Electrical Network is the

interconnection of electrical
components
To: analyze, design, and measure.
Quantities number ex. Current
voltage.
EE sub disciplines:
Power
Electromagnetics
Communication / Signal
processing
Digital control
Control
Solid state
AM radio
EE disciplines:
C/SP (frequency domain
analysis)
ElectroMag (antennas,
high frequency circuits)
Power (battery,power
supplies)
SS (minaturation, lowpower electronics)
System: Transmitter, Receiver
Signal is a quantity may vary
with time.
Voltage or current
Sound (pressure wave
travelling through air or
water)
Light/radio waves
(electromagnetic energy
traveling through free
space)
Frequency
analysis and design of
AM radios
- using Fourier analysis (
combinations of
sinusoids( sines and
cosines)
- is the rate which
signal oscillates
Electromagnetic Waves visible
light within 380thz 860thz
Red- 460thz green-570thz blue630thz
AM radio limit: 500khz 1.8mhz

Sound waves pitch of the sound

(frequency) clear whistle(sound)
Static(sound) many frequency
Fourier analysis mathematical
analysis of signals
- weighted sum of sine
and cosine
- ex. Square wave
AM transmitter 10khz (transmit
signal)
Signal broadcast: 605khz 615khz
Transmitter input(signal source) =
audio signal
Ex. Signal source -> modulator ->
power amplifier -> antenna
Modulator convert frequency
into input signal to audio range (05khz)
Power amplifier am station:
50kw(class I or II stations) ,
5KW(class III) , 1kw(class IV)
Antenna Frequency
domain(ouput), converts current
or voltage signal to
electromagnetic signal(radiated
through space)
Am receiver ex. superhetrodyne
receiver (use most modern radio
and t.v)
- desired signal - first
translated into
IF(intermediate
frequency)
o recovered by
demodulator
Receiver block diagram:
Antenna -> RF(amplifier) ->
IF(mixer) -> IF(amplifier) ->
Envelope detector) -> audio
amplifier -> speaker.
RF amplifier: (radio frequency),
amplifies small signals from
antenna
- performs band pass
filter operation
band pass filter
(attenuated)frequency outside the
frequency band.
IF mixer: shift input frequency
domain to carrier frequency to
intermediate frequency (455 kHz)

IF amplifier: bandpass filter the

output of the IF mixer, eliminating
undesired signals.
Envelope Detector: computes the
envelope of its input signal
Audio amplifier: amplifies signal
from ED, provides power to drive
the speaker.
Hierarchal system models:
Modelling at different
levels of abstraction.
Divide and conquer
Higher level model(
describe overall function)
Lower level model
(describe detail necessary
to implement the system)
Systems in EE:
- Electrical or mechanical
device
- Process, mathematical
model relates input to
output
Am receiver:
Antenna (input)
Sound energy (output)
Top level model:
Input signal -> am receiver ->
sound
Second level model:
the same as receiver block
diagram add with power supply
in the middle.
Low level model: ED
Halfwave -> low-pass filter
->
Telephone system:
EE disciplines:
Signal processing
o speech compression
o noise reduction
o A/D and D/A
conversion
Communication and
networking
o Transmission

o Network architectures
o Protocols
Digital and computer
o Configurable switching
hardware
Electromagnetics
o Microwave
transmission(hardwar
e)
Solid state
o Miniaturization
o Integration of complex
system
Power electronics
o Extremely reliable
power supplies

POTS- plain old telephone service

Voice transmission (early
telephone system)
Host of other services (modern
telephone system)
Data transmission and
video transmission
Billing and features
capabilities (call waiting/
call forwarding)
Early telephone system:
Switch board l power supply ->
speakerlmic (3x)
Carbon microphone (major
components)
Speaker (made from
electromagnetic and
paramagnetic)
Twisted pair wires ( connected
through central office)
Early phone circuit:
Telephone
handset(earphonelcarbon
microphone) -> central
office(battery) -> Telephone
handset(earphonelcarbon
microphones)
Phone circuit:
From battery(central
office) through the
components of
2telephones(speaker and

microphone) and back

into the battery
Series connection (phone
circuit)
All current flow in the
battery flows also through
the components in
2telephones.
Microphone:
Compost of carbon
granules in a box with
diaphragm
Converts changes in
pressure to change
resistance
Modeled electrically as a
variable resistor
Speaker:
Made from
electromagnetic and
paramagnetic diaphragm
Convert changes in
current to move a
diaphragm produces
sound energy
As inductor
Central office:
Switch board(connects
2telephones electrically)
Battery(provides power to
create electrical current
loop)
Modern Telephone System:
Ex
- Digital data, video. Signal
transmitted along with speech
- Calls routed
automatically(softwar
e control)
- Transmission is digital
Analog -> pcm encoder <- pcm
decoder -> switching network <pcm decoder -> pcm encoder <analog
Analog continuous-time signal
Digital signal sequence 1s and
0s

Can mix many types of

information
Less expensive
Can be encrypted

PCM pulse Code modulation

PCM encoder: converts analog
signal to digital signal
PCM decoder: converts digital
signal to analog signal
- One form of
quantization
- AD / DA conversion
PCM Encoder- continuous signal is
converted to bit stream
Operation: quantization, encoding
Sampling - value of the signal at
equally spaced points in time
Quantizer quantized to one of a
finite number of values
Encoding pattern of bits
assigned to each level of quantizer
- n bits can represent
2n quantizer output
levels
PCM Decoder digital to analog
(D/A converter)
Telephone network:
Subscriber (house or
business)
Twisted pair wire
connections (common)
Subscribers analog
connected to RT( Regional
Terminal) or Co(Central
Office)
RT/CO signal converted
to digital signal
Network Architecture:
4xSubscriber -> 2xRT -> CO <->Long distance network