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2B

1A

1B

0.882
0.747
0.611
0.475
0.407
0.998
0.846
0.691
0.537
0.461
0.951
0.815
0.678
0.544
0.407
1.076
1.168
1.402
1.749
2.335

0.885
0.615
0.42
0.245
0.18
0.73
0.535
0.36
2.22
0.165
0.09
0.06
0.03
0.013
0.004
0.079
0.055
0.048
0.043
0.04

Graph of h
2.5

Experimental Head Losses, hf(m)

2A

1.5

y = 1.3454x - 0.3519
R = 0.9496

y = 0.9012x - 0.2299
R = 0.9682

0.5

0
0

0.5

Mean Velocity,

Graph of hf versus V for pipe 2A and 2B

2A
2B
1A
1B

0.3519

0.2299

hf exp pipe 2A
hf exp pipe 2B
Linear (hf exp pipe 2A)
Linear (hf exp pipe 2B)
1

1.5

Mean Velocity, V (m/s)

2.5

TESTS

Test 01
CG = 128
mm

To The
Right

GM =wx /
W tan

Movement

To The
Left

GM =wx /
W tan

x (mm)

(degree)

mm

x (mm)

(degree)

mm

10

2.5

55.17

10

3.5

39.38

20

58.06

20

5.5

50.03

30

8.5

48.38

30

8.5

43.35

40

10.5

51.99

40

11

49.57

50

13.6

50.17

50

13.5

50.17

d = 19 mm

70

60

50

GM(mm)

Movement

40

30
Test 02
CG = 117
mm

d = 21 mm

10

67.98

10

68.98

20

4.5

61.21

20

63.9

30

6.5

63.42

30

63.75

40

68.56

40

63.56

50

10

68.3

50

10

63.3

60

12

63

60

11.5

71.04

70

14

67.63

70

13.5

70.23

20

10

0
0

CG = 75
mm

d = 23 mm

1.5

91.99

10

1.5

91.99

20

2.5

110.34

20

91.9

30

103.34

30

103.34

40

5.5

100.06

40

5.5

100.06

50

93.09

50

93.09

60

8.5

96.7

60

8.5

96.7

70

10

95.62

70

10

95.62

80

11

99.14

80

11

99.14

69
68
67

GM(mm)

Test 03

10

66
65
64
63
62

61
60
0

115

GM(mm)

110

105

100

95

90
0

Test 1: Movement to the right

Test 1: Movem

70

60

60

50

GM(mm)

y = -0.6196x + 57.723
R = 0.4902

50

40

40

30

30
20
20

10

10

0
0

10

12

14

16

Degree()
Test 2: Movement to the right

Test 2: Movem

69

72

68

71
70

66
65
64

y = 0.1072x + 64.855
R = 0.0216

GM(mm)

67

69
68
67
66

63
62

65
64

61

63

60

62
0

10

12

14

16

Degree()
Test 3: Movement to the right

Test 3: Movem

115

104

102
110

GM(mm)

100
105

98

96

100

94

y = -0.49x + 101.85
R = 0.0815
95

92

90

90
0

Degree()

10

12

Test 1: Movement to the left

y = 0.7827x + 39.925
R = 0.4162

10

12

Degree()
Test 2: Movement to the left

y = 0.3021x + 64.021
R = 0.1266

14

16

10

12

14

16

Degree()
Test 3: Movement to the left

y = 0.3144x + 94.495
R = 0.0665

Degree()

10

12

Weight
Load
(Gram)
1300

Actual
Weight

Fmea

Time

Fth
Log V

Log Fmea

(Gram)

(Newton)

(Second)

(L/S)

(m/s)

(Newton)

600

5.89

14.38

0.348

17.67

6.13

1.247

0.770

1200

500

4.9

16.16

0.309

15.74

4.86

1.197

0.690

1100

400

3.92

18.71

0.267

13.6

3.63

1.134

0.593

1000

300

2.94

21.31

0.235

11.97

2.81

1.078

0.468

900

200

1.96

28.1

0.178

9.12

1.63

0.960

0.292

800

100

0.98

42.78

0.117

5.96

0.7

0.775

-0.009

700

Weight

Actual
Weight

Fmea

Time

Fth
Log V

Log Fmea

Load
(Gram)
1700

(Gram)

(Newton)

(Second)

(L/S)

(m/s)

(Newton)

1000

9.81

13.38

0.374

19.05

14.25

1.280

0.992

1600

900

8.83

14.3

0.35

17.83

12.48

1.251

0.946

1500

800

7.85

15.36

0.326

16.6

10.82

1.220

0.895

1400

700

6.87

16.66

0.3

15.28

9.17

1.184

0.837

1300

600

5.89

17.56

0.285

14.51

8.27

1.162

0.770

1200

500

4.91

19.47

0.257

13.09

6.73

1.117

0.691

1100

400

3.92

21.75

0.23

11.71

5.38

1.069

0.593

1000

300

2.943

23.15

0.216

11

4.75

1.041

0.469

900

200

1.962

25.7

0.195

9.93

3.87

0.997

0.293

800

100

0.981

28.63

0.175

8.91

3.12

0.950

-0.008

700

Flate plane
Hemispherical plate

Percentage
of relative
error

Graph of Log Fmea Vs Log V


1.200

12.07
0.82

y = 2.7744x
R = 0.9369

1.000

7.99
4.63
20.25

0.800

y = 1.6585x
R = 0.9985

40
0

Percentage
of relative
error
31.16
29.25

Log Fmea (N)

0.600

27.45

0.400

0.200

0.000
0.000

25.08
28.78
27.04

-0.200

27.14
38.04

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

Log V (m/s)

49.3

68.56
0

Graph of Log Fmea Vs Log V


2.5

Log Fmea (N)

1.5

y = 1.3454x - 0.3519
R = 0.9496
y = 0.9012x - 0.2299
R = 0.9682

Log Fmea

y = 0.9012x - 0.2299
R = 0.9682
0.5

0
0

0.5

Log V (m/s)

1.5

Fmea Vs Log V
y = 2.7744x - 2.4792
R = 0.9369

y = 1.6585x - 1.299
R = 0.9985

Flate plane
Hemispherical plate
Linear (Flate plane)
Linear (Hemispherical plate)

1.000

1.200

1.400

mea Vs Log V

2A
2B
1A
1B

hf exp pipe 2A

hf exp pipe 2A
hf exp pipe 2B
Linear (hf exp pipe 2A)
Linear (hf exp pipe 2B)

2.5

Peak Current (A)

Concentration of Added Standard (x10-3M)


0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5

-3

-2

Concentration of Added Stan

Peak Current (A)


1.66
2.03
2.39
2.79
3.16
3.51

Graph r
4

y = 0.7451x + 1.6586
R = 0.9997

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
-1

-0.5

-1

Concentration of Added Standard (x10^-3 M)

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