Some Double Integral Problems

Unfortunately, I seem to have mistitled the file. But anyway, its still all
stuff that you should know.
Problem 1
R 1 R 1y2
xy dx dy.
Evaluate 0 0
Solution: I can guarantee that you can do this directly. However, I will do a
change of variables to polar coordinates. If we draw the region, it will actually
just be the circle of radius 1 that is in the first quadrant. Hence, the integral is
equivalent to:
Z

/2

/2

r cos sin dr d =
0

/2
1
1
1

=
cos sin d =
[ cos 2]
4
16
8
0

Problem 2
Change the following integral into rectangular coordinates and evalute:
Z
0

/4

sec

r2 cos dr d

(Remark : You should also just try to evaluate directly and confirm the
answer is correct)
Solution: Again, one can try to do this directly, but if we want to change it
to rectangular coordinates, then we will first draw the region, which turns out
to be bounded by y = 0, y = x and x = 1.
Now the integral becomes:
Z 1Z x
Z 1
1
x dy dx =
x2 dx =
3
0
0
0

Problem 3
2
2
Find the distance between the sphere x2 +y 2 +z 2 1 and (x20)2 + y4 + z9 1.
And state the 2 points on the 2 surfaces that give the answer.
Solution: One can treat this as a minimization problem of (x1 x2 )2 + (y1
y)2)2 + (z1 z2 )2 with the constraints that x21 + y12 + z12 = 1 and (x2 20)2 +
y22
z22
4 + 9 = 1. Hence this will be a Lagrange multiplier problem.
However, if we just even try to draw the solids, we discover that its a sphere
of radius 1 centered at origin, and an ellipsoid with center at (20, 0, 0). The
thing is that these 2 objects dont intersect, and their x-coordinate difference
is at least 18. [for the sphere, the x-coordinate is between 1, and for the
ellipsoid, the x-coordinate is between 19 and 21.], which means the distance of
the 2 solids is at least 18.
Moreover, there is only one way to get distance 18, this happens when the
x-coordinate on the sphere is 1 (the point (1, 0, 0)) and the x-coordinate on the
ellipsoid is 19 (the point (19, 0, 0)). Hence, this is the answer.
Problem 4
Find the shortest distance between the curves xy = 4 and 5x2 + 6xy + 5y 2 = 16.
Also state the points on the 2 surfaces that give the answer.
Solution: As in problem 3, we can see this as a minimization problem with
the objective of minimizing (x z)2 + (y w)2 , where zw = 4 and 5x2 +
6xy + 5y 2 = 16. Following the methods of Lagrange multipliers, we obtain the
following set of equations:
2(x z) = (10x + 6y)
2(y w) = (10y + 6x)
2(x z) = w
2(y w) = z
2

5x + 6xy + 5y 2 = 16
zw = 4
Solving this is taking some good work, so I wont do it here.