Professional Documents
Culture Documents
η αξιωματική θεμελίωση των πραγματικών αριθμών or the axiomatic foundation of real nymbers
η αξιωματική θεμελίωση των πραγματικών αριθμών or the axiomatic foundation of real nymbers
numbers.
. Oswald Veblen
www.
mpantes.gr
()
metamathematics
sequences Cauchy
. . Klein the sky. "But not so. Klein says that "the
even
priori
a
posteriori .1
,
,
),
.
The test of the properties of axiom
1
. ,
. .
,
).
Ordered field .
,
, 0
1 < ,
A. ( ,+,. ) .
, x + (y + z) = (x
+ y) + z x(yz) = (xy)z.
x y
, x + y = y + x xy = yx.
x, y, z
, x(y + z) = (xy)
+ (xz).
x
, 0,
x + 0 = x = 0 + x 1
0,
x1 = x = 1x.
x
, x
R, x + (x) = 0 = (-x) + x.
x 0
Analytically:
For all x, y, and z on, is x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z and
x, y, z
, x1
x (yz) = (xy) z.
For all x and y in, x + y = y + x and xy = yx.
For all x, y, and z on, force x (y + z) = (xy) + (xz).
For all x in, there is an element 0 such that x + 0 =
x = 0 + x and a point 1 0 such that x1 = x = 1x.
For all x in, there is a -x element in R, such that x
+ (-x) = 0 = (-x) + x.
For all x 0 in, there is an element x-1 in R, such
that xx-1 = 1 = x-1 x.
4
R, xx
=1=x
x.
B. The field R is ordered . Analytically for x, y,
and z on R
B.
x, y, z
, ,
!).
mathematics.
,
.
,
.
( ) .
5
,
+2 , .
,
, .
.
():
completeness or continuity).
The
complete
ordered
field
can
be
, ,
(suprimum). (
).
6
, Dedekind) .
In order
to understand this
p h e n o m e n o n o f c o n t i n u i t y We will
..
2,3=23/10,
1,456=1456/1000 .
. 1/3
0,3333333
3,
: ,
.
5=2,236067977499789696..
,
.
1.
,(
2.
(),
.
3.
, ,
.
. 1/3
,
, 1/3
( ) .
1/3
1/3
0.33
( ) .
1/3
.
:
1/3,
..
5 2,2 2,23
2,236
2.236
2.2360
2.23606
2.23
2.236067 .........
8
Since the decimal digits are infinite, hence are
( 5)
numbers.
. ;
,
.
,
.
,
9
.
,
. ,
R, = [-2, 5) ,
. 5 , 6 , 100 .
) .
,
R, R .
10
the r2 <5. i.e., A = (0, 5). A has several upper
bound of A .
, 3, 2,24
2,23607 ,
converge in
5=2,236067977499789696..
bound for A.
5 ,
, ,
terms.
, .
11
.
upper bound.
,
[1,)
a a a
,)
0 2 0
.
if (0, ) then there is unique
a a a
0 0
2
(0, ) that 2
ifthere is not integra p
that
q p2
:
:
(0, )
(0, ) 2
q Q
q p2
and others.
then
q Q
12
.
Archimedean
law
The principle of
of
real
numbers:
R ,
infinitesimals
from
calculus:
na > b
.>
Proof: Howard Eves p. 182
. ,
. ( ) .
r e n o t i n f i n i t e s i m a l s . (old belief of
proofs
, .
in
a0
0)
based on
combination
a0
with
others,
for every
e.g.,
by
0 (To reader)
13
)
Sources .
Foundation and fundamental concepts of
Egg)
( , )
A short account of the history of
D.Bloch Springer
What are the real numbers really? (Eric Karl's Calculus Tutor: Number system (internet)
Schechter, )
Karls
Calculus
Tutor:
Number
system
()
mpantes on scribd .
George mpantes
mpantes on scribd.