nwe conrolledTlie.e
area or ol newcohponenG.n the bke
whch hadthe potennalrrrcaLseprobems
Ltroulh dvelopment,
blt wdh tome very

THECHASSIS
ENGINEER
MOVEOonto the Tge' reamr Seprember
2003.lhe b.iefwa5to r(x onrymarchthe al
rolnd pracrcaliry
and conrfonof rheod figet
but a30 to dryelopa conrp4utr and lponrn!
abiitythalwoud 5etth bke aheadofrhe
compettio..I thinkw. hale dofe rhat Thd
ffished prodL.rs.ofrfo(able, capableand
sporry t doeseveryhng.
Getflngto rhe linshednag howevcrrolk a
hugeteamelfonand otsol hardwork As
oa$s.ekoPhen
enqneeryo! are

October2AU:
Ronre/ MllanStyling
C linc

10 ToRauE

E p on sb elo r rheer gonom r cana f eet ' ol

the b ke I dld ) or of rhein ra engineetrng
d'zwifg and ds9non the bke As long as
n-"as.re rnclded rro'n the oa$er,ds 9fin9
n\en' Intothe ina eqiaton E noi diffcult t
wasa Mta partor rheovefalpackage,
ror
eramp/e,lo nclld8 t1e ..pab irlyfor a fu y
htegratedluqgagcsyltnr- ro be qLicky
ada,pdd\ an accer\oryThe pafnier
moun6 wererherefore
inclded hom the
orker,Fman ufob[usivewhennot in use
an.l havebeenfuly d8gned, evaharedand
lened lo for nterfeEwrlhrideror p rton
en/oymenr
- wrthor wlholr pannreu
When re slyL.e buckwa5sgned ori, my
nrapr nvorvemenr
co.cernedctra$s
d*e ophent ergonomcs,rding erpenence,
Dar, rootcontmr*Lspenson .dtes,nabitly
Flgonoms chaige so mlch ber\reena(h
b ke There6 .. \et romlia io loltow- I ra5
ro be donebv feel, ldgemenrdnd tnal Ttre
goal6 to deveopt]remostelfecovech.$ts
but neverto compronri5e
rder safety- rhat6
ru e numberonewhen 5itngup, newb|k
Fd eiampe we dd a lor ofwork on the
sften ar rhefronrin $e wnd unne ar
MIRA.We roo(edat varols heghropron.,
wrihand wthoul a mollded-if frp'ai the iop
or re r.reen,wllr and withouran openngon
rhi rronroi th. sueen.In altwe resFddozens
o combralof, to ger he mon refned
solutoi ro cof,p m-.nrrhedesg. and provde

Mo( of the.onrponenGon rhebr<eare

new,ard reE arc new 5ubtefeatur$rhatat
lirstglan(edre not ro obvous.The.onrr.
plare(whrethe fooftes$,heelguarddf(
brakelcversare tocar-"d)
is d goodexrmptc
i rra5benrryed a5an nregrupan or the
tfunreT| s wasa f6, ror !r and doff kr a$ sr
wit haes tn e t casn d r g o . o m r cA
s morevisbe
.hangei! the clo.l<,whi(n a'e basedof rhe
unrron rhespeedInpe bur wh ch havebeen
paced n a newcas.g dnd progdhn.rl
wdh.llffefentfunctionalry,
to 5ut he nalure

THEENGINE
TEAMLEADER
lfrE rnan dergn ob.clve wrththe 1050..
engrncwasro .realeai enlrnewrtha .a$
leadifgspreadoi !se.be rorquewe toclred
on removnganydlFsa.d rroughsn rhe
orque curueowerdNf the ef,lrne
speedrangewlri.h wou.t aife.rdrvabiityand
|he rdifg expenence
asa whoLeAr a resullof
pe onance deveopment,
optinris
n9 and
caibntionwe havemdfagedro achoe whar
we sel out to do, witho.ly a smal

ToReuE1l

conp@nisero peakpower'Ilie commenb

f.om our de1tlopment
rideu froh iniriatrsr
rd6 p@ed that he effort5were wonhwite.
Hopefullythisengnwil be Rdved aswelld
n wasln he speedTdpleand Sprnl variants
blr the prool in bhhwill be when the pr$ and
olr cu5tohefi get rhe frrstGn rides.

Together
with the perlomance
dcveopmentand qualitywe a also
@nthuaiyaveloping
our engres.toimprove
retncmentrnd rcduceengne no5e.The
addedadvantage
ol reducingfE englnenoir
E hat it allowru3to opiimis-.rhe qhalsr
50undquarfiyandinakedr mon of ih,.

distncbvetnp e 5oundandstiumeelstficl
.oDe regllatlons.llieT9q engne hasaiso
be,"ndeveopedto mee[r]ngenr Eu@ rl
erhalst emissio.srargesandwe arecunenny
wo*ing of EurolV emissions
rargers
on

THEPURCHASER
PURCHAsING
s allabourgerring
thenght
compone.r
at|herighrtme n ihenght
qlannryat therightprc! arrhedghrqlatiry
Wedealwith!veralhundfed
slppteuadoss
th. wod!andareinvoiv.d
in rhepurchase
of
ov.r 70 oilion compon.nts
pefannum.
We
are nvolved
fmmthvcrynanof $e proiect
I wo.ked0n$e 955ccwtsof of rheTtger,
so
roa. exlniit E evoluton
remanmgnvdwd
a5thebiked.velops
afd updares
tudyin rh. pbied wc..cetved
rh.
.n9ne,453hopping'
lislofcompon.nrs.
Th.
l6t isb!!edon rhedcsign
ot rhcbikeandlisB
ilrof thccomponenis
androoting
Equredto
rakethe]igerto prcdudion.
Frcmrh-.tkrwe
worked
outa budgcrba5ed
onrhunit.ons
llis thengovenledwhetherr wasfearibleto
p.ogres,wlrhthe proiedbasedon rhederign
Preparng
thcbudg.lsisa haiorra!k.I
hvoveslialsing
withdes9n,otherpurchasets
fto9.t theiradvice
on howmuchtoolngs
cosdn9
onothcrbikeo,anatylin9
hisrortca
dara,
cuirenrmad(et
mov.ments
andgenerat

FlrstBikes
Built
Testing
Starts

? ToRQUE

July 2006:

E N GIN E
1050.. Liquid-cooled,
DOHC in,tine3 cytinder

matenacG6. i arendedweekt neetingson

the pro ect alongwith the ProieclManaget
and collag!siiom desigf.Fromhes we
wereall awareof the developnenEan! starr

l R A t{sl vttS stoN

wet, multi Plare/ 6jPeed

C Y C LE
A ior oi my tme ls thenspenrwth
rupplieu.For$me ofour sopplier5
we aE
then maor client- 50rr s r caseof how
quickv theyclr feactwhef we p !c ordeB
ForotheEwe are a smailclent and we have
ro negonaienpF/y ba5edo. whenthey(an
5chedure
ui m h s d lFe bnlancand very
nrlch dependent
oi .?rctu and .orlderale
negotrat
on we work d$e y wlt I our suppteG
,nd ma nlarnrelarionships
5o thatwe contf!e
lo do busnes wth rhcn fo. futureproFcrs
and so that(mo( imponandy)
we ma.agelo
hn our larget5OP htari of prodLcrioo)
TheTiger 3 m.de up or 802 sepaGte
plrchasedpanswhichco.stitlrebe blk-. A
plrchasedpartmight b. a prton ior exampte
so you wolld mullply thal by tiye. oi cou6e
for eachllger, so lhe nlmberof adlal
cofiponenhpcr bike6 | ercossoi 2000
Followinglhe riantra ol plr.hanng,this
equaresro 802 d fierent remslo ersurethar
we a e buyrrgar lrrenghtqudtty,dme,pric.

P A R T5
Aluminiuh beampenmeter

wlreels/ Tyres
Surpension

Frcnr
Rear
Frcnt

Braced,t\din-sided,
aluminiunlattoy
cas!, murti spoke,17x 3.5irr / t2ol70 zR17
ca,t, nultispoke, 17x 5.5in/ tao/55 zR17
43hm upsidedown fo.kswith adiustabte
Prero.d,ebou.d and compr.ssiondamping
Mono5hockwth adunabb prelo.3 and
Twin 32omm disc,4 pinon radiar.atiper5
Single255hm dnc 2 pistonc.tiperl

DrlvtE Ns ro Ns
2130hm (83 9in)
847mh (3:l3in)

Seit Height

835mm (32.9in)
23,2'/47.7n\m
20 lit s 6,25 $l US)

Havinglrvedand breathedT ger lor rhe aa

threeyeats- wil f,e changngmy speed
Trp e for oneof rhe riEt bikesofi the
produclionne. lt ls i proudhon.nt ro.rdea
prcdlcnonversionof d bikefi yo! have

PE i F OR MA N C E
(MEASUREO
ATCRANKSHAFTTO
DIN 7OO2O)
ll5P5 (1l4bhd at 9,400rph
l00Nm ?2ftjbo at 6,250rpm

ToRerJE

*."",...=T':9.i1

THEDEVELOPMENT
SUPERVISOR
WEhav.a teamoi appbxmat.lyT2resr
r deF.al of whomarrub-@ntracied.
Wefind
hem by wordoi mouft.Ofour currenr
crop
o.ly Nloof themhaveracing
c\p.ience
W. usualyrtanrhe$ | derswithsomeof
therrrorcunpeasa.rparBoi t$t n9,$e mosl
lndeffabl.panof whichisundoubtdtythe
Pavetcst Tlrii is an indlnry stlndafdr.st thar
rimuares
120,000
milesof roadmicaovc.
A rypcalday
fof oneoiou miteage
riders
1200milesof Bclgian
cobbes.lhe rding 5
i5be$!..n350- 500milcsof themad.Thcy
co.d!.tedar3p..d5b.nleen20 - 25 rnph
do lhat12nrof,ths
ol thcycff rhrolghau
f theygetthrolghtharthenwe frndh.if
weath.rcondirions.
w hav.a select
onoi ten
strengths
andus. themn a developm.nt
a.ea roLrlctwhich@vrall typ.sof badr. Whilst
lo rLrir" b.1r mll.age,
t|acl<,
cha$6,r!n.
th! ro of a restrlderis.nvi.dby$m
moiorcydsts,the re. iry e not $ gi.moroul.
Forth llgcr w. stdn d chaisEresringin
YoLJ
hav.to bea enah ryp.of ndivdLratro
M.rch2005.Io.volv. thechalsi!wbcAan bc a tostridef,it is h.rd worL On. of oor iesr
byexpcriircrlngwiththewheelbas
ndeErharhasworkedwih U3lor T8monlh!
geomtry
andtrai offs.t.Ilristhengav.us
r0r.xanpehs plt up 68,000miieson
our inilials.tup.Frcmhh earlyserupthefe
Dayrona
675.nd aiorh$32,000
mitcson
wasextnsiv.
d.velopment
andr.fn.hent
Irg$ 10s0.Over100,000
r lusl18monrh5t
beiorche f |'l b kesfoll olf lir prodlction
W. haveaioth$ ridcrwhowllhappllyplt
process
lin.Keyto rh. deveopment
i!
2000mileson. bikedung thecoursc
ot a
mieaqeiding,whichminoretheLrsag
that
w..kend.MileEgedingGdelintely.otlor
@neuwirlhavcwithlheirl]gers.

THETECHNICAL
TRAINING
COORDINATOR
MY ore ir to h.p p.ovidc
d.aeE rhroughout
thwoddwilha minimu.n
standard
of
l.dnrcaltr.ining.
rclearly
cant f.in h,Amatt,
so trainolr tran.E in th. ov.Eeasmlfrcl3
andhe de.l.rsin theUK Sometihe!
tarsiir
h overs.as
m.rkets
andin rhelastfouryeaB
havetravelied
to theUSA,span,
Benlux
and
ldpan.
Triumph
hasawalsEcognhea
thar
incEased
cuslomer
$t $acto. canbe
achevedby goodseMcefromthe
Forns modclsI stanprcparingrhe
tcchricacouua d Tl.5 srag.ar fEE ae very
rcwchang$on rh. bikB fromhi5 pont
onwardsTowntca technical
couf* youhav
to totilly familiarr.youuliw rhsery singte

5 TA

G E S

&ch new modelfo lowsa pre-derermined

buld 5chedule.
TheGarefolrhain stag6
Tl : Handbu lt prolorypeaisembted
in
Tl.5: Bikesareassembled
atongLhe
p.odlcton lineat a slowerproduclioh
speed.Thk stagedeterhineslhe corcr
a$emblybuildp.ocess
tof eachbike.
T2i 100bikesar seft downuie
prollcrion lineat noma assemby5peed.
F!ll staffbalningis cond!ded6nd any
linal prob em5 wid\ the a$emb y process
VPr VolumepDductionbegns.

1' TORAUE

arpeLlDfthe bikefte l05OI'g-i haj a

.onrpetlynewcnassis
and fearfs a[ new
bodyDanesAddito.tty IheTjgefis the,itsr
bike on rhe 1050ptatfo.n Lofeaturea fu y
EuroI I compiant fuet inrecion slsren. Iire
onryrhrig rharirshareswidi trspredece$or
s
th nahe - b I hd5beer a veryblsy tme
Fsearchn9 and prepanngrhe rran n9 co!6erl
The engrhol rimero devetopa rraining
cou6edo8 vary Whenwe introdu.edthe
C20 Rockerlll) for exampeths rooklhree
monrhr,tof the NG nben ir w rake
app@xrmately
4 6 we.k. Whef rinreafd
tJreothe.demands0f the rolealow r e a
.a5eor ro.k.e mysettaway
wirha bke and
rreelt ukiru I ro pie.esuniit am f6dritiar
wth the blke.nd drtot s fearlres.
Onc| haveacqlnedthe knowedge,
des9n lhe rrainrng
noreswhichcoverin detaii
ihe.ngne, rlic (hasse,the tocatof ot rh
han corrpo.enl,and th EF nrakgv n
addrtonlwitl be orderingenoughengDes
end chas6 coftipo.entsto usein ranng
.aeoohs adosrrhe wortd,reqlenrng
rannaton50r harera trom otherDarkei5and
preparn9colue hareriak Thij is lo pemir.s
ma.y re.hsto gel rher hafdrof 1oour
erghes,s fce we r.d rnost e&n by do n9
Wlrenthe co!tsei5 wrtren,i1! colnrerpans
tronrour'll umphsubedariesandd nrblroB
atrend re tr5l co!tse.Rln as a -Tranrhe
Tr.De. rssbn, we dkc!$ the rairing notes
and cofte 50rhyhavr a d recrconftiblton
ro (E colEes theythemsetvswit rln wth
Iher own deaets fhey work on rhebikeif
greardepthand we takethemout for a rde
on the bike ilnher p@dlcl appreciarion
My tme i5
'or
thenspefl tErningthe UK
te.hnicans deatywe ry b scheduetfah n9
.o moreihen trireeweeksbeforeb ksare
relased
ro lhe nerwork.UK deaeEdo noi
.e.eNethetrbikesufttat lea$ rwolechfi.tafs
kom a.h deaerhaveate.de.l ana pased
tne couB,4Al the e.d theysita wrirrenexam
nea lnder nr.1 examcondirlofs.Tec..ian5
r dle ro scorear lea5t800/0to pa$ tr s a
quam/.heckrharensuesa p.ofic'enreletof
knowedse s in the
lo providethe
'ied
expe.redi.tor.e leve
5 lo.L5toftjets
Aiter a lth tecnni.ia.shavebeenrraind
on a n e0 mo 3e ,lam a v alable
al t heendof
rhe phonefor techniGisLpponto our dlaiet
siafi.ll s the pan rery enloy diagn.jri.s
a.. resovng $ues Aid rhen,througroutrhe
yea. we ofier.eiesher.ou4esfor techs..
cureot a.d oldermodel5to ma[e sufewe

sp eadthe knowledgeAr $e samerm,

ohe, newmodelswl bc approachigTl.5
stageio the pro.65 begnsdqain

THEPROFFICER
WE rnvited15key nrdga?nslrom acrc$ our
nEfket5,of an ex.lLsvepreviewof the Tige.
W-.do t to blid a preJaln(nwaveol
plbi.ny to suppodrhevery16r anve{ingot
the brke The maga?fe e{rrrives took parr .

eafv rlry and nvolveda. nsthr riro rhe

aeverophenr
ol rhe bikeasweuasd ren rde
on a pre prodlctronn'odel
Tle nger ! ofri.: y talnchedar rirc Us
dealerconreren(e
0 Mam rj SeDt-.hberWe
wr rakerr lo consumersho$ aoo$ rlreworld
in Odoberand Novemberro, 15p!bi.
la!n.h Addronartylwill be headrngro Spiin
rof tre worrdprers dunch . NovemberA /oi
9oe3on Denrndthe q:enesbx r s greartln
anasat5ryr1g
lo 5e. rhemagr: ne c.vfage
thala aunchcanlleneEre

ii;
*.

.:: ',':

ToRqut rs

tl

E:r^-gie1 11." o[-"^';.^

+ l- , 5" in"L'.^t"-a

js ..^"L^J

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sL'^"nr,'o,1

4+.s'.^-L
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i

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To Q<-ro^"*/fvec,sio'.

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g 6672ynsat proper+ ie4,

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f,o, fl,-

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ca- )
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to

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tele oti6'1,i^.t to!.c.o^"a,
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c"t. A
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JooJ enXneer la,...n, Ir"^ p',.at ;rr^r-r*
;*.\:l",UU
O [ 0{ hers.
Jz+ln 6,ilel{.;.+ 1"- r..-J
Revie.- tl^< {.!9,-lr4
farts.
Gu,k-l)':ne7.2 E"$"J tL
co""..t r...,.1eri-Q-.

ffi*;?.J"!:;;";-?d
T::yi
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a,-o.!olr.,r.ur""i.,.r-s
gtooK qi'-t d
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AtsEsoe us. ATSIgoz. 47st zo= ts

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l^o"Lio Jt7 rc irc
sukur Gntat.
CnuiJehnn'X'" r"w**<{o"V Ck^q.., Aaxr*'>e L
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co1uo!",

e aet"ewyo

cuil
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+4rc^.1 ^e d- .( il.,o rool. Rr,t.
sL"W
fl.^b;,-z^7"i
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nrcrnoQ tt i"t X_1ff'[,,n
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ar.* pre,,:ion

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at&^t-tcr a.,.1

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f,r".ri.l. oL.-*io'l _

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r.*,&.t,J
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or^J

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cost +,.-o,p<n-+-.

VAIUE ENGINEER-ING

What is dte Arqument

The issuehasnot betrrsolved.Therearelogical argumentson both sides,The cditorc ofMachin Desigrx
magazineiD a rccntreport, surveycd500 dcsignengineersa 500 cngmcenngSupcrulsorsaboutih cthics of
plal1.:red
obsolescenc.of prolbct quahly -finirc-iife desrgn.Herear somc0f r.\earsmcnts usedon boiEliifes

bf!hqu?Gti:--------\tF.r '

'

,-"

h favour of firiic-1if dsignl

*Ils necessary.gur cconomy demandsa high

Foduction rat.
jobs,
i!6oier
makcsmore
matcs moreproductsavailablcto flolc pcoplc al lower cost.
'Product
* It's ioolish to build a product to last longer thaDit is nccded.
* No otrccould afford an idfitita-lifc product.
+ lt is a wast. to budd more Lifcinto a
imduct tbat wi cvenluallybe scEpp.d aryway, due to technical
Fogrss.
* Our accelcratcdtecbdologicaladvarcemenrsare crcatilg new
devclopmcrtscvcry day. No codpaDy can affold t ibct its futur od high quality p.oductsthat arc out ofdate.
- Short-llfc productsencouragccontiNcd dcsrg! ddeloprEenrand iDn6varioo.
4 The public warts er1cxcuscto puclas ncw modelsAgainst firdtc.Iifc dcli8tri
* Il is uncthical, immoral atrddisglaceful.
* lt chcap.ns-ou producrimagc
-dcvclopsa uarionalrcpubrion for shoddymdchandisesatrd will.cncouagc
-u!r!r

luu*liuu-

dc

- _Fs\

* It wastesour rcsoulccs.gcEcratesju*.
t Basically,a coftumcr wantsgood quality andhon
"st "torkfrrz'r3bij|j,(C;
' It dbcoulrgcs researchaDddcjeloJ)Fe oflcwer andb.trer produc6.

. Ir ais"oor"gcs
gooa
acs?f',il* frio@@lh.

efforuof adesis!ensircer.
"o*"t"otous

t It tcDd6to lowr tbc staEdardof living by dcating cheapq low quality goods,
i It placcsan umccssarycconomicburdc! on thc codsumq for cooti[ued replacemntandrepau.

Tbcfollovi[g are somcof th. importantcost-rcducingcorsiderarioa3that shouldbc obscrvdai cach!,hascof

proccss:
uc clcclslon-maKlng
+ Elimiiatc. Is thc fiDction actuallync.dcd? Stopfor a mofircntto considq if you canclimiratc this phasc
of
thc dcsign.Thcrc i! DotbiDgthat.will cur costsas-tlramaticaltyasfmding a n ai io cllrniDatca part or ;scmbly
altogclhd. Thi! is rlafilsf crilenop ofvaluc .DgrDccritrg.
possiblcway?Thc sccoodiih<tarncntatroie in valuc dcsigr rs siuptictty -g?t rbc
Sirplify. What i"sth;;dpfi!
lcastqulDbfr 9f!a!ts - with thc simplcstshapes.

o1(,L-_94
lJuplrctc.sErvc tor sl'r]rm!!'y.

'
Developlhc desigE-toco[tai! as maoy idctrtical paru aspossible.It coocerns
a caolceor loaKlngonc tool tor !c!l pait oTlcn t0ol6tor tell pafls.
I Staldard!. Choosca coafigulatio! that will useoff-thc-shc6 high voludc ploduction componcrts.
Do aot
custod dcsignwhcn you canbuy it rcady-EEdc
* Slow-,ii'atchfor high rclative vclocitics: wheDcvdpossiblc,seekto rcdua. relative motio! berwecopalts. High
velocitiescaus. high stesscs,inqcase tbe weat la!e, gcncratheat, atd iocrcasenoise,all of\yhich lecessitarc
additionaldsigncompeasation.
* Sdooth-cyclic variationsin vclocity cleateaccelelationsalld dynamicloadswhich creaica nccd for balaDcing,
highcr-strcngthparts,morc sophisticatcdbearings,vibratioo-dampingdevices,andspccialdcsign considentions
to combatfatigre, ietting, andnoise.

+ Avoid e:(treme
Eateriab
operatrngtempe!$uEswhichjncrease
corosionrates,reiuce slrengn\;dteriofa.e
and ncessiia|erheselection ofmore expensivemarelialsand lhe addition of.supplmcntaldegtg!
coosideEtions
tt :'L);r.'
b t to reduce the heat.
();/* LighteE-weight-is paid for by the pould. Excessivwight rs costly in malerial costsstatic and d]'ramic
loadi]1g,oversizedparrs,ilcleased coss h machining,handliDg,-a shipping.
lLxea value considrario.sare madein the developmentphaseof- thc desiga,therc are a nu!]ber ofpracocal
cost-sayingchoiceslhat fal1jn the catcgoryof fol]n desigr That is, whell you must chooscsi2es,5bapes,
surfices, componeds,methodsoffastening, torEilg, fabricating.Etc. the folowing cost-savingcQtrsiderario$
arc vaLid:
* Use minimum volume rveightard srze.
. Usc unifoco dimnlions bstcad of tapersor stcps.
+ SFecify large dioensional tolranccs.
* Us tubfog raiier tha! bar stock
-(for the weight adva,'}|age).
- Use leralli.og
.-EF rur$ iosteadof stepp.d shafts.
+ Radial toadsare casid to dccLalise datr ax'ialloads.
' Malerials supporttcnsion loadsmorc cfficieatly tha! they supportcomprcssiotror bcnding loads.
I Size part closs-srctio!! fbr high dorEent of i&rtia ald low ara..
' Considerrigidized shcct iistead ofdick platc.
' ConsidermoulddasscEbliesirstcad ofboltcd assmbues.
' Us. sporweldEgifftcEd ofbolB or livets
* Use strap-riagfEstenclsinslcad of tlradd fastcacN
I Use dcve bcarirgs iffrcad of-Eccha.'ical bcadlgs.
' Usc roladnccoffiecuo!! ilsrcadofslidilg connecuo!5,
* Usc as-is sudaccfilishes wbclevc! possible.
* SNa,'np
a

pulch instcadofnrachinc and drjll

* MiaiErsc scrapdulidg fabricatio!.

'Usc low-steogtbsle.b irsEad of alloysEeiJ
!o ooc-piece
composiEa
" Reducesub.asscmblies
i Colsidcr b.lt driven ratbcr tha! gca$ or chauB.
Therc arc also Somcgcnelal cost-savjlg considerarions
that are appllicabe to llalenal chdiccs.h tbc fo[owiug
the choiccsarc listed i.dordr ofpossibl. cost-rcductiodbdefit:
' For corroslonlrolccEon
lon-rdetallics vcrsusaiuioinillro vcrsls stainlcssstc.l.
* For sldacc ha.dness:
hcst reating vclsus caschzldcdng vclsus Flahlg.
I For high secrgth: ocdiIlln calbon stcelvcrsuslorv alloy vcrsusbrg! alloy versushcat tel|log vcrsu3higrh
purity stccls,
r For light weishi:
llastics versusalumrniumvcrsusmagncsiu! versushigh strngthstcelsvclsus hlanium.
andwearrcsisunce:
'!or ab(asron
csst iron vc us surfacehardenmgvffus carbidecoatrng.
* For high tcmleratule design:
steelsve{susnickclalloysvcrsuscerametcoadng.

Althoughroaaycoopameshavecontinuously
beenableto reaFa ha./est$rough value engr*enng,thereis a
Linit to how far you cal1go. Most cost relaiionshipsa/e lot lincar. Thy tcnd to follow what could be called
HaEisberger's
HwerbolicLaw: T]1eltlorceffortvoulut into it -thelessit's worthi!. The 6rstrerrsionrcapsa
substantialsaviog,but tbe nxt has lssandso oa until the cost to changeii isnt wonh dr sa!']ngs.
There arc many exaInlles in product design\'{hererhcost of relmemetrtfar out-weighsthe beneits.

,i

1,'

l)r::,i1v' d-'

^^"\

rr^a.u{or-t.','c-

n---",^ub(DF^A)

D FA ( Lv:'1""' ns;'"t\) !'i

a)
P;1't 1o"'i" {"' ^o-k"\"

a basic
hpproach to
value analysis

D Fl t . . " " , , . i t C o , t i ' . { 2 - r

UDlcis a product is !ro!!h iti cosi, and therefore reprcsctrtsgood ialu, ir cannotEainteio its posirionin dtc
ficrccly conpctitive malkct that cxisrs today.
The only ldiabl. q,ay of d.tchining whcthcr a
compoDert,matelial o! scrviceiF, worth its cost is ro
makea carcfulElalyshof its valuC/ - - :-.
Vahc alalysisoligjnatcdin ric- U.S.A., and todsy
it is a comrno y acccptcd-rb$!.ofdcsign,manufactrring and purchasing
opcrations,
but in !ritain manyfilms,
both largc and sn,lall,regard Valuc Aaalysiswitb sushicion and rcsirt its iiFoduction by such ncgativc
itudcs as:
"1 Ir mat \"ork i! tlc U.S.A., bu! it wofl\ worl he!e.
ICs e gooddc!ig!. \9c'vc ahraysmadeir this waywhy changcir now?
It wo!'t work-wc tljcd somcrhingsimilar20 yce$
ago.
ICs impossiblcto rcduccrhc co5rany morc.
Wc arc specjaljstsin tlis rypc of produn ald
lnow morc about its alaDufacturc
ftan anyoneclse.
All top frcquc4tly, howcvcr, mor. progrcssivclj
mindcd, Iisii@glicefi coalpcritors,stcal a ,trrch by
dcciding to cxpclim.Dr with valuc analysisplinciplcs
iD ordcr ro csteblishwhcrh* rhc claimstnadcfor ccnain
ploducrserc true or falsc,
why Y.lue analysls?
Valu! enalysis(somctimcsrcfcrrccl to es Veluc
Enginccring) i! e rcalisdc, ol8anisd, common+cnsc
approschto co!! Educion. Its undcrlyil8 philosophyis
"Therc is rlwtys e bettcr way to obtain cquivalclt
'.ality rr lowc! cosr.Wc musr fird it." Frcqucntly$c
prin-uhs obtaincdafte! carcfullyapplyirg thc tcstcd
ciplcs of valuc analFis drc staltliDg.Fo! eramplc,on.
British firm-Mcssrs. Rubcry Owcn & Co. Ltd. of
Sratrordshirc-savcmolc rhan 1J0,000 annually by
applying v3luc snalysisto, thc dcsign and menufacNlc
of ils produd!.
Valuc analysisqucstionsthe rcpctitivc labitr and
aftirudcsof dcsigncE,spccifcationwrit.!s, mrtcrial snd
cquipm.ft but'rswho .tc lalgcly rcsponsjblfor incrcasing marcriel a[d manufacturingcos|s. It also makcs
Purchaling.! impoftantfacto! in cficctivc cost reduc_
rion. To thc dcsigncr,valu. analysisbrings a Dcw!!!:
palts. lt. slihulatcr thc
look ro rhc dcsignof componcnt
of ceely Dcsign EnEineerto matc
cosr-consciouslrcss
ccrtaindrat new dcsiSnsincludcthc vcry latestadvanccs
in low costprodlctiontcchniques
Convcnriooalcost lcductioD and cost Prevention
mcrhodsfrcqucrtly ach;cacsalings of 5 to 25%. but
th. applicatiofl of valuc lgileering mct}loG can Pro_
ducc savingsq to 45Vo, whilc savilgs al 25E *e

Iior anly dres rh. aDDlicarionof i.aluc anaivsr

invariablyrciulr ;n a *orrtr-r"tr;tcsa'ing of mooc' jt
of rhc
.rlso lmpro!es rlre rcliabilirv rnd/or salcabitir,w
producr.Moreoverir helps ro incleaserhc co-opera:ion
bcteccr rival d:panmcrIs, encouragcs
frcsh rhinking,
sprcad5
cosr-conscroJsn.ss,
derelops
hjdden:bilirics,and
nelpsIo providea berrerappreciariou
of rtc orhcrman's'
loD.
Unlikc molc convenrioral folI:rs cf cost redurlior

technique,successlullalue aralysis can offer a big

borusro lhc m$ufacturcrsfor i! can oipandrhc mlrket
for hisproducrs.
In thc cescof nanr_products,$c usegc,and hcncc
the volurlc in d.hand, incrcascs
in dircct proporrionro
rhc leductionin-cost.Due ro lhcir reduitionin cost,thc
salc of telcvisionscl5, Eansistorised
ralios, ball-point apcncils
havc.inorasedprodigioushsir--. rhcscplo-dc.
-L,L,
Similarl', small clcctric:notors*oncc used cxclusivcly
for clockF-arc us.d Ior powlring s wjdc vlricty ol
producrs,all of whjch arc sald ar considelably
reduccd
prjcescomparcdNith the cos! of the original producr:
ThescJevelopmcnts
ccrra::rl' sould no! hrvc .:|Lrrl
on lhc basisof improvcrnenr
in pedorhanccalonc.By
eliminatingunncccssary
.osis the raluc of the prodrict
has becn improvcd.As a conscqurncc
thc applicrtioD
and mrrkct for the producthasexpindcd,Ihus jncreasing rheprospcrir-v
oi the filrnscoDcemcd.
Whal 15value analysig?
Simply statcd vsluc ansiys; is an organiscd,
inforEcdand highly critjcal aFproachto cost rcdudion
ihat questions
th funcdonof crch pan of a Produc!in
regardto its cost.II5 csscnri;lobjcctis to gct rhc sam.
performaDcc
a! lo*.! cost widrout aficctjngthe qullity
o! reliabiliyof a ploduct.
In ary firm thrc are iwo scparalcarcasin which
valucamlysiscanbc applied:
/l) to thestudyof cxistingp'oducE;
(2) ro thc dcsignand manufacture
of ncw Producls
i! thc attainmcnt
Ir bot} arcasthe major obiec'tiYe
by
of cquivalcntqualitvfor lowcr cost.Thh is achieved
thaccomcriticaiancntioncn eachcomponetu
foclrssing
id thc
prisesan cxkringproduct.or is to b. incoryorarcd
dcsisnot a ncwproducl l! notcslhe funclionof thc part.
seek;ngto el;m'naleo! simPlify iI. o! combineit wi:h
or rcplsceiI witl' a stand!rd'tnas'anothcrcomDonerl,
Dloduccdi!cm. It considcrsthe Paltiarlarmatclialuscd
in tle manufacturcol eacl parl w;ln the objccr of
decidinswherhersorn. altemadlc lnarcrialof"s bctter
valueai rcducedcost.Similarly' ProductPloc'ssesand
manufr6$rinsmcthodsarc cate{ullyexaminedpurchaF
ilg EcthodsalE teYis'ped,and the producEand Prices

, L

c''-t
ugl t"0"'.^. -> H'1f
r^';'.1.-

iote,"".">

i
,

servi:eleliabilitvof the
oDlv wiLh lhc
'dnc!ron-!nl
purcha$nglhe best
value
means
maihrne.To rhe buter'
pric! Thc
cheaPesr
aI
tne
comPonenls
and
mar.rials
s veluc is
a
of
definitioD
Product
managers
oroducdon
llbour
cT
isdng
usitg
it,
ll',r ir cosrstrim1. manufactutc
_t
of
rhink
dcPaltmcDt
saics
thc
ana Inr.hio"s. Again.
-nrarkcring
value
that
thc
thc
costs
and
of
*t"e in tums
is p'.pa'.a to placeon the finisb'd Producl
regardJthe washingm:chtn's value
-*'-1,.-"c...';t
itathe
h'keis
insuum'nt
on
m.chincd
Fta.1.. soindtc
as i rcnecrionof sevcralfaclorstha( inluenc' rhc comt 9o?
cosr'
co st
p""yf p*rp*lty, i... *"nh' cstcero,maDufacmring
and
dcmand
scllinsDlicc,
F$nl
ana/
ii'ttt" .on..p, of a Producii valueis absuact
to
thc
cosdy
can
thc' conscqucoces Prove
or
"*Inr.d,
For c{amPlc:
manufacrurrr.
--oriv producca dcsisnfo! a very
a.len.'
iir,i
-*"'i'ing:nrl'hine, bur with
'elF'
'.ii.li.
i.rtut.t rtt", ate too cxpensivcto manuf'cturc
machinc'
the
lcdcsiSn
tutt
t"
,li .ons.qu.n".,
wnh to|.
rimc and mon'y that could bavc
J"' "
Fie,1b, SPindle".sri.i
Cosr.
6p
rc ornetusct.
bccnPut
in
mav PurchascmalcrialssPccificd.
2.
- i;; i,'v*
Icss
ncw'
rhal
awarc
bcing
il- a.ii"" wirirour
.iJ .q*tlv rcliatc sltcrnarivcmsrcliils
cvaluamrnulacturds'rc
;rc rcadilv availablc !{is (0DEass_producriotr
-i,rv
iiJ'.ornooo.i"
of 'spccialitt'
for
of
cvcry
Possibility
iia*i". ino" to uncovcr
i.a i'o
i"LJ-roi,iili",;"" of vrluc is rcsponsiblc
i6
mechinc'
!i!hc!
thc
of
imtriliDg
cost
"o
without.
cosr
p.au.tt
ii.t.asiii ttt. marcrisl
il*ing
to hsnufsdurc
dccides
:. ii" oi"iu.,ion managcr
sudiw or "ldiAbilitY.
O')>ry
- *J'.irn-**",
thc finish'd
thai compriscs
-- i simpt. cx;mph of thc-aP'Plicationof veluc
ce!!!ln
i!
thar
illus$rcd
is
rcalising
rc'rcd'rce cooponclt costs
aDDliancc wilhout
"*t*].
mas5
rc
was
l(r)
Fig
src
in
shown
'tooled-uP'
manulacrurcrs
k'o'ccialitv'
Fis.' l. Thc tr.ul 3Pindlc
mclc
lr
a
Einuand
comPoncnB
Ehc
vcry
closc
tolcreiccs
of
ro
D;oducc'ccrtaiD
ori'Eineuv dcsigncd
cost for Producingidcndcel
i.ostnrocnt-malcr's llrhc !! e cost of
Jt';s
i;;;
;;;;'
"""
";;
rnnually
wcr'
rhEdc
l5o a crch. Som. 10,000sPindlcs
priccsdrc +Pliane to
By aPPlyiDBlahc
+.
rr e lool cost ot llrooo
'' t"ff r"r.. dcpanmcnt for I similar
machinc
si6Ple'
dtc
thc
icsigncr
.onrp.,i,*.
..i.f
Plic's
Producld
orlac;pt.s,
co'ts
at
t}tc
aDd
actual
"iat"sis
it'
1(b),
in
Fig
Producdon
Lg."i"g
sho*n
ot
i*
siindtc
ii'""a
.orjri"
pro6t
nurgin
ihc
of
rhat
it', *"*q"-.*.' tity nnd
i"'.i-ir- "h.i g', ihi.h g"o. 3n ilnual tc'i'8

is wiDetlouL
Iack of- clc" dcfiIiliotr of
s. ioi''i-"""i.t*,'.
rorccsthca to mekcdccisionsthlt ar' no!
Contulad Yrlues IncEasa cosls
"rtic
rdn!
t"-a busiftssiudgmeIr!At a !'suh
i.*i
costrcductionntlhods E'nqally
Couvcatioaal
insEad
"t
lcas
l'boul'
t"'s oDthcProducr
usc
to
.,1*
tft"
oolvio iocusthcspot-ligr!o! lhc nccd
"
toEPoocnt
of
--p*y
mrluf'ctutc
of
a
hlElthv
Dro6t.
tot thc
r"i.ri"t
-r
ha:
withinthc cohPAnv
s.Ju.J;.;'i+*to!
valuc rdlysfu mcthodscssbusn tft PrF
6r Eroducii
-a,i-i
ard
imagination
vrluc'.
of
ot Product . toriiiilii;*i
coiccprion
that nrc ii$icde' comPoDaot
;"'il;ti;;,
hlvc bccn ;"."iii"n*t ,t. stin.a
bothtcchnicll.aldcotnmcF
t}'sc
fulctiols
i"
;;;;lt"d
Pcdold.-oDc'
ro
"Dd
;;. Er'rdca varucand,sisis dcsigncd
;it crrcfrilv d.fincd, thcir valu' rdadvc ;i;;;;;
;.;;;;d
r.'cti"""t coDributioDcar bc rcvicsed .!.rcomc ilcsc condltrcns
iJTf,i"ia*i
'- -i"ii
wi$in thc lattr firm to
aot." crnPlovcs
maaufaca"aa" iftc i" *g"ta i" ric panictlar produa rns!,cls' o"t'lllln:"f."
drffcldrt
a
dozlD
probably8c!
in rcros
tut A You
whodcfines.ualu-c
"iU 'pop' music and modcm art-B s!
"-'"n',st,
i*
""to"-Ur" ib't c.bn"r e toultirude of totallv
;;'.*;.;;
.ad of which varics with rltc
;;,ine',
ffi,
par,i.itt" Pclsooal oudaox md wotkiraiiJr"ri
to
a.na;ti*'
c*a.tiog
r.r",r"osirio *O tbc produa or scrvic! hc is ast'd
dcpAn- "thbfi!"1':ffi1#fl#i'flntus
cadr
whc*
i
co.Panv
tt
undctstand.""ii"ilf"*iq'-ttv,
talistic,
*
Pnctical
;
dctuitionoI dlc Yalucof thc r. rr*i-, ,J'i tuncrio''
"
oI cohPonc'tssrb---' i.. r^ nm orivatc
c"alue- ;J;;;';"
obicctiv'
a
rruc
ptduccs,
'"quir.d
i
i--i'il-o.-r.."i..,
analvsismcihods,the! thc succlssor
; ;il
bcclmcs.i'possibrs atrd :li'i
il
costs&Fnds.rhc lduc
i:il;";:
;J;;i
"Iric!cosr rcdudion or product il:::";;;;;';.i".i!s
fo!
i'iir"ii. i:oti,i".-,t"
rcoau uasct
imorovcmcat,
*'a;fi*'
for uamplc, someof tbc usuelrniudcs
, l"",p"'v ;Dulacnrins' sav'clcct'icwash."
'"iiJr"
a;,ig'cr of the ProduclcquatcsYalgr-ii"-".r'i'".-i-r,!

El+t+oo

*+{i?'r'**i:tt:+nftt*

or,,.,

ffi$;l*::+:*r;+

Thus he n1!s! fiF! (1) idcltify and rnc! ) evaluarc

Function identificatlon
to Pcrfolma ParEveryuselulptoductis designed
riorlai funcrion.An cl.cEicpurrl! is designcd
to Pump

liquids,an elccrricJanp bulb Io ploducelight, 3 washing

machinero washclotlcsctc.
Erc.h prcduct is also lsually rcquircd to Pcdolm
a varictyof sccondarlfunctions.For e:Nmple:
Thc clcctric pump may havc toputr1p ivatcr at a givcn !tt. of dischargc and
Prcssurc;
opcratcwitiout noiscor vibration;
iD watc!;
opcia(cFhcn rorallysubmcrgcd
oPcratcin cxncmcsof lcmPe$turc;
be complctclylcak-ploof;
b. cohplclclysclf-containcd
;
bc mobilc;
PufiP flcsh walc!;
F,tFh

n.F.I.nF

.,_ __

-C t

Fig.26.

Ctsing dis. ol nachined steelwnh dtilled hotEs,

cosri

57S

!ni'n.

bc complclclyspark-proof;
purnpcoEoslrre
3ce-watd;
op.latc coltinuo$ly for long pcriods *ithout
Insintcnenc!;
bc selJlublicalingc!c..tc.
sidilerly, th.lamp bulb may halc to-gcn.latca panjoia! kind of fillcrcd liShtj
bc rubular, sphcricalor e pafiicula! shapcl
havce sclcwcoflncction;
hsvcs beyonct-typc
colncction;
producca light of spcciicd clndlc powcr,c!c. ctc.
The washirgmachincmay havctswasha Frlicular quandtyof clothcs!

^;"r'":

.\

"

a ).'

C.sing disc Ftest.d .nd Punched.ut al litht

Fig.2b.
w.idht a.Itl,

cai:

Z oo

AJlcr applyilg this iliri:l slageof t?lu. enal'5i3,

idcas rld iniolErstioq wi[ oflcn bc produccdl||hich 'a'iu
t \ . . ^ 6 F l.r.h ''n r^ h rri ..
r.suh i! bcrcr valu.. Th. dschincal stccl disc shownin
providcdryirg fscilitjcs;
FiE. 2A cost 5?5F i ro produc!.Its lulcdon is lo
providcprcssiDg
facilitics;
Dr;vclr tli'insrcs! !f din into aD nd-of_lincshaft
bc highlyrttractivcjn appcarancci
icaring. ry a-F;iai4 thc iniliel.3tcprof vrluc anElysis
be nobilc;
dclcribcdsboot, thc dcaig]llrdiscovclcdthat he could
be lighFin-wcighr;
Eurchascf,Er tound mcrgl bhnls (Fig. 28) ftom s
of damrgcd o! wort
aUow rcpai! by rplacerncnt
lrlho spccirtiscdin thc EllssProdu.tionof
manuJacturcr
perls,cic. .tc.
rhcsclnd otber iyPe lnd sizcaof m.!al disc! AItEr
The anrlF! dclclmiE.scrch functio! by c.rcfully
iir-driuins thc total cost for rh! subslilutccomPoncnt
( rining cach pEft and thcn, aftE! duc considclsiion, .itount.a-,o an)y2ao?, msking ! srvitg of ?75Ft
nemcly:!..",rcni two qucslions,
Somc 3.000nrctal di3c5wcr. uscd cvcry ycer wiih an
1. Wlet is thc componcn!?
anmralsaviagof ll 15o
2. 9tar.rrcdy docsir do?
Thc rnswcB to thcacque3tionsshouldb. k.pr r5
theluncttonby comparlson
EvaluattnE
c.g.Fig. 2"
limple aspossiblc,
Sincclhc valuc of a prn is a tllativ. rath'! thrn
Oncchc hasdctcrmincdrhc componcnt'iEu. tuncabsolut.me$u!c, it is oDlyFossillcto cvaluaEa comm.thods For'ctamplc'
pdnary
and
poncnr'sfunclio!! by colDPrrison
tion! end cwluatcd thdr' in tcrms of
whcncvra pcrson
piocced
madc
h.
can
v3lu.
h
obtcctives,
to
crlminc
the
comparison
sccondary
cvaluatiooby
end co!! of crch. and rhus dclcrminc its us.Jubc$ or
buvsa car. i lawn mosc!, s ncw suit or tic ctc. Fkst,
with
Purchasing
discov?rsomeotilr, Icssmstly wqy of sccomp-lkhitrgdc
hc'coflparcsthc ircm h. is considcrin8
'(r"(/,J
can
salisfrdorily
that
Ea!k.!
samcDarricula!functionunderscmri^1.
olhera;ailablchcds on thc
To lccohplish this task c6l6iiiiii! thcinelit
must
lccoliDlkh th. functionG)he rcqlh's of thcm' lnd
acccD.rhc basicslsumptionthat thc pan bciDgcramind thcnin 6c basi! oI bcst valuc oficrcdfor mon'v, he
is, in principlc,what is nccdedto providc th. desircd ma.k.shis choica
bv
analvshis comPlicalcd
funcdon,Fo! cxamplc,in the insranc. of thc elcctric
if r.hcproductundcrgoing
lnc
jc
s,
or
comPoDc
scFratc
pump
of
essumc
tha!
an
whar
valiely
rnus!
clect
is
and
thc numbci
Dump,h.
uscd ln rtr manuis requirtd and not a vaclrumcxEactionu.Dit,syphonic matcrialsand Productionproccsses
fof
ncccssary
tFcm. If this ?ssumptionis not madc i,i*t"
*t* the numberof comparisons
or displaccmcnt
ordcr
to
in
inforoation
s!.6cicnt
thcrc is e dangd lhai thc anallst mry scarchtoo far
ir'l ,ni:v" . oblain
funccach
includcd
for
llctcascs
u"tuc,
timc
possibilitica
h colNidcliog
lhar
afi.ld, nnd wastc
.iuttirtt'*" t."t
tioa Thh oeans that thc aaalvst'if hc is ro achicve
arc not placdcal.

::l:;:L1:i:
t 3i'.
ii";i;i6:;[:,';::::i !",

mutt rirst bleak.thc Pioduct

his obiecrivesuccessfully,
down into sub-unir, compotents,and individual paft'
,nd rhen carefullyanalysethe basicfunctionsof thcse
n.ms.This. in tum, mearxcomPartng:
1. the us. of one Erlerial with rhar of anotlc!'
c.g. cold drawn slecl r! elcctrolvdcPowdcrcd
mclal.
2. the designof oncPart $i!h thai of an 'quivalctl,
c.g.Figs.2A and23.
:. thi lat"ourconlenlof onc comPoncntwith tha!
of an cquivalent,c.g. a forgedand dlillcd conooncnt aeainst a ;old steel ptessing Fig 3
,1. itt. appui.ri- of onc Productionproccs with
rhar oi anotLcr,c.g dlillitg or flame cuttrng
etc ctc
comoarcdwjrh Punching,
of Yalue analvsistnus
steps
inirial
Althou;h lhc
aPPc'ranccis dcccPthis
simplc.
appear
m-ay
described
value analvsjsinrplics considcreblv
4".. r".
Th' rnalyst t't!rrmorc thln"nJ.'iii
iust valueconscioirsncss
to bc succcssfullcduction
et cost
li l;t -ir'.''Ju,y
'rc
"u.to"
to think in tcrms of tunction,atd
".tt.tt
irl abirit" ro acr uPon rhc conclusion'
f;;',-;;
rcachcdduring his analvskot a compoocntor prooucl

ten aids
to determining
good value
aPplicd rhc
Brirish firms $ho hsve coDscicntiousty
diF
ft!$rntly
tcchni$lcs,
analysit
orirciplcs of vlluc
lnticiPatcd'
grcatc!
thcy
.han
Io
b.
rcwards
iovcr'rhc
Rcduccd Droductcostsand improvcd r.liebiliry havc
rcrhess *:idcncdth. cxistingmarkct for th.i! Product'
so far disiusscd,i.c. idcntifv rhc
ttrc rcctrniqucs
Attho'uetr
.xacdy what it do.s, epP.ar
dct.rmjm
.h.n
o"n aid
(sinccthc valuc.of a paft is
aPplv
ro
simplc
ivcly
icl
of
, ..lariic rrttt.l than absolulcmcasurc),thc succcss
ot
dct'mination
skilful
lics
in
llrc
sood valuc analysis
valuc.
rcal
i componcnt's
Pretlmtnary steps to delermlnlng good Yalue
Value aDrlvsismust bc performcd in a logica),
(Btcmatic mamc!, end thc collcdi;n oI all bssic'
eisentialinfotmationcooccrningthc dcsignlnd maDufscNrc of thc ploducl is clscntialiD otdcr to dclctoinc
ii. trash acnciincr io valu.. This iDJorflatiooincludcs:
aEnuallj'
1. Totrl quanrig of matcrial Purchascd
ourpul
2. Annual Producooa
3. Asscmbltand dctail dtawings'
catioDs.
4. Marcrialspecifi
5- A brealdosn of thc costs for 'ac! PAn'
mateiial,tabou.and ovclhcadcharg$inclDding

5. Dcliils of manuf:crulclsof boughr-in comz. i

brcatcdo*nof asscmblvand sub-asscmbly

g. Copiesof work Plaming cardsor gcncraldcsc prionsot all ProductionProclsscsconccmcd

of fic part frcm dcs;snor
ir il. .""i...i,*
ro ils dclivcry(o rhc Purclras'r'
comDoncnt
l:omPoncnts-G)
9.
' Acrual umplc oI indilidual
ard &l asscmblcdillrc rhc finel
'*".mUl.a
form of thc comPon'nt.
In addidonthc valucanalystmustknow:
i-d- Wr'"t,1'" dcsignu lilcs or dislikcsabout thc
Producl'
rt. bhcthcr rlcrc arc aefinjleplansto rEd'signrhe
plodud, or carrainof its coEPoncn$,at somc
i"rurc datc. Il so, ho* thc dcsign will bc
changca.
tz. Vltv parti*tat materialswcle sPccifcdth.!c src chalrgeseg!.!4r&lcd- that
il. vt'itt'"'
tuvcn\ had
rhc desigt.nd productioncflginccrs
dme to cxamine.
Toinr disorssionsbctwceB $c analyst' dcsigtr'
poduciinn ensinccrsto ploduccthis
"na
'p.c;h."iion
(6)

q'h.cl in a 6xcd posirionagainsrrhc machilcdlhoddcr

of tie shaft,(2) prcvc& rhc whc.l wobbling.Sinillrly,
the main funcrioD of rh. nur was to s.arc rlc whctl i!
Ten rleps lor determining value , - '
ils fixed posirionwhilc rhc funcdonof thc split-pir was
aod thc
to ltop lhc nur from wolking slacr and falling oF th.
To EiDimisc th drntc! ofglgllanalysis
cxpcnlilc co$cqucnccs oI Eatirg pariially idormed
shefL
snap iudgmcnrs,thc alalyst must follow : dcfinitcp!oValucanalysislhowedrlal:
ccdurc for (s) cslablishinsand (b) rnc8suling the valuc of
(l) by rcd.sjg)]in8the allangcm.nt,rhc folo*ing
ploccsscs
a prrt. Sucha proc.durccompliscsrhc applicarionof
and paru colld bc elimimredwirhoutafcctiDg
a sclics of Iogical stcps rld gclcrallt takcs tlc pattem
thc producCsrcliability or quality:-{a) rhc machirc
ol answcling.hcfouowing10 qucstiols.
sho'tdcrr scrcwedl.ngtir of shalr, drimblc cnd rnd splirpin rccomaodatiDg hotc. (b) rhc rcrEwcd c!!r!r of tbc
l. Doer lts uac contrlbule lo value?
whed. (c) thc spring+tccJ'rashcr. (d) thc locking D!r. (c)
I{.!c thc analyst srust detcmile whcthc! thc patt
thc lplit piD.
plays a vital fuDction in rhc product. Ofrc!, i! valuc
(2) thc cosr of ilcms I to 5 ioclusjvc wcrc out of
analysis, iargc savings havc rcsultcd siErply f.orl1 tlr
Foportio! ro thci. uscfuln ss.
ctmir'..tion oI c.luin unnccclsarypa!!s whjc! cottribut.
(3) all the fcarurcsplovidcdwcrc nor lcedcd.
no functional valuc. Thc rnalysi mr, find rhat th! func(4) e bc$er, sidrplc!,chcspcrarrangemcnrcould
tions of mant palh may bc iransf.$cd to orhc-rpens bc providcd.
and assclnblics..
Ighcn contcmplalingthc climiradonof
(5) srandaldor.'boughi-ill',ch.epcr,mess-p.oduccd
palts)ho\r,cvcr,
two vcly csscndal
lulcs mustba obscrvcd prns couldbc uscd,riu! rhstingrheproducrco$id.$bly
by rhc anrlylt:
chctpe!!o rnanufrctulc.
i. If a part is cliEinarcd,lhc radcsigrcdproduct
Fig. 2 illustleEsthc 6impli6.dBneng.Incrrehcrcbt
mulr hsvc rhc larnc qualiryas, o! bcltc! qulliry
thc functionsof tranfiitting t}c rotltionalmoydEcn!of
tha4 tlc originBlpan.
thc shafl rc thc phccl, snd rccurin8 dc r{hcel in E
2. Allhough m8oy psr!5 can bc cltircly r.movcd fi&d positjonon tlc shaft, src p.rfolElcd by a siqlc
trcnj. a product, rllcir liminatior nlu$ NEVEX
psn, e standaldsizcd!tc.l Pi
/
quality
p>,t- )'/)
or
functio
l
rcliebility
frotrl
Thc leducrjoajn cor! schicv.dby tbis arEngcmcnt
!:!b!.ithcr
.'/-,
thc producr,no malt.r how bi8 r laving iD
wr5 asfollows: manufacrulingcost! mry rcauh from 3uch
)rz"
remol?1.
1. Machincd
E3 4S
shlfr
Exanrl.
2. whc!15.scr.wcdro suir thrcadon shaft
Fig. 1 illuslralcslhc hcthod uscd, prior to vrluc
(DCt Datf) L.
tv
anriysis,fo. scculirgthc whcehon s child'r toy tricyclc.
3. St.ci 6pring-q'ashcrs
Thc cld of thc stccl driving shrft wrs lnechincdrc
a
4. Stccl lock-nut3
eccommodatc
thc rvhaclshd !ccu!i[g Dut arangcmant
5, Stccl splh-piff
Subscqucftsralysisof ihir a.lalgcmcnrshow.dthr! thc
5. Asscmblycosrs
msi! funclionof lhe machincdporiion of thc shaftwrs
!o tlarximit thc rotstionEl EoeclncDt of tlrc shafl, whcn
: I ,?3
lumcd by thc pcdsl-&ivcn driring mcchaEistD,lo lhc
whccl. This cDablcd!h. lricyclc to movc cith* lorwrrd
tcfrcc!
ovclh.rd
4
and
do
nor
thc
Nol.-Costs 3,
5
or bectwald.Sccondrryfunclionswclc to (l) scorrcthc
and storingthcacitcms.
co5$involvcdin purchasing
""

dr.odal io.formatioa arc !n itEPorIaDI ard ilvaluablc

stdp towalds ftc c.ff.criv. applicarion of valuc dulysh
o),t/t- t a,22

Fla.1" Bctorc valuc tnElYsts.

Eig- 2, Ah.t v.lu. .nalfsis.

(7)

4. ls there anylhing better lor the intendealuse?

Wirl tic devclopmenrof new proccsscs
and $c
7. Srand:rdM.S. round bar
-22
pleviously
of
one!,
marerials
inprovemnt
exislirg
cor8. wlre!:, driliedro sujrba! andlockirg
suiledfor s particula!iob noe rcprcscrt
sidcrcd
idcally
o
5
PiD Gajr)
lessvrlue rhan orherscrnendy available.For cxamplc,
9. Sradard l" dja locking-pins,
s?shcls
auromaticassembly,powd.r mctallurgy, ncw castjDg
lS
and sPIi! Pils
rncrhods,ultla-soniccleaningand finishingrcchtiques,
IS
10. Assdrbly costs
hachinability dcvclopment!etc-, can, in onc way or
anotbcr,cheapcnand irnprora Product-Similally,onc
r_1 . l1
of rhc cidc rangc of ncw sl'lrhedc malcrialsmay wcll
Cost sving pc! product
t-6' 6 1
the proleplacc
rhat spccifiedfor use in manufac.uring
Nu.6lbc! of rictclcs ploduccd pc! ycar
10,000
duct,
Thcrcfo.c, total al]]ual savi.og
tu,tbo
Naturally, thc !"alucspecjalistcannot masterall ncw
Not.-T!c savingiD cosi achicvcddocsDot lcdcct
but h! can and must b. awarcof ell new
dcvEiopmclts;
thc rcduction in purdrasing snd stolagc ovcrhcads lcclnologi.sand musr be
Pr.prtcd ro call in exPcr$in
achjcvedby thc climinadonof pans 3, 4 aod 5.
thcscficldsat $c proFr timc?citier during llle dcsiSn
of ncw productsor a valic an:lysisof existingProducts
and th. mcthodsuscdfor thci! manuJacturc.
2. ls lts cosi proporllonala to lt3 lsefulne3s?
Oftcr thc costof ! pan or proccas! disproporrioDarc to it! funclioDal valuc or $cfulncss. Ctcapci
5. Can r gtrndard component or manulaclure/s
mcrhods, or pafts qfi bc uscd which rarvc thc samc
na59 prcduced 6Peciallly be lound whlch will
pulposcwhhourdcracringtroE drc qualiryor rEliabiljtt
be usable?
or
of tle product.
Ofr.r hangcsir dcsiSn,material sPccification
own
mrrufacturingwill cnablcthc cornPany!o usc
Eranpl.t A shipysrdbuilding en avc.eg. of four
'ts so
cargov$sclse yca!, annuallypurcha3cdiomc ?0 lo 100 productionfacilitics rnorc Profitablythen hilhcrto.
manulaciurcr
en
oursidc
froln
cxDcnsiea
6crvicc!
thar
itcms of auxjliely mechindy from various manufasttE s.
sre no lonScrnccdcd.
Tlc machincrysrrjlcd at thc shipyardpaintcdin a!
Convc$cly,vslucsnalysislaysstrcsson lhc s.rviccs
assorrmcriof dificrcnr colours,AJtcr iistallation.cech
$fio, wilh lhci! spccialiscd
of 'outsidc'manufacrurcrs,
itcm of machin.ryhad to bc lcpajntcdlighFglcyto suh
atc ofrn ablc to slPply
mass-produ.tion,
fecililics
for
th. sliDown.i's sDccifi.dcolou! rch.mc. Th. cosr bf
et far lcs! cost rhan compaly-mrdc
cornponctlts
ccnain
lnvolvcdamounicdto f60oo wirhlabourind rnarerials
_
our eddingoncpcnnyto thc uscfulvalucof thc Buxilia!9 Pgns.
af
F!.ou.rttv. rheir.*Dclicnccol thc manufacturcr
soccialiwcomoincntsmgles rhcir advicc invaluabl.to
A3 e cons.qlcnc! of spplicd valuc aDalysis,thc
r.ic ual'ri enalystin his scarc! fo! ch.aPcr,scrviccablc
proccdurc used for ordcing shipJ m(hincry was c0mP0ncDtl.
changcd.Evcry ordcrfo! lrachjn.ry Bavcthc B,S. lhrdc
card number for thc colour tlc manufaclulcr should
pain! rhc ordcrcdmachincryb.forc dclivcrt ro thc shiF
6. Can a userble parl be mad by a cheaFet
nanutaclung Prcce$?
yard. This !!quir.m6!, Jor which no cxrr3 cost lr.!
Carcful snaltsh msy show that rhc possibilityfor
chrrgcd,cooplct.ly rrmovcd rhc ncccaliryfo! rc-pailtgrlalcst
savingli.s in changingIhe method of menuing sflcr installelion,lclc$cd skilled mcn for olhcr
pcrmit
prioF
the parr. For cxsnplc, a limPl. forming
prcviously
iacturjng
heltcdro
wor}, spccdcdup iob!
e ptcssmay tcplacEan exP.ns'vcscrc$op.larion
ot
thc
shipyard
fr,000
tmuelly.
and
sevcd
in!,
6achin. or milling oPcration.A fofging miv rcPlacea
casring.A sranpitg proccssmet climinatclhe ncccssiry
!ll
lls
featutes?
for exDcnsiltfebrication.
3. Docs lt need
Mcthodsarc dcrcmincdbv suchfactor: as dtawing
Som.limcsa pan o! aFangcftcntis roo complcx,
inspccdonrcquircmcnts'pro_
end its dcsjgacanbc sirnplificdrc r.d cc manuJactuling detaitsand lpccifications,
and ProductioncquiFmctrt
thc
tooling
ducdonouantitics,
costand improvcrcliabifiry.
availeble.
Too ofrcn prrlicular fcaturcsalc incorporatcdin .
patricuiallyin smallc!films,lhc
In lornc inslanccs,
dcsign mcrcly to improvc thc appcatanc! of tbc product.
or par!
thc comPoncn!
mcrhodsuscd for manufacturing
ycars
which
and
or
fony
Qucsrions1\ 2 and 3 arc plirnarily conccmcdwith
th'ny
for
cmplovcd
havcbecn
$c functionof t-hcparr, i.c., its specificpurposcin ia
reflcct notc of th. proElessmadc in Productiontc:hproductand,b.ing basic,must nccctsarilybc
assemblcd
nolosy.Th. value aDalys!rvho has carcfullv acquircd
considcrcdfirsr and on thc basistha! tbcrc is no poin! cnnrolctcinformarionon thc sp.cificcomponcntand on
a pan fot lcs3 the otho parts$ith vhich it is asscmblcd,
in anangingcilhc! to buy or maDufacfirrc
is thusin an
grcalc!
b.
saving
can
achicved
by nodifying cx:cllent pnsirionto uncovcrpos5ibilirics
cosrif e ier
ol inproving
rhc ploduct so as to accomplishthc Palt's purPoscby
rncthods
existinemanuiacturing
Oftcn snmcpans arc madeb.n.r than thcYneld
Tbc obicct of tbescqucstionsis to suggcstto th.
be- For cxamplc,a particrlar finishingoPetationn1av
Yaluc'to rhc product bcc,uic lhc
possibiliry
thc
bvohcd,
of
climineling
snalvsrthc
nor add 'appcatance
Pan
con.calcdThe lol.raDccsaffix.dto
combiningit with adothcr comPnncnt.or simplifying Dan h pcrrnancndy
i particr:lar pan oay be much tod 6.Ec (and tlcrcloft
ciilcr iis dcsign or maauJactun (Scc Fg' I & 2).
(8)

{
Ioo costl)) for rhe job rha! larr !.rurl]] pcrio.ms. Agri!,
a nc\r ma:hiniDs rcJrniquc maJ-lrFpiiir- thc Producrioa
?!.\f5 s b t c hm r nJ r ingl' m c ru n u rrJ tu fl n E (P c rd ri o n 5.
whcn p!r!s arc madc by ou(sidc supPlrcr! comPlclc
itfomadon rcgalding thc mcrlods uscd in rhcir manufactute is oftcn lacking. Hoscvcr, carcfull-v con5idctcd
answers ro rle ques on "I5 iI \rorth lhc monc]?" wil
soon iDdicar. ro rhc snalysr ihose itcms on *hich bc
should adrjse rhe supplic! Io examinc his cosls aDd
nelhods. Jointly lhcy can dtcrmjne llhat should bc
done !o improvc manuJactutingmcthods-

7. ls ls rnadeon the ptoper toollng, considering

lhe volumeof patts needed?
Ofrnthc roolingsc!-upfor ploducinga p:rticlrla!

carciully establjshthc nanncr in qiich cotG alc dcrcrmincd, for all i!(orrccr rn(rhod oI prcprflng indir;dual
!.srs m3'; producc *!ong dcisions shjch f.cciuJf g,!,J
valLrcid r plrdcuh! prfl or produ!r.

9. Will anoiher reliable manllacturer supply the

Part lor less cost?
A good knowlcdgcof variousspeciaiirymanufacturersand th.ir panicula! abiliriesand rang. of slandtrdised ptoducB is of invatulblc hclp to ric valuc
aralysL
Hc musralsoInow in what quanddesand on wbal
tcr&s $e best pricc catr bc obtaincdlor supplicsor
sclvicesbciDgbought
As a conscqucncc
of his lnowlcdgcof purchasing
and rhc capabiliri.sof pafricula!manufaculcrstic valuc
analysrcan bring to bcr!.upon aD analysisinfonnalioD
cosrs,
thar is vital i! rcducjlg a p.oducCsmanulactuiiDg
incrcasingits vsluc and improvingits tclirbility,

paft is nor rc-cxamincdwhc! cirhc!thc quaotityof Palts

madc or thc nrarcrjalsuscdin manufacturcchangc.Frcquenrlydr. typ.s of currjngloolslscd to pcrform a parljcular producdonprocesscolld bc chlngcd Ior morc
modcln cquipmcnrrcquiringlcis majntenanc.,that can
rakc talgcl curs, arc tastc!, or producca bcrEr finilh. 10. ls anyone buylng lt lor less cosl?
Exccpl for propriculy procclscsind patcntcd
oficn roolingcosrscln bc considcrably
r.duccd by using
goods,lhc anElystmus! setisfyhilns.iJ$at thc pricc h:s
r
cooiants,mclhodsof lubricarion(onEjning a!!i
companyprls for d particularPsfl or scnic. is thc
i!r.don edditivcacrc.
cbcapc$consistenr
with tcquircd sundardsof queliry
8. Oo rasonablamaterlal,labour and overhead aDdrcliabiliry.
dcuiled sbovcser'lesas a
costs togethef wlth talr prollt iotal lts cost?
ElcI of rhc rcn quaslions
Thc valuegnalysrrnus!,of cousc,consid.rlbe rolal spadc$ith lihich rh. enalysimust di8 oui thc jtformation he lequirca.Oncc (his has bccn collcctedhc musr
cosrof rhc!roduc!.
rncln
Ialk rvjth any on. who, in otc wst or ano!!cr, is con_
Thc tclm 'labolr cos6' doesno! naccssarily
cclncdwith lhc dcsign,manufaclucand6naldiltribution
t}c shoun! of moneypaid to the labourrcsponsibl!for
of thc produci Only by pcrsistcndy,and lo8ically
making thc componcrt.& mst wcu includc only parl
qucsri.ningall procrsscsconccrncdjn rh! d.si8n and
of thc patmcnt madc to labour;rhc rcmaindc!bcing a
jncrcases
of a produ$ canr sound,pricticaltoundioihc!
accoun!
causcd
b].
hbour
tate
tnanufecNrc
valiancaor
lincc thc itcm ma[ufacturcdwas trsr FlanDcdand lhe rion for rhc epplicrlianof valuc an.l'!E tcchniqucsbc
artalnad.
variouscost5sal-!P,
Valu. analyshdoesnot involvc eny megi!. Il is
Si!'lilarlt, 'marcrial' cosrs oflcn contain canaiD
hard,
i cnsiv.$ork that conlinucscvcn thoughdrc nrst
ovclhcadsto covcr thc lccciving,inspcctingand sroragc
answ.rto e Problcmmay bc a dcinilc'NO" until cvclt
cosrsof nlt.rirls. Many othcl cosrsmay bc afectcd in
tcmovcd.
hasbeensuccessfully
sarying d.grc.!. Conscqu.ldy thc valuc analystmusl roadblock

a blueprint
for successful
value analysis
,"t.t.
to cosrrcductionwhkh, oncegoot$:ldc_t
Good laluc analysisdefincspcriormanceand producr maticaPp.oach
re]iabilitvrcquircmcntsinrcktiontofunctionandhasbeendcrcrmincd'cxP]oresfemorsc]cllEarPoss'blc

.ii.-i,''"r,"-i1,,l,iliiiii ;;.;;;

Io' infor fufrh.rcosrrcductrti--iriF,'rcans

lhar ansres
i, ;,.. incvhabrc;

inscnui(v.an ahrats discovcra chcaPcr,cqurlly reliablc Provin5productrcliabililt ln shon raluc analvsisis an

flom
i"*tion or makinga ian ions;srcnt orsrniscdappr'ach to obtain bcsl Performance
i*i"*i"gi
'
qualirv'
alTcfling
"iv
withoul
"i
at
lo$'esr
cos.
valuc
aho
a
svslccnalyiis
is
*iil q"'"ri,l *+ii'"t]]*,s.
Product,

(e)

t
caretul spPrelsslald6 eltectivevalue anElysls
To achicvcgooa llsults thc spplicalionol valuc
analgsi!mustfollo't a cllcfully PlannedProgranm'fron
rhl 'iairial con..plion of a product througb Io i!5
bY the consumcr'
acceptancc
's'hcrc
srialvsisis to be rpPlied to Products
"aluc
of tl' salcs
an asscssrncrt
hanuJacru!.d,
bcing
alrcady
aDpcalof cachproducl,3trd to whal dr8lcc tnc prodr'rct
sirisficsa customcr'sdcmandfor valucmusr bc madc
This cnabl.sthc vsluc soalysiio Yicwth. ploductes 3
wholcf.om rhc orstomcr" vicwpoiot,and dct.rminchow
rnuclrvaluc the clrsrcmc!Placcson :
(a) Product PcrformaEccand aPPcarancc,
(b) thc cost o! th! Product,ic. labour, Illatcri-al
ovcrhctdsc!c.!
(c) $c prcstig. rhat tcsuhs froft o*njtg thc Product,
id) the-producCsc*changcveluc, ic. thc !'condhand vsluc of lhc product oncc tlic nrstolE'r
hasfitishcdwirh i.,
(c) scrviccabilityvaluc, i.c. how much it is goiDg
to cosl tha custoltc! to kecp it in goodtcpak
Th. obicctof this prclirninaryrpPBilsl h to cflblc
rhc valu. atr yst to raduccco5t in rrcas of maximum
imDrctor cficctivcncs3
' For cxsmDlc: thc gldssy cxtcrnal finish of I
domcsticrefrigitator sdds Dothingto il3 p'rformrn:c'
or funclioral riljability, yct a glossy,.yc'Plc$ing frnish
of lhc plodcfinirclvimprovcstlc oulwsrd aPPcarencc
bc
can,
rh.r.Jor',
1t
il5
3llcebility.
sni
inirceses
d,rcr
assumcdlhr! tlc customcrprcfcts thc glossy6ni5h !o
its climinationwould Producc.EquipPcd
lhc cost-saving
*iO rhlt t,n*hag., $c veluc rnrlyst could proitably
dcaor.hi3 iimc arid cncrgiesto reducinglhe c$i of fic
finkhingproccssv.hichfoms per! of ah. cusromff-vlluc
of th. rcfligc!3tor.
Similally,a privarcmotor car msy bc rdlnufacrurcd
br a compgnyof world rcno*n whoscplrticular Eedc
nirtl is tipt.icntcd by rhc styling of rhc car'stsdietor
charactcihtic chblcm imPlintcd on thc
*a
"
".i1.
platcd whccl disc!. To clirninlrc thcsr
;hronium
fceturcswouidrcduccthc pr.srigcvlluc rtuch'd lo o\v!'
ine thc vchiclc.Thc valuc snalys!must dctcfotc tcccPl
ldd nothing
ihlt *lilst th. paniculsrfcalurcsconccrncd
of tI'
rcliability
performancc
or
funcriona)
to
thc
cirhcr
t'luc
io thc
I
edd
iat, *.y ar. ncccssaryin that thcy
his
cons'+cndy,
cost
ihcir
il" t, Blcrrer then
mrnud'
".il.r"
of
chcaPcning
mcthod
I
r"ii k rc aisco-".t
pro.rs. invohtd iD Producitrgthcscfcltulcs'
iri.ring
'--Oo7e'sucnrn aPPraisalh.s bccn toDcludcd,.thc
glvlng
analysris in r positionto prcpatcr Programme

rrilr,i *ait oi t carmcntior c'dr ProduqendO) n\c

tl* tlut clt bc dcvorcd to rlrc enalysisof

)i"*,
"i
ProducB rtc g.ncrdly analFcd ooc it I
.."h proaua.
in
iiri ina u*"ttv t pcriod oa4 to 7 wceksk alloscd
comPilt
\oilh
analvsis
particular
a
*iiirt i" i"-pi."
DrodudsineolviDg! lal8. tumb'! of separrt' compod'
,o aividc tlc producrinto convcnictt
ii".li it *""-"tv
ptoduct
...-,i"*, *.f, sccrionbcing rrcarcdas a sPccial
value
arc
analtsc
iher can, providingsu.fEcimt$aincd
grouP
oD
a
and
simultaneously
avaibblc,bc proccsscd
b"titro.
.*"tot., e lalgc elcdric mclcr can bc brokmdowninro thc followingfunctiooalscctrons
EleclricalPa!t5
MechadicalParts

Case
Cover
Firisb
vrluc analyst
an cxpericnccd
Fionr this break-down,
(i.e.labour,
cost
picture
inrinsic
of
lhe
a
clear
canoblain
maErialaodovdhclds)of thc: Elcctricalfuncrio!
Mechanicalfunclion
Casing
Thcsccostfigurcswill scrvcto indicatcwhicharcas
ofi.r thc bcst Dtomiscfor valu. aoalysisiD ordc! rhat
rhc analvslt time and energicsarc not waslcdon uD_
Far cxamPlcrbad Programming
DrofirrblciDvcstigations
valu.blc timc to snalyting!n
to
dcvotc
him
lcad
n1av
atrl whcre it k not dcsirablc'far rcasolaof Product
ot rcliability, io furthcr rcduccmanuiacoraDDcarancc
ini costs,tlus leaving insu.Ecicnrtimc lo comPlet'i
of orjrcralcaslikcly ro yicld rholcPlofi!
rciablc analysis
gblc rcsults.ln order to prcvcrt such wastagcwhc!
plcparinghis ttogrammc or clllck $.:Drlyst should
ionsidc! carclullvceci of thc followitg facto6:
aPPczrto ofict rhe
of invcstigarion
,16, which ricas
larscstsavmas,
of tle ro|al cosrof th' Product
2. Vh-arDropor:ljon
is rtuilutablc to parrsandnDhhcsoblriicd fiom
'
o$c! slDDlicrsor rnenufacl1rlcls'
3. How mr]ih of Ihc product'slotal costis atributsblEto melcrial.
4. How tr$ch of thc PaoducCstotrl cosl ls
aftlibulablcto labour.
5. How muc} of lhc Product's lotal cost N
ettibuteblcfo ovcthc.ds.
6. How much timc is cadmetcdto bc rcquircdfor
salisfactoryanalysisof Gachs'clion or com'
POnant.
lh! alrllyst
Ard.d wilh snswct!to thcacqucstionsr
h now i! i posilionto .pPly rhc acvcnnuin slrgcsrhit
in cfcct, constitutcsr 'blue-Print' for rll
""iiii"
"r'!t,
ul valucanalYsis.
succissf
Blue.p nt lot successlul analysls
itre 'blue-print' or iob plen to $hich succcssful
valuc analvet5work, comPriscsscvcnsagcs which, if
aDDlicdint.lligcntly,cnabl's th' eftlyst to:" (a) Rccogniscend facc thc.Problcmsirh thc Par
dcularfunction!clcarlytn m'nd'
ab) I-oqtc end collcc(Ihc nc'dcd informarionconccmingall rsPclsof th' Producl
r.l io.ii'.,rv pcrfonn ana comPlctcthc csscnli'l
ctcetllE Itorx.
(d) An lysc thc r.sul$ of thc crearivcsork for thc
'
bcsichoic.sof action'
that
snd cslablkhefrcctivcPro8rammcs
Ic)
' ' PreDarc
bcst
of
lhesc
.osirc *c suctcsstulc'recution
cboiclsof action.
ff) Execuk rhc cstrblishedprogramrncsviftly
fot dccisionand
iJ) i"cumur"t ti'" 'c'utrs obrained
positivcsction
achievedand
ffr)'Carctuily appraisc thc rcsul$
to! cosr rcrccommendatrons
makc teliablc
imProrcmcnt'
or
dr:crion Producr
rrt s.".n ttri.t, cach of *hich is esscmialtn thc
arc:
plan'sovelalleffectiveness,

( la)

L
2.
L
4.
5.
6.
7.

rri. ,\1.ditlineFa(' ro (n.hlc rrrdm!rL r$cmbh nclhnd\r,,he u'td.

rna\!fr,'du.cdp,fl. rntl(ed
ir. l'\inF sranJarJ
oi cusrnm
madeitcms.
v. Simpliiying prndu or parl d.\itn ro
crublc chcaper,orrickcr ma$-Frodrritjnn
lnethodrlo bc used
v:. L5ins chcarrr frr nlorc crpcn.itc p,o-

O.icntatilln
Informatian
Speculalion
analYsi5
or cri!;ca1
Evrluation
PlBnn'ng
Progranmccxcculion
Repo and conclusjons

Staoe 1. Orlentatlon
1 hasbccnsaid rb3l 25 pe! cent ot rhc prohlcmof
cfcctive cost rcducrion.is conccrned{ith thingt snd
thc ftmaining 75 pcr ccnr with Pcoplc.For this rceson
thc analys!must acquirca thorcughkno$lcdgcoi:(a) V,fhatis to be accomPlishcd.
6j vhat particlla! fcaturcs thc clltomcr rcally
per_
ncedso! r'\'antsin rcgard to aPPcarancc,
iormsncc,rcliabjlit]! safct', scrviccrbjlitl sttd
mainl.nsncc,sizc,wcighl,ctc.

vii. lfideniq rlns. tolcr,'n(cs r,' qui.lcn

machinidgand assembl!times,rnd te rcduccqlsragcof mrlcrialviii. Rcmovingutncccs$ry finishingPro.csics.
ix Usjng pre-finish.dmatcrials.e g. Plastics.
prc-paintcdsrec)shccretc.
x. tsuyingfinishcdcoml.oncnl!morc chcrplt,
(dl Enc.ursgcrhc frec snd libcril uscof iErginaend ideadons.rsi{\n!.
lion e.g.(hraiDstolming
(c; Record cvcr! slggcstionlhar tccms rcnrotclt
feasihle.
(fi Ertahlhh t\ro-n'2ncteilitc ieafir for tlc Pr(,.
ducli(,nof additinnaliiierl.

Sl8ge 2. Inlormatlon
Hcrc, lhc rnalysl is conccrncdnjlh Sathelirg
rcecthcras much rcliablc informationas Porsiblc.As
during rhc first lnd lccond stagcs,i5 Placcd
crn'phasis,
Slage 4. Evaluallonol crllical analysis
on_'function'rnd thc cost 0f obtajningthclc iunctiont
Thc cos! of cvcry id(s producedduring Scrllt I i5
thc snslyst ftust add to his acoimul.ting knolvlcdgc
carcfullt elaluetcdand th. cort of using!ll(m!rivc
no$
'
(!) Sccuringell csscntialfacts ,e8erdit8 thc Pro- mclhods,matcrialsEndprolclseslhnroughlvjnvcstigatcd.
'
ducr,i.c. sclutl lrmplcs of Psits as $cll ss thc
Expcnritc altcmativ$ eithcr in tcrmr of matcli,{l(\r
clinlinrrcdand
rsscntblcdProdu.t whrrc Prrcticablc.Obtall
tabaurcoslsshouldhc alrrcmatiiell-'_
rclieblc informatio[ on cosls,quanrities,com- lhosc idces thrt. Juncri('nallLrccm of douhtful $rluc
or rcl(illnn.
Donentrnd malcritl Inanufaclurc!s.drl$ing3' mu$t bc clrcfullr_tcstcdheforcirLcccptancc
ioh Plxnnitg
matllisl and work spccifications,
To obtain relirhlc infnrmer;onfor re!liflic Fri(ccaids, man!fatturing and iffPcc!ion method$ fixiDs 6f Dartr,cl$c cn-otcrilri.n $hh lhc Pur.h!'ing.
nrcducticnand cosrdrFarlmcntsi' c!'ctllsl l'h( anJltsl
(b) Lcarning rhc basic etginccrjng principlcsinmustnot ovcrlonkthc iractionsof r prnnl-ld 011crch
product
par:s mcans! l''tsl $!inF nf 2.n636td
dcsign
volvcdin thc
of 1,00t).000
(c; StudyjnBand lcerningell $e menufscluring
Pro- ProFscd changeishauldhc disiusscdttirh (hc d.sprtch
c.sscainvolvcdin meking lhc finhhcd [)'oducl' and scrvicint dcptrlnrcnts.sinic roftc a<.minslt unsnd inspcclin8and lcsting h Thc valucof tnol.
ncccssEry
fcaturcm:S hetc tn h( Injludc.lfar mlinlcn'
ing sct"ups,ctc
rllc. purposcsor to freilil?te handling or lacliagin8
(d) Dctcrminitg \rhich pEr$ r.c stocl itcds rDd
duritg dcsprtchnFcrations
$. valueand siz. of stocksleccivcd.
Esscntiallt,lhercfolc,th! anal!srshould:
(e) Esrablishthc cashv3luc ol ca,:hidcs produLcd.
(e) Dcciding thc tmount of cfiott lha! should
of
cotl.
(b) Dctclop all idcas\thh (mFhasi3plsccdin pr:'
relsonablybc spcnton eachhetn
Dnttionto thcir vrlu. .nd Pc$ibleuscfulncss
lhosc idcrs rhat "irhour carcful
tc
intesrisate
' 'appratuil
Stago 3. SPeculation
arc
auromaticall(Iah(lld 'ir lvon\
of
thc
Hrving lcquilcd a rclisbl. undcrstlnding
.!re
tricd iI beforc Litt rhc PoodFoint:
wcik' or
producCspurpo6cand informarjonconccrningits opcra'
as
thc bad Pdinls Whcle F\ihlt'
a$
\rcll
rcliabilityand cl$todcr rcqulrcmnts'
tion, menufacturc,
and
overcodcohicctions
eliminelc
rhc amlyst k now iD a securcporilionto epplyhissPc:ial
with \!h;ch ro cxplorclll
programme
a
(d)
Sc!
up
cr.auvc
Bl.nrs (by idcation,irrraginccringar similar
idds \r-hichsh.$ Proffisc.
rcchnioucsli:r discoveringpossiblc solutions to thc
problcms
cnd
he
should:
involved.
To
this
various-C.riccir
cverypossibl.soludonto thc ptoblem'
fe)
5. PlEnnlng
rL Frccly con{ukorherswho may bc ablc tn hclP. Stage
-Oncc
thc claluation stagc ha' bc(n ru.lcssfull(
rnachvarinus
matcriah
icj syxcmarkattycxplnrc
c.mDlcted,lhc ,nalln mustmal( r dc(isiin '' lr rhLlinc
th'
inlnE, prndu:tion and assemblyProccsscs'
of pans with of cnquiryto bc pursucdso ss -to makc2 nn'l rcliatlc
t.-"ir"ng.."n,5nd FurJhasing
selcction.'Thishc crt accomplishbs adnP(in!:a rhc
a vic${o:
oPcratuncdonaland (b; cnsr analysisaPFroachto his Fdbo! asscmblt
i. EliminalingcomPoncnrs
lcms.Thc deckionas to $h;ch aFFroscirto u* irr\r is
rions
prefcrcnce.althougbs'mctimc!
ii. SimPlifyingParrsand asscmblyopcrations a mattcr of individual
rlpr rf Prrr or Prod und'r
by
thc
this is dicrated
ro cnable cheaper,r'inskillcdlabourro bc
'r
anillsis.
used
III\

of rhc producl a'd obtain conpetiliv Plicesand

samP l cs.

la) F unttionota?Praa'h
it'e anatl-stconiint."r"s on the cl:minadonof unend crch ioo n brolen
or proccrsesJ
n".."r.v pli
as dcaof lunctionalsecuons
down inro a progreslion
shich
sho\a
Fr'nis' oI
al.a pr"*o,i'ry. Those ideas
iBr' Once
con!idcrcd
are
!3rrs
lhe cosr
thcn
'r..."ri,Iy.r,"i:'r,i"g
atd
oniv
comPletcd,
been
rt"t
irrir undyit
is
used.
approach
snalysis

execul'on_.
6. Programme
Stage
-Bcforc

aqqooch
lb) Cott analYtis
a<3 means
Ha'ing 3PPlicdlnc funcliorul sPProach
ano
pans
manuJr:luflnt
unteccssarv
alL
of climinating
rn
con(racrs
now
analyst
proc.sscs
$e
etc
fir;shins
casha
stricdl
frcm
He proglessrs
iirn"ini"ne'.omponcnrr'
of gclling tht cqurvalcnl
with ll]c PurPosc
cosrvicw-poinr
thc closestco_oPcration
This'involv.s
tot't.st .0s,.
"iir.
and suPPlicrs
manulacrurers
bct\ec.nsD.cialist
simDlificd. thc esscnrial rcquitcmcnts for tlrc
arc:
of !hi5stage
epPlicat;on
succcssful
product
down mto scPA!3tc
thc
fa) To blcsk
secrions
futalionrl
(b) Choolc thc lop sPccialhtcoflc'rncd whh Ih'
' 'Droductionof cachsccl;onand joinrlydjscu3s
atd cxDlorcidcasfor cquivalcntv uc tor lcss
oi fot *rvs of clindnalingPalts wkholt
"ott
groduc!dctcriora!jon.
{c) thoosc r selccliollof thc besl suPplicrsit lhc
' ' country (or sbroad)fot cach futctional scclion

thc vrlue analssrcanconfdcnllyPrI forEald

qualiry!t reduicd
Jorob!ainingequiealen!
lirm DroDosals
surerha!(a) his rccommendacostIe mustbe absolurety
rionsarc fcasible;(b) Ihat thcv ncet all rcquircmetlsoI
luncrioD:and (c) Ihar rhc! will not reduccaccePtlblc
for q;aliry and rcli.bilily Consulra!ion,rcrcsrandards
rcprescnutiv'sof bi3
wirh cxpcricnccd
Io!e, is nccessary
.omo"nvr sat*, production,Purclasing dcsPstchand
mustalsobc hcldwitl
,.rui.in* a.p"ttrn*,t Dhcussions
spcdalistcom'
of
selcc!cd
rcPrcscntativcs
Lle recfrnicat
siippiiclsand manulacturcrs'
o!
marclial
Drncrr
'
Basicallvth;s mcansthar thc analys.must:
(a) Dc.idc rhc prrticuh! function requircd of a
'
lh!
and thendiscuss
Dtrr. dcscribch eccuratcly,
conltructilc
obtain
and
inuolucd
iroblcms
h end
lrlggcsrionsbt ralkirg wilh sPccialists
outsidehis own firn1,
rcplcscr:hlivcsunril
rb) Votk vith manufacrurers'
' - thcy can
.ltcrtath'c aug8cl'
rccePtable
Providc
tionsand Prjccs
(:) PcriodicaliysuPpo( thc $ork of sp:cialhtsby
!hcir idcasconccrnrng
srud$in!!nd cvslualinB
indi;id;al funcrionll rcctionsof tlc Product'

SHEET
VALUE ANALYSIsREPORT
q{!!q
i,*itsolir ru(INk

.I.N{
Pufposa:10L.c^ItaSr(r! r,EL

lrc A.219l5 DaE-25Ie-1-!

-AE"

METHOO
PRESENT

ffitr ffifi"

METHOO
PROPOSEO

trwot-wrry
es*r,.^,

ffi#.o,.'.".' ...,.',*'e,
1
-sq$l!!!-at-!s:-i!E:-!t'@

ro*' .

? H^e at-A'rE^L

"-'o

3. no D^{aErouioBsr.ucrEnr

(r2)

(d) vo.R ot each suggcstio'or idca unril ir has

beln doroushlvexploredfror elery anglc'soas
to reacha dfinjrc'uscablccoDclusron'
Staoe7. Reoorl and conclLlsion
job PLan
Ihc final sragc of ftc valLe etrlysis
drra oD
all
rclcvatt
dc'lards tlrc collciitg rogctbetof
matedal
product
tcst
acPor!!'
costs,wo.l analysis3nd
c.c so that s fnal selcct'oncan
and wolk sPccificadons
bc raadcand rhc analvs!'srccomcldadons tor oblaif,_
valucfo! lcsscostcmcrgc.
iDscqu;valcnt
- .scforcd1eanalystprcParcsh; !.po!!, thc cost of
Dunitls his 6lul rccomorendationsjffo practrc' mu3t Dc
lccuraiclvcslimatcd.Thk mcanta carcfulcoffidcrado!
of rhc cost of scr:FPingcxjstjngProduclio!8cthod5,
dlchin.s or tool! and .cplecingih.m with 6o.c suilabl'
couiomcnl II t}c enalysthr3 dccid.d to climinaGa
p"ni.ul.r p"tt, h. must considcrthc cos! of scraPPing
cxisrinestocks,rnd whcth.! it is ncccs:ry ro vithhold
a ccrtiin quantlty for scrvicingPrcviouslymed. ProducE. ,nd !h cos$ involvrd. Thc cfrcc!of his rcco6mcnditionson thc rncthods,tyPc aDdquality ol labour
used in all pcrdncnl dcParhcrrs, mu$ lko bc con'
!iddcd.
The rcpon shouldbc kePtsimplc,end wri cn in an
cisily undcrsloodstylc. Onc Pagcahouldb! dcvotcdto
and rhls strouldconlain! simPla
iacl' recommcndarion,
bcforcan.l rfrcr'3kcichof thc Pan or lsscmblyinvolvcd.
as 'rcll es such pcrtincn!informationas: quanliticsof
Dansus.d Dct yca!, mltcrial, labourand manuficrlldrg
deri
icsts crc. E:rginccringinfomadon and 3uPPoning
shouldnoEbc includcd,suchi:formatjonbcingSivcnon
supPonjDtpagc.
s spsratc

be scn!rc rhemanagcr
The complet.drcport shouLd
rcspo'siblc.torlhc final a..cltancc oI lhe reco'l1oenli.ions made whc.e ncccsslr),coPicsshouldbc setr to
jnvolvcd
dclarlmenlalheadsl1howill ulrimrtcly bcconc
proposcd
in rhe
rccommcndadons
obtaincdfron1sPcciaiisl
Acccpublcpricc quotations
parr manufacrulcrsshould be leni Io thc lurchasilg
srcPsservcrc cmphasisc
Thc followingprogressivc
proccdurc
anrllst Io complctc
for
th.
ncccasary
rhc
Sragc7, and so conclulchi, valucanal'sis
succcssfully
of thc produfi involvcd:
,aJ Preparcand issuca concisc,illusuatcdsuggc!rion shcctcovclingcachParI Nhicl showsr.rl
possibilidesfor attrinins cquiralcntv3luc for
!cduccdco3t.
shcclgjvcstllc
ib) Alak. ccrtainthal thc suggesdon
'
informadon:
rhefollowingcsscnrilll
i. b.forc and lftcr lnaltsir skctchof cach!art'
'
ii. quanftics of Parlst$cd Pc. y.lr'
cosls,
iii. maiclial, labou! lnd Paoccss
:v. susicsl.d cost rnd, if rny' toolingco3t3,
u. ii"temcnt s:I:lply dcsclibingthc fuDction
"of cachDart,
casilyundclstood
in a condcnscd,
vi. suggcstidns
forrn
'
Scnd copies of thc repo$ to th. .xcc1rlivc
:cr
*hst.vcr
dcsignlt.dto rEccjvcit 3nd imPlcmcnl.
to sdopt the !.commcndaecrion i! ncccasary
tion.
rd) Scnd all Pricc quo!3tions,rc8:ficl wkh dl
pcltin.nt cngitccringd.tr. malcrial sPccific!_
tions ctc. ro rhc Pu!.hesingdcpEruncnl

Ouick-operating fasteners
I.EVRACruATEO

A-D..r.?cll

C.r.i. B.it TrD.

C-Dnw.rlrr
t--Dr.y.t!ll

H.i.Acti.n

C.r.h.

H@k lyr.

F..r.n.!

q{v'*'.r

@tw

t rr.n..

tu t)

O-F.rt

t..d.Sct.e

J-Aal!.r.bt.

SLIOEACTION

U,

l/-Sli.l.

Ttsh.Ge,

t.el

f..r6..

th,oqlh lh. ..n@.bt. p.n.t. .nd rh. plwt .n!.9.r b.hind lh.
t.h. or rurtEning 6.hb.'. rh. t..!.n.r .3$nbty 6.y b.
..tr-cohp.n..ti.g tor . wtd. r.ne. ot h.!.ri.t rNcrn.r3$ bv
mxnr or I thr..dd .h.tr upon which rh. prwt hov6. .ri. y
wn.. rh. .h.lt h rd.l.d, Tvp. J. of rh. .embtv B.v ..v! .
tir.<l .diurr,D.nr, TvD. L wilh lh. t.fi., .,.ng.h.n!
rn. 9.wr
liq...ont
lnl tn.R ro I or.d.r.hi^!d Ddirion whd. n cr. b.
ldr.d in Dl.c. wjrh . nur or..r .o.w. th. fi'' ryp. provid.r
no.. cohrr.ribility
o. rott.lp .nd i. i.t.ud.d i;. !.. wnh
g..Lt! or whm v.ry rilnr tcl.down ot !h. o.n.t ro tdn. i3
dnir.bl., Th. t.c.nd ryD. ti t.n.' ro or.r.r..

Srud-ryp.,.d.n.B conri3rot. h..d.d 3Ed n.hb..,. d.rnr.g

o@rc. ro r..D th.rud m.nb.r wilhitria p.a.t. .nd . nur.r.m.nr
or ,.c.9t.cr. ror .ng.$n..t
witn rh. t|u<t h.nb.i
Th. .rud
n.y .mptoy r !v .fr ot hstipt. th,.rd., . .rnrt.
l.hEr_
r.r{..c thr..d, or. poi.crhg tus.tr nr.mnr.rih..6d
ot ih.
3ud
nEt. uth th. r.c.iv.. d.h6r .nd .eodrti.h tha thr..-ro
rob runctDn
or .n94m.h!
.ontmsio.,
.nd hotd dos.
nwtsryp. r.tr.n.r
h.w r @rn.br. nud ., .h.lr loon whtch
c.tr b. .ghbr.d . ..di.tty proiGrinop:et. Th..hrtr i. m.unr.d

Adi!!r.bt. a!

tl-Sr&.tolt

F.rt.n.r

Frtt.n.t

DEFI$ttOt{S

Ll.tr

Lt.h

ruIN OPERATID

8l\,"^.^

X-Sliain!

Chs.l.

Typ. C- ro.nrur. r.n.ion wh.. .ccu..r. inrt. rion .plcina ot

rh. r.n.n.r co6p.n.d. F.y b. impr.cri..t. thir co.tirur.rio.
.r.o.o.ord rmo.cr.nd.hoc* t6.dr
.C.d.!crion L.r.n.d conlhr ol . c.n .cru.r.d by . t.v.r
wnaDrn rn. s.d h.hb.r t. .h.p.d ro .n!!!., putt in, .nd to.t
lpon . prn hount.d in | &pr.r. 6.rine 1..p.., Th. c.6 i,
!.!.ry .n inn...nr p.^ ot rh. t.v.r, Tvp. E, or n m.v b. r
..p...r. cohpo..nt inr.rco.n.d.d by . noo.ing, typ. D. Th.
crn h.mb.r G lrutttv .rr.ch.d ro rh...hov!bt. .ra.hbty rnd
lh. t..p.r.l.n.nr
ir nr&h.d to rh. nonj.hd.bt.fr.6b..,

D-Dw-polloich.r h.s.nh.rr
U..h.r.d wir.6.iL ryp. A, o,.
J-hoot .on..cr.d ro . hE, wh,cn p,ws
wdnn I hou.tng b...l.r
nou.rar on rh. fix.d !..1 ot rh.
.gmDry. ryrr E. A k..o.r, !.u!Iy 6osnr.d on ri|. @v.bt.
.rm.m, tr.h.p.d to n . wirh rh. brit o. J-hoot, lh. t.tr.n.r
puB rna rwo.t.h.n|. toe.rh.r .nd tocb !y pivoii.s
ovarc.nt.,
In. orri.v.r cohbinnion .onnih.t
inco.po,.6. . |'rinc,

l-hrl

m
w
E-t^v.FTyr.

DEF {t t t O t t

l--{lr.rr.r-trn

C.t.h, sr.i.!.lrd.i

lol.,

Sc.in!-r.o.dc.l

Ouick-operating fasteners r"..._

!h. closuc k.^qag. wirhin,or undei a k..o.,6t.m.n!.
usu. y
holncd io th. traho or body olrh. srucrur.,In.oh.
er?s,.o
ng.gcr direrty i.ro rhc 5u,trc. ol
mc lane or pm.L sohe typ.! h.y b. nounr.d enrnr,y
on r^.
.ur3rd. or th. p.n.tJr.h. ntu.rur.

nfrtr'li"sll,rH{#:i{irf+:{'f,iilli:il."':i
PUSH.PUIL

N-Ptn.Srlint

_
f Int.! L.rch
F_Err.nd$tcP.o4

br.t

ol rh*. t!!r.m6 .r. n!m.6$, bur noa .hDro

..V,r.i.rionE
In. ronowrng.onbin.rion. ot h.no.t .p...!ioB:
ro rocx_
potnro r.1....; lock on ct@ing-purh ro r.l.r4j Duth
plrhro rek_
pln rc r.r..3.; lnd ps ro bck_pu
ro,.t..r.,
In. pu.n-pu[ t d.n.r. t.dorm . b..ic t.rchtno toncr;on,
grly
i.m.
or ct..Enc. 6!3r utu.ly b. p..hin.a b.rw..i
rr.cn.o p.n.l .nd rr.m. jn th. t.rch.d po.irio., .inc.
r.5r.n.Er6.not int.ndd roDuI up orcoBpr.$th. p.n.r rhG.
ro h.
r.d. or.gtn
. $.t.Th. tyD.. r.quning.,.c.iv.rcohpon.nr
or. nor.Inrh. rr.E wiltnoitot.r.r. Bcch nirfl.Cm.nl

rr$*t.'H$''d:#jf$ffi
Blind rivets
alind .iv.ri ... h.ctlntqt t n.n.n rhrr
on b. hn. d in . ioinr which t..cc.rrjd. onty. Wh.. . btind
nvq E r.t . ..lr.cont in.d heh..icrr
cn.hG.t, .. orh.r t .rq.. t .h, rn !o;
o. |rt h!c...ribt.,
d bri.d, .nd .n.t ;tF
lrprndl |ll rh.nt( rhur .acu.in! lha
Danr
o.r.gtorn.d.
lowa.., btiM rtvd. .. tna..tnotv
o..c in .polic.tio.! wh.r. borh .id..-J
rm to|nr ... .c...ribl. in ord., ro.iB.titv
.ralrbry, ..v. a.rat ihp@. rpp..r.tu.
!oo.d vriu. ot tod.6itiry_rh. ,iv.rin,
en b. b@ught ro rh. wdL rhir i;
dpcr.ny v.tu.bt. tor t..9..$.nbti.r.
lnnd .,v.t ryeB: 1.., pufl n..drol
nono,..r: (r,/ DUI i.ndcl
eu -rhbu,h,
r.,/ pulm.nd..t, bF.k n.ndr.t. oo.n.;d:

17i,,
;i iT,!!)i, t, ?:,l:'"l,.lii

cn.ircanv crp.^d.d. op.i .id: .nd ;,;l

ch.mc. v.:p.nd.d, ctord.nd

qRPl4iw

wv l

Ouick-operatlng

fasteners (cont.d)
a k.ep.,.r.m.n,.u3u.y
::.:111':"-'...:1nj,g:
mounEd ro rhr r.he dI'1"'1.
bodv-.und.a
otrhe 3ructuE.

"Sr:ii,1":j:i#"Ifl1lft
il'l{fl
*\{{'ift
"::i

t^ 3ohc rr!.5, no
rc.rer E used,.ndrh6 botr..sage. dnmrty inio ih.
sun.c. ol
hc_rrane!orp&.t
IrD* mav lc nojnrra enoc,v o" rne
.sohe

PU5H-PUIt.

N-Pi..SDri.!

_
Ft.a.r !.l.tr

o-Bltiotr

t.v.r

rf rc6
p_Erp.nd.bt..pro4

t r.tl

ol lh4. tsi.i.6.r.
num.ou., bvr ho.t.nDtoy
..v,.ri.tions
rne ronowrng.o6bi..tion! ol hr.u.t op.r!rion3:pu.h to toct_
p4n ro rer..re; rock onct6i.e_eu3h to..r.G.;
eushrotock_
putrro 8r..3.: !.d pu lo tock_pul ro,.t..!.,
Ine p$h.po[ llit.ndi p orn . ba3ic t.rchins tundion,
^
u3ultrY b. p.rhi[.d b.rw..n
rtrrchc Aant and tr.m. in lh. t.!ch.d p6itio^, .inc.
rh.$
r!3r.n.E&..not tht.nd.d to puI up orcoFFr*.rh.
ro rn.
rEh. or lgah . r..r.'Th.typ.. r.quning.,.c.iv.r O..er
compon.nr
orr nob th. t..h. wi not lor.,!t. muchhi3. nsD.nl
'n

#ffitr$#$frffi
Blind rivets
Elind .iv.n rr. n.chlntcat t.n.n.r. rhr
..n D. intrrrr.d in. joinr which t. &..3.
.id. onry. wh.n . btind
.v.t r. r.l, . ..tt.conr.tn.d m.ch.nicrt
cn.hrc.r, or oth.r t .rur. to,h3 !n uord
on
or btind,.nd .nd it.o
'tr 'n.cc...ibt.,
.rprnd.
fi.hmlc thur reu.ina th.9.,ta
How@.r, 6tind ,iv.E .,. rncD..inorv
u..d h lpplicdion. wh.r. borh .jd..;
rn. ,or.r .r. .cc.rjbt. i. ord.r ro.ih.tjtv
.$hbry, 3!v. nd.t. ihp.ov. !p!6.,.nc._
Pon.bilit-th.
iv.rin.
c.n D. broughr ro th. wod( Thi. i;
.sD-.o.nyv.turbt. tor t.,9. ls.hbtis
snno nwr ryr.3: l.) pu'| 6. dt.l
nont..t: 16,/p! tu.dr.t, ou :rhbudh,
rc,/ puun!nd,.t,be.k han.tr.t, 6p.n .;dj
tq gun 6. dt.t, bG!* n.nd,.t, ctG.d
rno: r.,/ rhr..d.dj lt) dtir.
oi^: to,
.nc.'"urrv
op"n .na: ana i,r,l
"tp"na.a,
cn.m'canyerpand.d, ctosede^d

qR@4X@

wul

Ouick-operatin g fasten ers

I.EVERACTI,ATEO

a-one-Purt c.t.t. t.il Tyr.

C-Dn*llll
l-D.rw-Irgll

D--{.6-A.tlon

c.rch.

H@l

T,'.

l.it.a..

Crt.h, Srrlra-lr.rt..t

m
w
E-Le.FTyr.

DEFtt{t t t ot {

Chr.i. blci

Typ. C- 6 d&G

D[w-pullcnchd h.v..irh.r.l.J,jh.r.d
wn. b.it, TVp. A, or.
.olc .het.hd.t
J.hoot connEr.d ro . r.s, whi.n prrcs
wdnn . nourrne b[ct.r nounr.d on lh. ti,.<t D.n ot rh.
.sfrbry, Typ. L A lG.o.r, usu.tty noc.r.d on rh. 6ov.Dr.
.rm.fi,
to h.r. wiih rh. b.it or J.hook. Th! ,.r.n.r
'r.n.p.d
plE rh. rwo
.r.E.ni. tog.th.r .nd tock by pivoli., ov.r c.nr..
rh. Drir.t.wr cohbi.lrion roh.rth.r Inc6rp.rr.r . tpring.

A ^ -*nr
0cJ-J

IUiN OPEIATED

R(
W

l--{u..t.rt!.n

@tw

F.rt.n..

..,,

ltuntv
l-f.wl

rN@n wh.n .ccuor. i.3r.[.tion .e.cine o,

v b. impr.cric.l.Th,r cont,rsrlio.
.r.o.Borbr hprd.nd 3hockto.dr.
.C.n..crion L.t.n.6 con.hr ot I c.h rct!.t.d by | ,.v.r
wh.dn ft. c.n h.hb.r i! rhlp.d to .ng.C., pll in, .no locr
u9on . Din hou^t.d in . ..p.r!r. h.rin! l..p.r. Th. c.h it
u.u.irv .n inh.r.nr pln ot th. t.vor, Typ. E or n hay b. .
..e!r!r. .ompo..
rn!.rcon..d.d bv r hou3int. tvp. O. Th.
h.d ro rh. r.mov.bl. ..$mbt, rnd
rh. k..p.r.l.n.nr13.rr.ch.drorh.
non{.6ov.bt. h.hb.r.

G-F[l

L.d.s.r.w

J-AdjudrSt. p.-t F.(.n..

Siuo.ly9.l..r.n.n cod.r ot. h..d.d rrud 6.6b.r,..rrnrn!

d.vic. to k..r rh. iud mfrb.r wnhi. it3p.u.l,.nd. nur.t.d.nr
or r.c.9t.cr. to, ..s.!.n.nr
with rh. .rud h.mb... Th. .rud
..prov . 3y{.m o, 6uttior. !tu..di. . .in!r.
il"lj"'.
T"v
t.ni.!d thr.rd, q. poFcring tu! .(!ng.h.nr .t rh. .nd ol rh.
nud _roh.r. wirh lh. 6c.ivn .l.n.nr rnd.ccompti.h rh hr...
roo runcrDn ot dl.!m.nt
conp6$ion, ..d hotd dtun.
F.wl-ryD! Ld.n.6 h!v.. ror.r.bt. nrd onh.tr uoon which
crn b. .*.mbl.d . r.di.ttv proi&ting,.wt. Th. sh.ft L nou.r@

throueh th. r.mov.bt. 0...t. rnd rh. p.wt .n!.!*

b.tind rh.
hh. o' sup9onjng E.hb.r. Tn. l8r...r r!3.nbty mly b.
..tr-cohp.n..trng ror . wid. r.ng. .t mlr.riri rhi.t6.ss.r by
m..n. or . thr..d.d .h.tr lpon which rh. p.wl hov.3 .ri.(y
wh.n rh! .h.lr i. d.t.d, Typ. J, or rh. .3..mbty 6.y h!4 a
lit.d .djurn..r, Ty!. I Wirh rh. t.fl.r rir.n!.h.nt, rn. p.w,
.rid...rong ih. !h.lr ro. ord.r.r6in.d ro!,tonwh.,. ir c!^ b.
lock.d in pl.c. wirn . nlr d ..r *,.w. .th. t,6t ryp! prov,d.r
mor. conpraibilirv d ps .up .nd ir i .nd*t tor u, wM
9..k.8 d wh... v.ty right t@t-down ol lh. Bn.t to 1..m. i,
d6ir.bl.. Th. s.cond ryp. i. t.3r.r ro ot rrr..

S LIOEA C TION

brcll, Adiurt.bt. pul| Ut

llt6br.r.r

Fdl.n..

Fd.n.r

DCFIIII TI O NS

X-Slidin!

H-S..ndoll

L-slid.

B.x, srri.!-L.rd.d

Rivets-solid, tubular and split

flEA0S
Th.s
cold-lorm.d nv.G ...
.tungrr
lh. n$r
.ommor
d.rion compon.nr. in r$.frbt.d
9roductr, b.ing !..d in t.tg.
nlmb.B in indu.ui...! diwe
.. sddl.rY
.nd .l..rronicr,
doD.nic tppli..c.s ..d coopon..$ ror rh. hoto. or.
Owi.c r. rh. 0ow oa Dr.l
dqring rh. to,minl ototi.n.
p.n pr.du..d by rhir n.thod
ol m.ncltcrlr
r. ,..rtcot..tv
r,tto.s. Th. {!. ot c..bid. r;
hlgh-gr.d. rool.l@t..d.p*i.l r.chnhsn.k.. ir cocribt.
to hord .on.in nrtt rigN r.l.F
.ncr .rd Froduc. prn. wirh.
s.Y hleh.sr.d. rurl.c. tinirh,

DESCI |?T|O NS

Tubsl.r ria.r..
Th. hot. h..
Pr.rr.r w.ll.j th. d.prh ol rh.
hol. will Do,h.llt d.F.nd on
$. !...'. na.d. u.!.llY not tas
lh.. on. di.n.rd
d..t. t.
.9..i.1 c.r|
th. hol. m.y eo
.leht thEuch rh. h{.t .nd dr
rlwt l. ti.. dadib.d
u .tu y
lubul.r', lubll.r rlsr. ln .oha
.rpli..riom n y b. !..d ro
pi.rc. n.t.,i.l.
.lurin! .r$m-

,_

FL-J

II

L--J
Oddrry oy.l

&fin|.y fl.t

Tirm.||

calltlfiaunl

STAf'IDA8O
WPs

8|l11..|6.
arnlt!hi.r

ooohl.-ta0.r
a.mi-ltt!lar

TuhiLr

8iltlr!.t!d

N E=q
Compns:imrivits

Sdl.i!5!|...,
Th. hot. t p.r| in &.h. w.y rh.r wh.n corGcrty..r rn..h.nt.&.nd.
Th. hol. d.prh i. rh....iwr! i. nqh.flv 0,8i. di..

to til rh. hot. anft. cofroon.nr.

Blru@t d. soh.lim. c.ll.it '.otir' dv.E wn.n oo.h.d inio rh. n.r.ri.t th. pron!3 wi
.r!n ro .pr..o .ulon.nc.[v,
U.ltlly bilsrc.r.d riv.n Di.rc. th.i. own hot. du n; .snory,
coitn.do..
wh.n . .orid riv.r i. pos.d hro I rsblr.r .iwr . ..cu.. joinr k .chiwd wnh .n id.nrrc.r .'p....nc.
.nd. (Typic.l .pplic.d.. ir th...r.lnbty ot tnttr h!ndt.t,)

.r ..cn

c.p.. ar. .v.al.bl. ior u.. wirh tubot.r .nd bils.c.r.d nsr. . nd !.. u..d ro cov.r rh. riv.r cti.cn, To
.chi&. h. o.tl ,.rcM
r.on rh6.-.iwr. tt t.dsn bL rhll rh..o6Don..r..o
d.!jso.d rrod rh.3r.n wirh rhi..",r,oJ or ri"iiiiis i..i.a. nip.i.
.br. h.rur.ctuFE wirr rrwrv. b. pr..r.d ro.dvi... Th. !.. or.r.6d..d p.n. wi[.n.q," rr,"r ir,",l.ip,r*
... t pr rorh. hj.ih!h.
-",.".e...r.
FEEDIIIG AIIO SE?TII{G
Rlv.r..G n.d. to.n.crur.cy..d
wirh. unitormtrvwhichR.*., ir po$i6t. ro ,..d .nd ..r rh.o .p..dit, .ori.r.n
v.nd
rr.cd.ry on .lrod.ric L.d. pow.r d t@r opr.r.d, .iwr-..nins m.chin*, uftri .d opa"rqr ci" *oix r"s
."cr,i.e.

ITEAD SIIAPCS
so6c ot rh! com60n.h.p.. rr..hown.bd..
M.nv or rh.m....vlir.bte
pui logo3,l.rt... o. p.n numb.B on $. h..d3 during to.ming.
Icood.ty EiIucat.d

wirhdcco.'ivc h.!d.. ir i3.ko..idpr.

Engi.cctins Lt.t.)

c.rr..to

Wood

sGfws

(cont.ar

Th. wood .c4w, rhErd.<t ro h..d. ..n h.v. .nh.r

. rhCt. o,
.No.rd rhc.d ru^nino
lh6 ts t..grh ot rh..c,4,ron
rh. m.d
mo_rFnrnlrng in.gimtr pornr.ScGw. ovd on.,ncn,ons
m.y
Ev. r r.nd.d.n.nL
i... rh. di.n.r.r ot rh.n* 6 16, rh.n rh.
our5E. or rtu ihr..d bll r grc.r., rh.. rh. cor. di.n.r.r.
rm.@v.
typ.. ot wood 6cEw .r. .v.it5bt. i^ rhr.. h..(r
_
{yr.3:
counl.6!nr, rou.d.nd..i5.d colnt.,sunk.

TT

fil

csK l

{6

{@ 4@

Thread-producing screws
D.,i.idon
lh....l curting o...tGrrpptn9..r.w.
r4 crk . I n
r hi. gr olp. a
p. ov d. d wir h G u t r i . g . o o . . . ^ d
chrp auro & rh.r rh.y D.oduc. . n.rine rh,..d
;v r.mov,n!
nnir.r t.oh rn..id.w!I ot rrr rotc h o-conpon.;t
nn.fti
S.ll-d.ll[ns o. Fi.rcing .cr.w.
rm..tr.drnxne q Fi.cino t.n.n...houtd b. .rud,.d in
.od9|con w{n orhr r.n.nd. oh th. v.ry ihpon.trr 6..ia ot in.
.r.tr6con.nd nor.! i. roo oft.n rh. .{, on th. b.r. or tcru.l
pric., Th.Y cohpt.t.tv .tini

/?\

v_/

Tlr..<, torhlng or.ottins rct.w.

I nE.c.r.lory or..tt rrlpi.e .cr.w, .3 th. n.F. ihph.r, .r. not
0.ovrd.6rnh cuning .do.r ro r.p th. rh,..d in rh. m.r.t. pt$ric,
y o6:J rye.9t o.r.i.r b.inq tix.d, blr,.$.r ro ro,n.hrrinc
rh...rt by . rhr.d retttngor .w.ctnc tdion.
No pr.- r.p9.d hor.. .c n.c.!$ry in rh. h.r.ri.t .o rh.r .o.tv
r.ppno, op.dion. .nd rh. .qu;rn.nt invotv.d .e no bog.r
rn.p.inciD.t.dv!d.g.,rn.r.tor.,otr..tr
!!pr.ng.c..w
'.e!tr.d.
,. rh. row in.ol.c. cGr ol|n. trn.n'nd

Set screws
Stondo.d t.mj

Sd *rN.
.i. ur.d G !.6ipqft.n..i
r.51..!6 ro hotd . co[r, sh..E, or
s..r
on . sn.( 6grrn* .ot ,onrt q rrrGt.rionrl
to non l$r.nind
rcr.w i. Bs.nrirnv ;
comp..s'o. d.vic., Forc6 d.Eto4j bv
th. 3d.w poinr on rithr..ing produc. ,
.rons cr.mpirs.ctio. rh.t ,4isr3 ctari
.r$hbt.d
p.ns. Ih.
o..rc proDr.m i.r*rk..t.crion
k ro
'n
r^d rh. o.n cofrbin.rion o, s.r-*r.w
rorm,.r.,.^d poi.r.ryt. rh.r wi[ orevid.
rh. r.qutr.d hotdi.C pow.r
S.r rcr.s c.n b. c.t.sdii.d in rw.
w.yrr by th.n tddi. .nd by rh. ooinr
.tyr. d.itr.d, E.ch ot rn. j.nd.rdi4d
el-tcr.w torn3 it.v.it!bt. i. .nv on. dl
rr po'.t r|yt.., Sddion ot . iD.citic
roro oi poinr B influ.nc.d by tundionrl
.. wd .r oth.r con.id...rio.r.
Th. 6.terion ot rh. typ. of driva ..d.
th!3, th. ..r-$r.w torh wi no@ v b.
d.r.rnin.d by t..rotr orh, rh.n righi.n.
r.g. u.39 . hign.r right.n.bititv_ rh.
.qu.r. hcld h.. . frrid di3!dv..r.o.j ir
p@rrud..,F!cr0r3olconp..rn.s w.id6r:rvns, oroy, rnd rop.roncr nrvaicirrc
tn. $. or flu.h.!.rrinp.oct.l or !ton.d.
Som. .ddirion.t rci.r.nc. i. .on.
r4bur..r by poinr p.n.rr.rion. Cup.Doint
.no .on..9oht ..r &r.w3.r ur.d wirh.
osr . .ponho h.t., tn rh... os,
rh.v
p.n.tr.t..rh. rh.ft mor. rh.n ov.l.poiii
o' u. pornti.t rcr.w! du. !o rhor 3h! ..

@Wl

CW

l{EI GOX IOCXEI

3LOttEO XtADlEsi

@@N

OM

Furtao socrEr

3QU TEt{E/rD

W
NWF

cotE

HAtt ooo

& .Ft.fu
r6D hth!en.!

FUII DOG

Wood screws
A.ricrlly, rh.re .'e rwo ryp.s ot wood
..r.w: rh. conv.nkonal
wolo &r.w.nd
th. woo(t jc,.w rhr..d.d to h..d
wo o d ,c,e w h a s. h ..d. I t.^gth or ptai n
_
r r n . - d v ..r o ^ .t
rn.nx_.id
r lhcrdd podrm rerm,n.lns i6 r
si6ti poi.r. Th
rnr.4 b'n.nd
gihl.r poinr h.v. be.n d.v.top;d ovcr rh. y..'s
Io g'v..good nolding pow., .nd ..!y ..ky
whc^ dr*n
inro
w o . d . a rr e .{
E0 p d e d
o tr h .o v.r .
tcn grhot!n. w ood 3crew
rh. er'n s.nr
berw.en ,h,.al a nd h..d.acnne as i
:i_,h'..:d.1.
achna thin conoon.ds_

(cont'd)

R el i .v.d
Thread.d !o

sh:nt

t
C onvnri on.l

Pllor poa^lhlvlng .r.3t.d rh...dt: fin.

.P.c.d lhr..d: fl.n.n.d DolntDr..3.don
!.lor. thr..d rollins.

NI
Americanpoints

Plrorpolnth.vln! cr..t.d rnr.d.: rr.nd..d o.chltr. ..ai th...di chtr G.rtiv

er.r...r In b.fo.. rhr..d rofirnc.

Foinrlorn.d or ll.nl .. truttcm ot r

Ptr.hld. 0rn th...d rcll..l.

S.o pttot point.d ,Z.typc.

Glml.t por.t.d: tin..r.c.d

thr..d.

GlEl.t point; fin..p.G.d th...d *ilh nv.

ronaa cuflrne nu|.., tcnc. ona .n.rin.
l!.r.aov. pornton F... .t p..i ot ah.nt:

Filol pornt h.ving Gr..|.d th,..dr li..

rp..ad lhr..d ..d liv..ofiad a!$no
nu.r, rh. tont..t o.. .ndhc tu.t .boya
pornron p.r.n.t !.d ot rh.^r.
'EG'lyp.
Prror pornt h.vinc ...rt.d rhr.d.. nn.
r9..r!.th...c.nd
a rid. ..w rtot .. th.
Don( rni c..f. fina otih..tot b.i.o o.
ha..nrr. lln..t ltr. r.r.x.

Conhntion.l ,Iot oolnt wtrh hr.hrn.

.c.d.h(.d.
h.dne trokedht tob.r .r
r.!!r.dr .c.c.d Int.rv.tr (i..{ .t !to! ol

Pllol tolnl i.vln! cr..t.d thtr.d!: tL.d.rd 6.ahl.. .crw ft...d: .rw .16r
bl|.ctl.c polnl. c.nt.. Im ot rtot on

PlrotDolnlh.vlnc .r..i.C th...l.r rt nd.rd m..hln. .c.r th(.di 1..!. .htt

c.Yllt nlll.d on lha tol.t

Tta.lt
Glhh eclni. .cc. thNd rdlh | 1.,0.
cnD <.rllt fillLrl cn a||. ,olnl.

s[\w?

W
@
W
ffi

Nail points
A n.l ,olni r.r.rl.! l. t*. plrn.r .nd
to.hl.E .n .do. ol nn||. hhoth r.th.r

EE-

ffififf$ffi

Chl..l lclnt

fi'fit[[ffi

@
W

A hunF.lC.dptr.nl.l.l poln!.rth .r.r

aamctlfohih..h.nk

f--->

|.cna D.....d .fl..l ,olnt

S..lllc.l,.uon.

FV

A con. t6lnt *it[ . .m.ll rp.r .nol.

...r' l th! In.l .nl D ol .l
Oslv. Fclnt
B.lll.d. or lull.l no..d.

Screws and bolts (continued)

rr=T't

a#u

rT=n

z3J\

bH4
@

1ts$>

n\
(qb)

(um>

@
nw

/.--L\
4-@-tY

-e-

,=-F.:,

uuulllr/uulnir
#Fj":!*-'.:5.P,.fl,.rlJI

b\e(6
a

i:*t*iii,lXli'ji*li.i*j::i

@
r".*r

.d*.

,;h

,-,;:

@
:s

ta

n ir.rflNrr

,:i.,{il
rrlllilm,b
t:J
-",,.^"".,.,*

m
lli;.t&:u**,*'

4it|

i.6'

|t{'

!d;

@
diiqiiin
ml{m\lt

f'-Tr
r*n

fiIIFF

L*J

-a-tr,4+

W
rlm1b

r|h

st |E

Points

t*-^F

ifi?*ll::::r*r,**"'-Ml

rn

@[H
i:i#tiii:l*iff:i1#':ifi

il:lj;il*:::,*:l',rx'---rmmr
g i;li.iirr:rxr*:r;:".:::il
@

-14*

Screws
and bolts

'r".i:lr.ilrfl
:ll.xf
,",""".:::l
iiiil'}:l'i;lj,,Tj{:
i:liT$,f"e.J:.:;tf
--@-'

U'

/?\

lry ffir*r*'mg+

,,-1}\

U'

ffir

ff*$#**fr#T7
LJ

wtJ

i.iij:t?"..#,li
!i.g$;..!g
*:i*,al-_'fi 1*:.;..
Prl,.! ..F

I'

c*-r

ffi?,sffii

::5r:,".1ft"J1;3Hn

TTT

ea

$1'.ii,ttlff,.r:.*"..6

[J

g
a

rer

t-r_]J

1,i1."+:1,{i'$fuP,*l

ffiap,:t::;r:;@

-ilr

FLJ

&::!,ft4'r#fg.^*..
|e4

tf-j

-F-r

ffi:Se**@

tl

U
m
TT
rJ

Iffi.

Gaptive nuts

A NCHO R - CA G E D- CL I NCH- P I E RCE

C.priv. d 3ell...rai.ed nurs p.eid. a por6.n.^r s(o.s,

nunipr..rhrcad.d l.r.e. in nany rypes ot rha. mar.riats.Thev
lre spoci.rry good in l,li.d toc.ron. and can g^c,a y he
dtached w{hour d.mdging li^ishe.. Merhodsot .ftachr.o rh6e
typ6 ol nutt vrrv, .nd roots r.qutr.d tor .srdblv ,@ s;n.r. y
uncoaDkot.d .nd i..rp.nriv.. Sctt-rer.inednuri .,c g,oupcd
.ccordingro lour m..B ol .t.chnenr:
Pl.r. o. ..cfio. .qr. hav. mounri^g tlss whicn can o.

--w-

wtded,or sc.ewedro rhe pan.

'ivered,
c.s.d nuts u* . spiaE-srercase rh.i .et.ins a sr.nd.d
nor rh.r s..psinlo. hotc o. ctipr ov.r.n.dge to hotd rh. nut in
Cli.cft nut. .r. sp.ci.lly d6is.ed nlrs wirh pilor co ar
which .E clinch.d o. sr.k.d i.!o the p....r o:d rhrough a
S.ll-pi.rci.s

^uts

.. . to.n ot cti.ch nlt rhat cuts irs o{n

gi
4-Fil!.

Nul pr.s.d into round hot. .nd h.td by

tlow ot hdll i.ro .nnut.r-ring.d tockiig
goov.. Tdh dit inro worrpi.cc r;

sq!:r. nsr ha3 r6u.d b.ck-i.p.rd gitor

colrar which ir OEss.d i.ro ound hote.
Ptoiec ons rl cornc.s.nbed inwo.rpiae
ro pr.v.nr nor ro|'lon.

Round pilot corbr for .o!.d hor. in

workpae.. (nu.b on .oll.r bit. inro w.ll
ol pilot hol. to p,.v.nt nlt rol{io..

Nur pr.6!.d into round hot. s.d h.tt an

!r.c. bv n.[t ltow inro cnder.ur oitot
coll.r, S.tr tion. on co .r bir. i.ro hol.
wrll to pr.v.nr nd ror.tion,

D-!h.o.d .oll.r .nd .ut in3r.ll.d in

D.3h.tEd hol. ro Or.v.nr br.rion. ur
c.n b. clinch.d or sr.lcd.

Hr pilol coll.. u..d in h.r hol. to pr.v.nl

.ut rouion. Coll.r c.n b. .linch.d righl,
or.t!k.d ro .llow lo. slight nov.h.nt ol

CAGEO

PIFCE

C.s..lvp. nlr r.i.in.. uE.d ro 5.cu.e

rr.nc..d.aurr. ns$ lo.h.r.h.l.t p.n.ts
!.c orn.r ....nbty cofrton..n, h con.
.i!|l ol . loos. bot.tik. r.r!in.r ov.r .
rhr.!d.d n!1. iwo .id.. !r. op.. wirh
l!b! b.nr ov.r to r.rlin rh. th,..dd nuti
th. .rn.r two .id.. .i..d
u.d.h..th !o
rorn ih. p.n.l .nglging .t.menB. Th.
nur 116113
wirhin rh. c.9. to compent.r.
lo,.ssenbly mie.henme^r

A 3.ll-.nchoihg nur r.rliner. Th nlr b.

3p..i.l should.rd d.rig..nd ii loc*.d in
pl.c. wh.n $. rr.and is .ss6bl!d to
rh. p.n.l, Th.3id. r.b..ng!g.th. ropor.
rhq .u, Thi. ...ho.ins l.aru.. locks th.
l.!r.^.. lnfrlv in rh. D.n.l hol. .nd
di.tibur.. divin! roeu. ro rh. suroundjng .r... Th. 60r is lrnrp.ool and .v.n
abusiv. h.ndling c.nnot di3todgit.

t@t
\99

,A

--{

9ql

Typical pirce'nur insl.lr.rio.s: f.,/ u.ive's.l pi.rce 6ut wirh h.lrl lirnly .oined
into !nder.!t.: /!,/ hish.3trc$ pi.rc. .ur
!..d wnh rhin ner,l; f./ !i.rc. nut wnh
cor^.B cli..hed soainrrrh. wo.lei.c..

@ffi
These las@ne's a'. p.odlcd in rn rvpes shown, bing rivrd
ro shet me$l slrucl!.es. La'g0lv lsd i. rhe .rc'all indusrry to'
instumenr mouting, .ic. rhv a' ma.uractur.d wnh sr.ndard

ts,q

Nuts & locknuts

Fr
Itl

tri

a nur b.tic.lly. ir. pi.c. ot n .ri.l. us!. y wirh !r G.rt rwo

p...tt.t t.c.s, through which . cicut.. hot. i, torh.d .r .iohr
.^gle wirh . rtu..d upon rhij in..haly cyt,ndric.t.url.c.. Th.
io.rou..ting rh.p. t.ndt ro r.k. .ny torm conp{bb wnh rh.
dcrig..r'. l.ncy. ru.h.! rhd. itt$r.r.d

A
r
n
\+r-

tLJ

/&\

\#/

nx\

-l tl
d
E-t'

fi.
---..1
-\<----------.1

\i)</
-\7

' aigt storr.dl,r

@n

rftt

.ilI

il

r\l?tl

fl

.t

'{P"

{]

H.r.gon C.nl. Nur

ffil@E

&sill

WUI
l.'.e..

DCF|l{tttOr\l
Locl.ct A nl,l which h.. . .p.ci.t m.n. wirhio tt!.tt to.
g.itCi.g . lhr..d.C l..Ln., d rh! conn.c!.d mir.,i.t |o rh.r
,or.rlon i. r.tin.d in t di...

il
Sbmd Nur

DEFtNt.rtor\t
Lo.tnut, lr- .pln.l.!. A t4kncrwhich c.n b. $..mbl.d o,
rwn.<l t,@ly on rh. rnG.d.d l8t n.r ..d d.!.toD! teking
.ction oaly .1r.. b.ing rilhr.n.d .g.in.r. 6.n ru.Lc.

ru m-Tr
@ rn_
&*

DEFI ITIOI!
Locknct, pdv.ilins torq!.. A locknui which tek. rr .nv
pdirio. o. rh. rhc.d.d l.5r.n.r wh.th.r o. nor n ir r.n.d
.t.anri. br..!urLc.. u3u.lly h.!. lockint.lad..r rh.r r.ro[
ror.rio. .r .ootr .. n .nFl.r
th. .n.r..tty rhrld.d !tr .

@
F c.-spinni.{ loc\nurs: upper hatt ot r*o-pik.
n!!: r./ p,.r!.t
coll.. ol low.. h.rt .9.'.{
borr: croriv. roorh.d w!3h.rj i/6,
oovid.s loctin! wirh sp,i.o .crion; r.rch.r rc.rh; f.,/ bnc inro

b..ri.s su.r.c.; nyronin..n: rd,,ttow3..ound botrro roct .nd

s..r; r^d a'chedorongr:1.,/ot 3in9t..th...dtocknu.g,ip*rrw.

@) ,'ffi,
N-Wa
,,@ bt
aGN

o
,*,

.:Ll
ilr-P

N f fi

",.$lF

Prcv.;lingroqu. rocknlG: detom6 rhr..d: f.,/ hrs d.p..i.ion3

ln ihe IrcG ol rh .ur lo di3ron . ,w rh'c.ds; .tofl.d ..ctaon:
/b,, lons 6!.ms rh.t d.ll.r i.wr'd ..d grip b.xi rh...d.d
ellipticals9 ng-6r.cl ins.dj 1., s.ips bon rh'c.d3: ourol-round
rht.ads: (d) pt6duc. r@ki.s: .nd no.m.r.lljc rrus in..n;
f.,, cau5csw.dsinq acion.

Single th read fasteners

Slngl.rhr..d .ngging .urs .rc tohcd
bv sbmp'n9 . $rcld..ngrs,ns rmr,e$ion
in . ll.r pioc. ol h.r.r, Th. nam.ed
impr.$ion can r.l. . nuhb.r ot .h.p.s:
n.k.rp6ng. on Fovidc ! r.mprhrrth.

srrnp.d inro th. n.r.t

c.n .n94. lnd lct on rh. *r.w rhE.d
rcor anoth.r ryp. ot inpE6sion h.t rh.
thr..d..no.gtng .t.h.nr!.pi..[y
torm.d
ro mlrch rha pitcn ot th. *..w rhr..d!.
Sin9l.-thr6.d .nsrting n!r. an b.
ldh.d of n..rly ..Y t rou! .r .on,do!i .lloy, bur .6 ur!. y Dd. ol
hioh-cr,bon.r..t. h!rd.n.d.nd dt M ro
A.ur with h.tic![y tom.d prono. c.n
.Bo n.E ! .piE-b.3. !rch to dovid.
doubl. ro.kins ..tio.. An inw.d rnr..d
lock ir 9roduc.d by rh. h.iic.[y lqft.d
orongr .nc.ornc .d toctine ro.in$ tE
.s.w rhr.ld roor. Th. b.!. .rch co69,G3.r .. lh. .q.w b riohr.no.!, Droduci.e. *ong lcwlrd ttuun.o.inn rh.
.cr.w thr..rt.. Th6t codbin.d .pri.g
rorc.! pr.v.nt v|berion toor.nint,
Th. rn.ll prouudinc di.m.tar ot lh.
rrun..r.d con..ryp. .ur con,orh. ro rh.
!cr.w rn...d piEn, Th. .cr.w oD.ning
o.com.t proer.srsty .mr .r .r rh.
*r.*
b righr.n.d, p.oduci.s . bind,^g
Th. runclr.d.con. nst p,ovid.r. ,!rl
350d.9 locking lip on rh. ..r.w thr..d
r@r. afiholsh rh... ou$ crn 5. m!d. ot
non.h..r-rr..r.d low-c..bon .r..ta ih.y
provad.lhcb.sr t@tino ..rion wh.n h.d.
ol .high'c.rbon 5r.ctt h..t t..r.d lo
Th. .inst.,rhr..d n!l3 with rh,e.d_
.nsrsins .l.h.n$
.pn.rv tom.d to
rhr.d eit h .!.crj
rimilldy 16 !h. r{nor.d con. ryr. wh.n
taghiln.d. lh. innr conrour oi rh.

r_h. U

hnd.r

Frlorh

h.

A Fin
h.vinf

tti.n.r
fo. r!rt(hi.!
,ri.n'n3
lR'ionr
i;
dr{. i. r
..^3.
'id.
.nd ..nr.Froqk.
di$
0...r.
Frn.n.6 (rn rlro b. n.d. ?irA
rltr.. or hor. ibpF$io.r
in o.. unir.
rr*mbli6

Th. \r" ryF, ?i.h .ndr !qr..d

sD, dn bc urd sh6 n ir n*Bfn
'o
tuh dE nur ro risAcn dE (Ej.
k
.ro on b. r*d *i.[ Bddt. bd.t.s
ro. bli.d rrcnbly of Dr.$.

An .rrlnlion fln.ncr ld L(
r$.nrb'y in blind lo(:'n)nj !.1.r. rh.r.
i. .(\'6t ro onlf on. ridc ot . nr..t. k
.lrilt $rpr ino r rqu:r. nok. Tl1.

,
_Th. 'J ru...r rnrF okr lll.
69. 6r r Fn.r d inro . .6r.r.h6t.
hrion,
rnd holdr iclf in rtre tor
bli.d r$.dbl).
D6irnina n,;6u.rin!
.o'. n'Bh{v d.6'r. rrro*r r},. Ln...r

r.dA.( .h. n|( i^ lornn,n.

l!.r.n.. ttu;d.r sv.ngrh !nd rsiricncv. Sp ne lorc6s .,. rbo .r.n.d i.w.d,
Wh.n ft. ls!.ner is roht.n.d, rpri.!
c6lrjnl . s.ipeino .crion .init.r lo rhlr
low.rd on ft. tcEw
ol . chocl- This doubl. tocking lction
rhr..dr ..d downw.d o. th. t!.!6n.i

hreaded inserts
oE F { tT tO t{
In..ra.G a 3p.ci.lloh or nut d.sisn.d lo s.rrc rh. runctionot
.l.pped hole in blind or thrcush-hot. tc.rions, Th.y!r.som.mesi.t.r.d lo .r 'solidbushings. A^orh.r basaclyp. ol scrwthr.d i.ren consin3ot p..cisionJormedwn., srir.tty coilcdro
provid. thr.rdr ol prop.r ior6 tor insEttarjonin a Epped hole.
ll it k.own ar a wic,rr.ra

1- Err..n.r-ini.rn.l

rhread.dins.( lor inst.ttationin r.pt.d

2. S.lf-r.ppirg
iN.d wnh .{eda!inl.,ndl
thr..d lor
scrcwi.A,nto corcd or drill.d hole.
3. Pr*s.d-i.
inr.d5 ror ll.cing or lorcing inro coEd or
dilled hol.s. The3. !r.gen.rally *curcd by rd.niion .lem.nt3.
4. Mould.d-in in3ens which becoh. Inrg'alwirh 16. pad
dunns th c.siinq or bouldins op.raro^
Th. inr.'n.l ih'..d or 6n ins.a i. !su.[y ot ir.ndard size and
5, Thin-m.r.ri.l tn3ed3lor naking or p'essinqinro parenr
lon, .s gov..n.rt by rhe sc.ew thrad indusry. The F a r . i r l T h e vh r v e
L n t r e di n r . . r l . r h e a d? n q . q .m e n l
.tl.tnrl conligtr.ion is d6ion.d lo suir rh pa icular plfpose
6. S..dwich-pnn.l in3ensar ,nached ro lhe panelskin o'
ol rhe i^s.d .nd ftay incopoErE rhr.ads, llanges, g.ooves, aG held by potri.g
cohpounds in rh. panelco'e.
nurl., or oth.r shap6 io. r.renion puroores.
7 E:r.rnar-rhr.ad.drwo-oiece insenswnh r!akedk.ywdys
l.sens can b. groupedinlo rhetoIowing g.ratctassiticaiions: w,ip round a shaft ro add rcpkceabrerh,e.ds.

THREADEDTNSERTS(Continued)
I '{S E i I S

FORTAFPCD HO!ES

\ | p,i ntttmnna. rnrm^rnrmC-l

b--. d, ,r,
"11fi1".;1';j#,il',iliiii';ti'i;j::ti.Tl';lT:',,1""::il'"::jj
,.;.;;;.:.;:i;i;;,i;;":, ,,,.","d*".^
,\rui\\\\\\\\\\\\!y-lllNllllllllH b.
-nibh;
r "ri;i:'ir::'',;.
;rJ,ff:*.".,,*.",
_IJ
-*c;.';;;;
v- / -'*-*

I ltUllll0l[l fl]lm||tft.lllllllllllllll'r\]

th* hl .i nn.}l hud

I tltsERTs
^v .m !h'0a6nn| .| i dfr .d| r 'dh'n.

Mtrl .i d l ntr bvah' o|..,,dk.*whd

,d.6d,{h."
'is

xre.

d,m,

uii,

b;

PNESSEO . I NA P P L I C A T I O I I J S

ffiffi
t,

B rd dfnroe.En.

.irdnor

v!.r

(bt

dr,trerr'

I NSEATS FO R SANDWI C H P A N E L S

M O U T D E D - I N T N S E R IS

Self -sealing fasteners

O.linidon.nd

d..c.iDrion

ll"iil li::"tilHli';:i:$:,.,::",#H"::"J:*li:f
t; r.^ks..ndth.

t*t.nins ofm.h6e6 ro ,tudi.iur or pta.ric

bors

*":"1l:j'jjl1!"::11'.!1:jmpr'd.vic.o,ddi.o ..oi, h.,.1

ffifl#ffldlkT#H

rgflhm*#d*,$ffi'tr
niJlil*ift
__w..h...:

S..lins wr.h.r

.,.

!..d

.irh., und.r rh.

c.Bnonty u..d, Mor. ..c.ntty. Iow.d.in

5..,mrr-!nc nvton i.9. o, .r.d.3 h.E b6.
D;; .v.,t.bt..
.ro_rmB3 rod4ton opdrion, tn. &.tine wrh.r. .r o
.cd
p"r.-.3a.hDt.dto. $dw. S..tjng w.rh.d
.o !..d ro nop w.r.r
Eax.t. q r.dk. h.i3rurc p.n!r,.rion in .9pti!nc.,
.nd .uro.

i:.:ji'a*i:T#i.;""m#:.#ll,ifii

'qwrnGfjb
,:1g1,*

.'qu,o-,. c-u.e
".,,.

ft,----r."
\9-.*

-ji
t.)
''.'Q,;,

(m qN ffi*
.-<u

--n

*i:r:,x".ff:1""-N

Mm

lil':jj;.1

hnhp

Self-sealing

fasteJlts

(cont.u)
{-F
tl
LI

f.-1---l:1
r,z-\a----i_-t-\

#--@"'-I
@
/--1ft.

.Cts
\-

hr?r.,.@ Fil

#
e
il
a
II

Plastic fasteners
A_el..d.rJ..t.n.r b con.id.Gdt; b.. tiringd.vic. |n.d. r,om
. orhorllrr|c.h.l.n.t s G.d In .n .nein{rhe .$.nbty.
rh.-.nd or wdd W.. I rh. rrine ti..t ctiDw.. tn. ,o..^r
hri.nine rEhhtqu.r .n4 ., d.r .ujt.!t.
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