 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٢٥ 
  ‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?  ?  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
   
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬G‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GFW،‫א‬
E١F
 E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW
 
‫א‬G‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣FE‫א‬FW
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬J ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٣J ١F‫א‬E١F
E٨٥–٨٤FE٢F
E٥F‫א‬E٣F
   
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤FEISOF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 International Specifications Organization ( ISO )K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F

   
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1W‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J 2
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 6
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 7


٪90 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

3 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KJ  W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
.J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬












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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J W‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬E2
K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬E3
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬E4
 K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬E5








 E1F

 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬ J WG


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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬E6
 K‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬E7
 K‫א‬‫א‬

E١F
 ( IS) J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬
  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬E٢FEISOF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬( IS ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣F( DNA )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( ISO )‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤F( DIN )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

International System ( IS )W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F

International Specifications Organization ( ISO )W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
Deutsche Institute Norm ( DIN ) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬EISF‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

M  ‫א‬  1
Length
Kg  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 2
Mass
S  ‫א‬  3
Time
A  ‫א‬‫א‬  4
Electric current
k  ‫א‬‫א‬  5
Temperature
cd  ‫א‬  6
Luminous
mol  ‫א‬  7
Amount of Substance

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F

-٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬E1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬E2F
 J W‫א‬‫א‬E2
K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬E3F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
 J W‫א‬  J W‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 J W
 J W

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE0.0001 cmF‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬
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 J W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2

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 ‫א‬‫א‬E4F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬E5F
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 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
9 x 35 mm W 10 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
9 x 30 mmW10 : 5 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
9 x 20 mmW5 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
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 ‫א‬‫א‬E6F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 J WK‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 (00)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
(0)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
(1)W‫א‬‫א‬E3
(2)WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E4

‫א‬ (00)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(0)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬(2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5







 ‫א‬‫א‬E7F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







 ‫א‬‫א‬E8F
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
14 J 26 J 32J  36 J 38 J 41J 46 J 47 J 83J 91 J 103
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W

- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
1 1.005: 0.01
49 10.01 : 1.49 0.5
49 0.5 : 24.5 25
4 25 : 100
103 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
1 1.005: 0.001
49 1.01 : 1.49 0.01
4 1.6 : 1.9 0.1
19 0.5 : 9.5 0.5
10 10 : 100 10
91  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
1 1.005 : 0.01
19 1.01 : 1.19 0.1
8 1.2 : 1.9 1
9 1 : 9 10
10 10 : 100
47 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
1 1.005 0.01
9 1.01 : 1.19 0.1
9 1.1 : 1.9 1
10 1 : 10
3 20–30 - 50
32  ‫א‬

- ١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E67.984mmF‫א‬‫א‬
 67.984W‫א‬E1

 ‫א‬  1.0040.004‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
1.004 1.004 / 66.980
‫א‬‫א‬E3
‫א‬  1.48 0.08‫א‬E4
1.480 1.480 / 65.500
‫א‬‫א‬E5
‫א‬ 15.50.5‫א‬E6
 15.50015.500 /50.00  
 ‫א‬‫א‬E7
‫א‬ 50 ‫א‬‫א‬E8
50.00/67.984 50.00 /00.00 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E9














- ١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E87.995F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
87.995 
 1.005
86.990 
 1.490
85.500 
 25‫א‬E3 F‫א‬
 25 * 3 = 75.000
10.500 
 10.500

00.000 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
1.005 + 1.490 + 25 + 25 + 25 + 10.500 = 87.995









- ١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 EFW2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E69.497F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
69.497 
 1.007
 KKKKKKK 
  KKKKKKK
 KKKKKKK 
  KKKKKKK
 KKKKKKK 
  KKKKKKK
00.000 
 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬











- ١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
40 mm‫א‬EF
KK‫א‬‫א‬E٥F  ‫א‬‫א‬،50 : 25 mm
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J 9 J 5W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF
 25 : 0 
 Fmm 23J 19 –13
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬E9F
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K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFE2
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬E10F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬E11F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬E4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬E12F
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 4 ‫א‬J 3 ‫א‬J 2 ‫א‬J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E5
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬E13F
 ‫א‬J 4 J 3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2 ‫א‬J 1
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 KE6
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 E14F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2  ‫א‬J 1
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 W
 EF‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 2
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE15F،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EHFEJ ،HF
 K‫א‬







 ‫א‬‫א‬E15F

،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬EHF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ،HF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E16F،‫א‬







 ‫א‬E16F



- ٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
2 10" / 30"  ‫א‬
1' / 2' / 3' / 4' / 5'/ 10'/  
10
20'/ 30' / 40' / 50'
1° / 2°/ 3° /4° / 5° / 10° /
13 20° / 30° / 40° / 50° / 60°  
/ 70° / 80°
25 ‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W1
 ‫؟‬E13° F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ZE13°F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
3° + 10° = 13°        

 ‫؟‬E28°. 40' F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2

 W‫א‬
 ZE28°. 40' F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 = 30° - 2° + 40'

= 28° .40'

EHFEJ ،HF EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W3
 ‫؟‬E1°.1'.30" F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–6
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–8
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 9
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 10
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 11
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 12
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 13
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 14

- ٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
K‫א‬‫א‬–4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 6
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J 7
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J 8
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 10

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬J 4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E3FW‫א‬


- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 







 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬




- ٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E1
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 J W‫א‬‫א‬J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E17F‫א‬‫א‬،

















 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E17F



- ٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KE18F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬















 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E18F






- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬E3
‫א‬
 E19F‫א‬،






 ‫א‬E19F

 J W‫א‬‫א‬E4
 KE20F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬









 ‫א‬‫א‬E20F





- ٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W1
KE4F‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬










 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  E1F
‫א‬
              

               ‫א‬

               ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4F





- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬
 J W‫א‬E1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE21F‫א‬‫א‬،،




 ‫א‬‫א‬E21F
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
2000 mm ‫א‬500 mm J  400 – 300 J 250 J 200
 K2 m

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
  ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KE22 F‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E22F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬E2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 m , 2 m W‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬
 E23FK

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 ‫א‬‫א‬E23F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J W
 ‫א‬‫א‬E3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
1 m , 2 m W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE24F،‫א‬,3 m
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 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬E24F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W 2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 E5F‫א‬،

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 ‫א‬‫א‬E2F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  E2F
‫א‬
              

               ‫א‬

               ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E5F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
K‫א‬E2
K‫א‬E3
 ‫א‬E4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬، 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
، ‫א‬
  ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬E25F‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E25F‫א‬ 
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦F( Venire)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE26F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E26F
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J 3
K‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 KE27FK‫א‬‫א‬J 5


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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬




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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E27F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 K‫א‬E‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬J 4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 6
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬J 7
KE،F
K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 8
F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬J 9
KE‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 10

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F
K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EFJ 2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J 3

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬J 4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
 KE28F‫א‬K ‫א‬K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬E28F‫א‬
J W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK0.1
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬KK ‫א‬‫א‬
0.1 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،mm0.020.05
 K‫א‬‫א‬KKK0.001‫א‬
 J W0.1 mm‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E29F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬






 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 29F
،‫א‬‫א‬10 9 mm‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬0.9 mm Z‫א‬10 D9 mm Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Z
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.1 mm Z0.9 – 1
KKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.02 mm ،0.05 mm ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W0.1 mm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،0.1 mm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E30F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E29 F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬10 mm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE30FK13 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





13 mmZ0.1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E30F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

16mm ‫א‬E31F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3

 ‫א‬17،16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E31FK1716
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K16 mm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.8 mm Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
16.8 mm Z0.8H16 Z‫א‬‫א‬




 16.8 mmZ0.1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E31F

 WE3F
 W0.1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 0.1 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
8 7  6  5 4 3  2 1  E3F
        ‫א‬
        ‫א‬
         ‫א‬
 0.1 mm‫א‬‫א‬E6F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W0.05 mm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 / 20 0.05 mm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬mm
 W 0.05 mm ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E32F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E F20 
 19 mm‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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0.05 mm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E32F
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 20 D 19 mm Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0.05 mmZ20 / 19J 1 Z
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 W 0.05 mm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬0.05 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E33FJ 1
 J W‫א‬
: ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K4 mm 3 mm
 K4 mm 3 mm ‫א‬
 3 mm Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3.45 mm Z0.45 H3Z‫א‬‫א‬
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 3.45 mm Z0.05 mm ‫א‬‫א‬E33F

‫א‬0.05 mm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 34FJ 1

 J W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
53mm 52 mmKK53 , 52
 K 52 mmZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K52.75 mm Z 0.75 H 52 Z‫א‬‫א‬
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 52.75 mm Z‫א‬‫א‬0.05 mm E34F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 WE4F
 W0.05 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 0.05 mm E4F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
8 7  6  5 4 3  2 1  E4F
        ‫א‬
        ‫א‬
         ‫א‬
 0.05 mm‫א‬E7F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 WE5F
‫א‬‫א‬E0.1 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬E8F‫א‬E0.05F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  E5F

              
0.1
               
0.05
               ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J WBritish Measuring SystemW‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EISOF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ESIF‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬
 W1 / 64'‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬1 / 64'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E35F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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 1 / 64" ‫א‬E35F
8
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 77L8‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 7 / 64Z87L8Z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 1L64 Z7L64 –8L64 Z7L64 –1L8Z‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WReading the venire caliper 1/64 inW1 / 64' ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬1 / 64'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E36F–1
 J W
 5 / 8'،1 / 2'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K5 / 8'1 / 2'‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

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33 / 64 Z‫א‬‫א‬E36F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1 / 2'Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 33 / 64'Z1 / 64'H32 /64'Z1 / 64'H1 / 2'Z
 W1 / 128' ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬1 / 128'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E37F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 1 / 128" ‫א‬E37F
‫א‬F1 / 16' ‫א‬7 ‫א‬7 /16'‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬8
 E‫א‬
Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
7 / 128'Z8 D7 /16'
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 1 / 128'Z7 / 128'–8 / 128Z 7 / 128'– 1 / 16' Z‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 WReading the Venire Caliper 1/128 inW1 / 128'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬1 / 128'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E38F
 J W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 2 14  , 2
13
W ‫א‬
16 16
  2 14  , 2
13
‫א‬‫א‬
16 16
13
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
16
7
 Z
128

111
 2 Z 7 H 2 104 Z 7 H  2 13 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
128 128 128 128 16








111
 2 Z ‫א‬‫א‬E38F
128







- ٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 WE6F
 E9F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  E6F
‫א‬
              

               ‫א‬

               ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E9F
- ٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬J W 

‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE39F





 ‫א‬E39F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬EF–2
K‫א‬–3
K‫א‬‫א‬J 4
K‫א‬‫א‬–5
K‫א‬‫א‬–6
 J W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L3
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L4
K‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L5
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬L6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L8
 KE40FKE‫א‬F




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E40F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 WE7F
 E10F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E7F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  E7F
‫א‬
              

               ‫א‬

               ‫א‬

 ‫א‬E10F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬J W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.001‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
K‫א‬J 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 J W‫א‬‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E41F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬









 ‫א‬E41F



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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬
‫א‬25 mmZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،25mm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE42F










 ‫א‬E42F
0 : 25 
25 : 50 
50 : 75 
75 : 100 
 K500 mm25 mm 








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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬








 ‫א‬E43F
 W‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.5 mm EF
 KE43FK‫א‬
 J W‫א‬
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
E44FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬J 3




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E44F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W 1
‫א‬،0.01 mm،0 : 25 ‫א‬‫א‬E45F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.5 mmZ‫א‬‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬
5mmZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.5mm Z‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K5.78 mmZ0.28 H0.5H5Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬








 5.78 mmZ‫א‬‫א‬E45F




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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 WE46F‫א‬‫א‬W2







 ‫א‬‫א‬E46F

 18.5   10.5  8.5  1 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 0.45   0.14  0.41  0.09  W‫א‬
18.95  10.64  8.91  1.09    W‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE47F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬25 mm ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬E47F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 WE8F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E11F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E8F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  E8F
               ‫א‬
               ‫א‬
               ‫א‬

‫א‬E11F

- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 WE9F
 E12F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E9F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  E9F
‫א‬
              

               ‫א‬

               ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E12F

- ٥٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
‫א‬E48F ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E48F
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬–1
 KE 49 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3

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 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E49F
 J 3  ‫א‬J 2  ‫א‬J 1

- ٦٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J WDepth Micrometer Gauge W‫א‬E3

0.02 mm 0.05،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K0.01 mm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E50F‫א‬‫א‬

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

 ‫א‬E50F
 J W‫א‬
،25 mm‫א‬‫א‬،0 : 25 mm ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K300 mm25 mm ‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬E4
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E51F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 E51FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E51F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬J W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE 52FK‫א‬
 W
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،10mm3E FK
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0.1mm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
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 ‫א‬E52F
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 2     ‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
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 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E1 J W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E2

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E1
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E99.995 mmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6
 ‫؟‬E1°.1'.30"F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8
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 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬E9
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E10
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬J W‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬G
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

M ‫א‬  1
Kg ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 2
S ‫א‬  3
A ‫א‬‫א‬  4
k ‫א‬‫א‬  5
cd ‫א‬  6
mol  ‫א‬  7
 W‫א‬‫א‬E3
 E2    E1
 J W‫א‬‫א‬E1
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬E2
‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
 K‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
 Z‫א‬‫א‬E5
 1.005 + 1.19 + 1.8 + 6 + 90 = 99.995 mm
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6
 K‫א‬‫א‬E1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFE2
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Z‫א‬‫א‬E 7
1° + 1' + 30" = 1°. 1' . 30"
 W‫א‬E 8
   ‫א‬E3  ‫א‬E2  ‫א‬‫א‬E1
   E6  ‫א‬E5  ‫א‬E4
 ‫א‬E7
 W‫א‬E9
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E10
 ‫א‬E4 ‫א‬E3 ‫א‬E2 ‫א‬E1
 ‫א‬E8 ‫א‬E7 ‫א‬E6 ‫א‬E5
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 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 


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
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

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 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G

















- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬LK
 
 ‫א‬L
 ‫א‬‫א‬LK
 LL
 LL
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬
A.B.B
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ –‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 J 1–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 J 2–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬






- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 1 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E3 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7 

٪90 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

3W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KJ  W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
.J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ ﺃﻥ‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

- ٧١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K














- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1
KE2

J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE 90°F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
K‫א‬–2

 E1F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬E1
K‫א‬E2
K‫א‬E3
K‫א‬E4

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F

 W1
 ‫א‬‫א‬E1F‫א‬ExF



- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ExF  E1F‫א‬
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
  ‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E1F

 E3F‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F120°‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬J 3


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   120°‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3F

- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬–3 ‫א‬‫א‬–2  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
KE4F‫א‬EF‫א‬E1

 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4F

 W‫א‬‫א‬E2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬180°‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E5F

- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١F‫א‬
 J WE6F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E6F
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 J W1 
 W‫א‬E7F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E50°F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
K‫א‬‫א‬E55'F‫א‬E 2
 50°.55'Z‫א‬E3

K ( ١ )
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 1E7F
 WE8FW2
 E54°F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
E25'F‫א‬‫א‬E2
54°.25'Z‫א‬E3

 2E8F
 W3
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 180°‫א‬‫א‬
 160° = 20° – 180° WE9F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬









 3E9F
 W4
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E10F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬K90°
29°.10'Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
35°.35'Z90°‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬








 E4FE10F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E11F‫א‬K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬








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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E11F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
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



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 ‫א‬E12F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E20 mm F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E200 mmF‫א‬‫א‬
 KE12F‫א‬KE15 inch105F
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬L‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 LZ
 W1
‫א‬‫א‬،E200mmF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E100 mm F
 L‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬

 200 / 100 Z‫א‬‫א‬
 0.5 Z
 30°Z0.51J 
 W2 
‫א‬‫א‬،E100mmF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E23 mm F
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
K‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE2
K‫א‬‫א‬E3
K‫א‬E4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5




 ‫א‬E13F




 ‫א‬E14F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬E15F

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( ٢ )
- ٨٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬








 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E16F





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E17F


- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE2
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 ‫؟‬‫א‬E4
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5

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
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



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- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬E1
K‫א‬E2
K‫א‬E3
 K‫א‬E4

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
K‫א‬‫א‬E2
K‫א‬‫א‬E3
K‫א‬E4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5







- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
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


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
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













- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
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 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬LK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
LL  ‫א‬
 LL  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
A.B.B  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ –‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 1–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 2–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5
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 ٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 3W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KJ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬













- ٩٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬W F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KE 0.001 mm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 0.01 mm‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
W‫א‬‫א‬ -
 KE20° F ‫א‬‫א‬G
 KE760 mm Hg F‫א‬‫א‬G
 KE50 ± 5 F٪‫א‬‫א‬G

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬–1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬J 4
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2

 systematic errorsW‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

random errorsW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(limiting errors)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( ١ )
- ٩٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E20F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬F
 



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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 xE20–FH1zZ
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z
 E°20F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z

 W1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
 500.0288Z‫א‬‫א‬
 25°Z‫א‬‫א‬
 c°L6 J 10x 11.5Z‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 20°‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 L‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬20°‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬E1
 xE20–FH1zZ
 E20–FH1LZ

1 + 10-6 x 11.5 ( 25 – 20 ) L500.0288 Z
 500.00 mm Z
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬E2
 J Z
500 – 500.0288Z
 0.0288 mm Z

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 WE2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
E20°F‫א‬‫א‬E30°F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬400 mm ZEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬E30°F‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬E1
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 Kc°L10-6 x 16.5 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (indicator)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬











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 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
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 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

c°L23 x10-6Z‫א‬‫א‬
34°Z‫א‬‫א‬
20°Z‫א‬‫א‬
300.0966 mm ZEF‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 Ec20° F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E1
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4

 300.000 mm Z‫א‬‫א‬EE3

0.0966 mm Z‫א‬‫א‬E
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- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
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- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
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- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬LK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
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- ١٠١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 
 K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5
 K‫א‬

 ٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 3W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KJ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
،
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ،
ISO ‫א‬DIN ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،ISO ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 









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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬( DIN )‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬( ISA )‫א‬
 K( DIN )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F( ISO )،‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬( ISO )‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬













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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WENF‫א‬‫א‬E1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،WE GF‫א‬‫א‬E2
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬WEKF‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEA OF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
 A O= N - G


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEA UF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5
 A U = N - K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WETF‫א‬‫א‬E6
 T = K – G












 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬EµmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E2F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E5
 K‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3F

- ١٠٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 WE1F
 Ø 30 H 7 W‫א‬
 mm G , K , T WW‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 + 21 µm Z A O : ‫א‬
 0µm ZA UW‫א‬
N + AO = G
30 + 0.021 =
30.021 mm =
 N+AU= K
30 + 0 =
30 mm =
K – G = T
30 – 30.021 =
0.021 mm =

 WE2F
 Ø 30 f 7W‫א‬
 mm G , K , T WW‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 - 20 µm =A OW‫א‬
 - 41µm = A UW‫א‬
N + AO = G
 30 + ( -0.020 ) =
29.980 mm =
 N+AU= K
30 + ( -0.041 ) =
29.959 mm =
K – G = T
29.980 – 29.959 =
0.021 mm =

- ١٠٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬60 mmZN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE3F
 W‫א‬‫א‬T ،G،K،A U،A O

 W‫א‬‫א‬



 A O= 24 µm‫א‬
 A U = - 5 µm ‫א‬
G = N + AO
 = 60 + 0.024
= 60.024 mm
 K =N+AU
= 60 + ( -0.005 )
= 59.559 mm
T =G–K
= 60.024 – 59.559
 = 0.465 mm

 W‫א‬‫א‬










- ١٠٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( 28 ) 24
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬w , q , o , l , i W , Q , O , L , I ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ISO ‫א‬za , zb , zc  ZA , ZB , ZC ‫א‬‫א‬
cd , ef , fg , js  CD , EF , FG , JS ‫א‬
 K10 mm‫א‬








 ‫א‬‫א‬E4F









 ‫א‬‫א‬E5F


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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 WEISOF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F،
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
18 mm 10 mm W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E0FE01F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ 500mm 1 mm  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
3 mm 1 mm     
 6 mm 3 mm H
 10 mm 6 mm     
 ‫א‬18 mm 10 mm    









 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6F

- ١١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E 106 F‫א‬‫א‬h6
E10080 ‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،9 µm
 E7F‫א‬K22µm‫א‬h6‫א‬‫א‬







 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7F
 J WISO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
E1F،115‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
14‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1814‫א‬
‫א‬401‫א‬K?‫א‬‫א‬?18
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
ISO 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ISO‫א‬‫א‬E1F
- ١١١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E2F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ISO ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬FEF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.150 ± Js 12 56
0.021 +  H 7 30
0
0.020 -
F 7 28
0.041 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F













- ١١٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ISO‫א‬،E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 E8F‫א‬KE‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 KsJ Gh ZCg
 K‫א‬W
GSJ KHZCk 






 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8F
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 E9F‫א‬K‫א‬W‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 KHJ GSZUg
 K‫א‬W‫א‬
 GHJ KSZUk






 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E9F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 E10F‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬W
KsJ GhZCg
 K‫א‬W‫א‬
 KH J GSZUg







 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E10F
 WE4F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬







 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬
KsJ GhZCg
 E23J FJ 10Z
 33µm Z
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 KHJ GSZUg
 E12 J F J 0Z
12µm Z

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬
 KsJ Gh ZCg
 E25J FJ 18 Z
 43 µm Z
 K‫א‬Z
 GSJ KHZCk 
 E8J F– 0Z
 8 µmZ

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬Z‫א‬
 KHJ GSZUg
 E55J FJ 0Z
55 µm Z
 K‫א‬Z‫א‬
 GHJ KSZUk
 E36J FJ 23 J Z
13µm Z

:‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ZH A‫א‬Wh‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ZNJ‫א‬Wh‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ZZCP‫א‬Wh‫א‬

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- ١١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬E11F

‫א‬Eh11 , h9 , h8 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Eh6 , h5F‫א‬‫א‬Eh9 , h8F‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬h6‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬E12F

- ١١٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬Zha‫א‬WH‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Znj‫א‬WH‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Zznp‫א‬WH‫א‬
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 ‫א‬E13F

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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

- ١١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬H7‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬E14F
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- ١١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،ECkF‫א‬‫א‬،ECgF‫א‬‫א‬W
 WE1F
 Ø 50 H 7 / g 6 WETfF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Wg6 ‫א‬     WH7‫א‬
J 9µmZEA OF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    0ZEA OF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J 25 µmZEA UF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   + 25 µmZEA UF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

0.025H50ZA OHNZEGHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 50.025mm Z
 0 H50ZA UHNZEKHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 50 mmZ
 E0.009J FH50ZA O HNZEGSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
49.991 mmZ
 E0.025J FH 50ZA UHNZEKSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
49.975 mmZ
 49.975J 50.025ZKSJ GHZECgF‫א‬‫א‬
 0.050 mmZ
 49.991J 50ZGSJ KH ZECkF‫א‬‫א‬
 0.009 mmZ
 0.009J 0.050ZCk–CgZETfF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 0.041 mmZ
،ECkF‫א‬‫א‬،ECgF‫א‬‫א‬W
 WE2F
 Ø 35 H 7 / k 6 WETfF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬E3F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،( Go , Not Go ) ‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E1
K‫א‬‫א‬E2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
 ‫א‬‫א‬J W ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 E15F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬E15 F
F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E
 
‫א‬(Go) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬FK‫א‬(Not Go)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E16F‫א‬W
 ‫ ﺍﻟﺸــﻜــل‬-١ ‫א‬
J 1
 KJ 1 K‫א‬
KJ 2 J 2
 

‫א‬
J 3
‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬ J 4

‫א‬،‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬

‫א‬K
 J 5
،‫א‬‫א‬
 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E16F
- ١٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E17F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜـل‬-٢ ‫א‬
 J 1
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  K‫א‬
 

NOT GO–GO–‫א‬
‫א‬  J 2
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
K‫א‬  K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
NOT GOJ 3GO–2

   J 3
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
K 
NOT GOJ 2GOJ 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E17F

- ١٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W ‫א‬

 E18FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬ ‫ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩ‬-٣
‫א‬ J 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬    J 2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 



  J 3

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
‫א‬
K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E18F
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1
  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

‫א‬   2
  
K  
 ‫א‬


   3
  
‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   4
‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬ 
K‫א‬

- ١٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

   5
‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬   6
K‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   7
‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E19F









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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬E1

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬E3

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5

 ETF‫א‬EKF‫א‬‫א‬EGF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬Ø35 j6E6

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7

 ETfF‫א‬ECkF‫א‬‫א‬ECgF‫א‬‫א‬Ø30 H7 / f7 E8

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E9

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E10

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E11




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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E1

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENF‫א‬‫א‬E2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EGF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،EKF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WETF‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E5
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Ø35 j6E6
35.011mmZEGF‫א‬‫א‬
34.995 mmZEKF‫א‬‫א‬
 0.016 mmZETF‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7
 ‫א‬–1
 ‫א‬‫א‬–2
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 3

 Ø30 H7 / f7 E8
 0.062 mmZECgF‫א‬‫א‬
 0.020 mmZECkF‫א‬‫א‬
 0.042 mmZETfF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E9
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E10
K‫א‬‫א‬E1
K‫א‬‫א‬E2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4


- ١٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E11
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
























- ١٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 






















- ١٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
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- ١٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬LK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
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- ١٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
 K‫א‬

 ٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 3W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KJ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 KDIN ‫א‬
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- ١٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E 1
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J 




 ‫א‬E1F

 W‫א‬E2
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬–2
K‫א‬‫א‬J 3
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬J 4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 6
K‫א‬‫א‬J 7



 ‫א‬E2F

 J W‫א‬E3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–1
K‫א‬‫א‬J 2
K‫א‬J 3



 ‫א‬E3F

 J W‫א‬E4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2



 ‫א‬E4F
- ١٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 5
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 J WRT‫א‬E1
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZRtFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E6F

 J WRPE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E2
 E‫א‬‫א‬ZRpFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E7F

 J WRa‫א‬‫א‬E3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬ZRaFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E8F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬E2
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬E3
 K‫א‬ Ea
K‫א‬‫א‬ Eb
 K‫א‬ Ec

- ١٤٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E9F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 J WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K60°
 K‫א‬J 1
 K‫א‬–2
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬G

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






 ‫א‬E10F

EF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬



- ١٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
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ISO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E11F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
2 mm ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬63µm32 µm 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬E12F
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- ١٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬E13F

‫א‬‫א‬  6‫א‬E14F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E14F
 WDIN
 WDIN 140‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1

- ١٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

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 WA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2

( ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻤﺔ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺘﻨﻌﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﻟﻠﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻤﻲ ﻭﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﻌﻴﻡ ﺩﻗﻴـﻕ ) ﺘﺠﻠـﻴﺦ‬-3
: 90mm ‫ﺒﻁﻭل‬

 WE–FJ 4


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 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬
3µm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬5mm1mm5µm
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬1000400‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E15 F

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 ‫א‬E16F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rt‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬




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
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E17F



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
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E18F

ISO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ISO‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 15µm‫א‬Ø10 H7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
35µm‫א‬Ø10 H7

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 1.5µm‫א‬Ø10 H1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2200µm‫א‬Ø10 H18
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬

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

 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E19F

 E‫א‬Ø 60 h7 nnnW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬E1

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2

 ‫؟‬K‫א‬E3

 ‫؟‬K‫א‬‫א‬E4

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5




 ‫؟‬‫א‬E6
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





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

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬E2
 ‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5

 W‫א‬E3
 RT‫א‬J 1
 RPE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 Ra‫א‬‫א‬J 3
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J 2 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J 3
 K‫א‬G
- ١٥٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬G
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5
 K‫א‬‫א‬ENF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K











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

- ١٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 









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


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- ١٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G


















- ١٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬LK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬










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




- ١٥٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 
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 ٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 3W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KJ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 E1F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE0.0001 cmF‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬E1F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
9 x 35 mm W 10 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
9 x 30 mmW10 : 5 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
9 x 20 mmW5 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3

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 ‫א‬‫א‬E2F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 1

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
E40 mm F‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 25 : 50F
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 ‫א‬E3F

 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
E25W0F‫א‬E 23J 19J 13 J 5 FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬E4F
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFE2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬E6F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬E7F
 ‫א‬J 2  ‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 4  ‫א‬‫א‬J 3

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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬E8F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2‫א‬–1
 ‫א‬‫א‬–4–3
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 KE6
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 E9F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2   ‫א‬J 1
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE10F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE11F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬E10F
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
‫א‬‫א‬J 4  ‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
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1 2 3 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E11F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE12F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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
2 
3 1
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4
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
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E12F
 K‫א‬‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K‫א‬‫א‬E4
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–6
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–8
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 9
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 10
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 11
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 12
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 13
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 14
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  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE14،13F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E13F


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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E14F

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- ١٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬E1

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4

 ‫؟‬‫א‬E5

 ‫؟‬‫א‬E6


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
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

- ١٧٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E1

 W‫א‬‫א‬E2
9 x 35 mm W 10 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
9 x 30 mmW10 : 5 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 9 x 20 mmW5 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E FJ 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KJ 6
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
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- ١٧١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
 K‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–6
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬E5
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ E6
 K‫א‬‫א‬









- ١٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 






















- ١٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G


















- ١٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬LK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬




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

- ١٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E1 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 K‫א‬


 ٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 3W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KJ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



- ١٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

















- ١٧٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E1FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬E1F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE17 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1

4.5–4–3.5J 3.25–3–2.75–2.25 –2–1.75– 1.5–1.25J 1 F
 E7–6.5–6–5.5–5–

 WE 16F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 WE0.5FE15W7.5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

13–12.5–12–11.5–11–10.5–10–9.5–9–8.5–8–7.5F
 E15–14.5–14–13.5–



- ١٧٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 WE15F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 WE25W15.5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

22–21–20–20–19–18.5–18–17.5–17–16.5–16–15.5F
 E25–24–23–

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE2FK‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE5،4،3F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.005mmZE5µmF‫א‬

- ١٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E3F

3 2 1

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬E2
 K‫א‬‫א‬E3






 ‫א‬‫א‬E5F









- ١٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬E1
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 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
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- ١٨١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 KE17 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 E7W1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE 16F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 KE0.5FE15W7.5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE15F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 E25W15.5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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- ١٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
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- ١٨٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
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- ١٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
 LL  ‫א‬
 LL  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
A.B.B  ‫א‬‫א‬
WL‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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- ١٨٥ -
 ‫א‬  
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
١  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧١  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٨٩  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٥  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٩  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٧٦  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

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 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS