Chapter 1 Learning Environment

Implication of Bofenbrenners Ecological Theory on Teaching and

Learning.
1. Teacher should consider comprehensively of the five environment system that
influence pupils development.
2. Specifically focus on the connection between the pupils and their respective
families through formal and informal contacts.

Classroom management and condusive learning environment

Classroom management is a multifaceted matter.

Classroom management is an art or practice of managing pupils. Physical
facilities, and activities.
Classroom management can be explained as a process to establish and
maintain a condusive learning environment and climate for teaching and
learning.
Effective classroom management can also be viewed as the cooperation
between teacher and pupils to manage the problems of all aspects of life.

Factors that influence condusive learning environment

a) Physical factors
- Seating arrangement
- Physical facilities
Projector, computer.
-

Notice board
Displaying information.

b) Social factors.
- Age related differences
- Ability to related differences
- Sex-related differences
- Socio economic related differences
- Culturally related differences.

c) Emotional factors.

Authoritarian approach
Permissive approach
Behavior modification approach.
Interpersonal relationship approach.
Scientific approach
Social systems approach
Folklore approach.

Chapter 2 Child development and play

Concept and characteristics of play

play is intrinsically motivated and it is done only for sheer personal

satisfaction.
It must be freely chosen by the participants and not being forced.
It must be pleasurable and enjoyable and must not be under pressure.

Aims of Children Play

To form abstract concept, laws and principle.

To develop physical abilities through sensorimotor play and outdoor games.
To develop social skills from associative and cooperative play.

The Importance of play in childrens development

Development of childrens potentials in physical, intellectual, emotional and

social.

Childrens optimal learning experiences

It must be first hand direct learning experience

Children must be actively involved in the learning process.
It must6 be learning based on childrens own thinking and learning style,
learning interest and having sufficient time.

Learning through play

Characteristics of learning through play
1.
2.
3.
4.

It is kind of activity which children enjoy to participate.

It is related to the exploration and interaction with the environment.
Children play freely in an organized activity.
There is no restricted schedule to be followed.

The importance of learning through play

It helps to consolidate the acquired knowledge and skills.

It develops childrens potentials harmoniously and holistically.

It motivates pupils to learn happily and effectively.
It helps to develop childrens creatively.

Categories of social play

1.
2.
3.
4.

Solitary play/ onlooker play.

Parallel play
Associative play.
Co-operative play.

The Cognitive Development Approach to Various Types of Play:

Jean Piaget.
1. Assimilation.
- Adaptation process of new skill or information to fit into ones already
existing cognitive structure

2. Accommodation
- An adjustment process to incorporate new skills or information into the
intellectual structures.

Types of infant play

Sensorimotor play
Play with objects
Game with no construction
Games with rules
Sociodramatic play
Symbolic play.

Teaching steps
1. Preparation
- Identify the types of play and activity
- Prepare required materials equipment and learning aids.

Determine play duration.

2. First step
- Brief explanation of aim, rules, method and required time for play.
- Teacher demonstrates as model.

3. Second step
- A pupil/ group is picked to follow the teachers demonstration.
- Teacher observes, guide and comments.

4. Third step
- Pupils play according to the demonstration.
- Teacher to observe, supervise, facilitate and guide.

5. Closure
- Teacher and pupils assess performance through discussion.
- Teacher to give reinforcement and plan follow-up actions.