G322: Institutions And Audiences

Referencing

Book References
A reference is a description of the source you have used. You should use the title page
rather than the front cover of the book as the source of your reference. The order of the
elements (including the use of upper and lower case and punctuation) of the reference is:

Author, Date. Title. Edition. Place: Publisher. Numeration within item (if only part is
cited.)

Single Authors
st
BALLARD, J.G., 1996. A Users Guide To The Millennium: Essays And Reviews, 1 ed.,
London: Flamingo.

If neither a place nor a publisher appears anywhere on the document then use:

(s.l.) to indicate place unknown (sine loco) and (s.n.) to indicate name unknown (sine nomine)

Multiple Authors
i. 3 or less

O’SULLIVAN, T., DUTTON, B., and RAYNOR, P., 1998. Studying The Media: An
rd
Introduction, 3 ed., London: Raynor.
(N.B. The order in which the authors are given is that of the title page.)

ii. 4 or more

ARMITAGE, A., et al., 1999. Teaching And Training In Post-Compulsory Education,

st
1 ed., Buckingham: Open University Press.

iii. Editors
nd
NELMES, J., ed., 1996. An Introduction To Film Studies, 2 ed., London: Routledge.

Style Tips
You must highlight titles of books using: bold type, underlining, italics etc. You can enclose
date in brackets if you wish. ‘ed.’ Is a suitable abbreviation for editor. Within the body of your
work book titles are usually underlined and film or TV programme titles are usually written in
italics or in bold.

“In” References
These are used when citing, for example, a chapter from an edited work.

MANSON, C., 1995. Terminating Bodies: Towards A Cyborg History Of Abortion. IN:
HALBERSTAM, J., Livingston, I., eds. Posthuman Bodies, Indiana: Indiana University
Press, 1995, p.225

Anonymous References
If the book does not appear to have an author use ‘Anon’.

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 G322: Institutions And Audiences
Magazine/Journal Articles
The order of the elements (including the use of upper and lower case and punctuation) of the
reference is:

AUTHOR, Date. Article Title. Journal Title, Volume (Part), Pages.

e.g.

NATHAN, I, 2001. Battlefield Middle Earth. Empire, January, Issue 151, pp. 60 – 83.

You should always indicate both the volume and issue/part number. When both the volume
and issue/part number are included you should place the issue/part number in brackets. You
should also highlight the journal title but not the article title.

Internet Sources
The order of the elements (including the use of upper and lower case and punctuation) of the
reference is:

AUTHOR or EDITOR, Year. Title [Online]. Place Of Publication: Publisher. Available

At: <URL> [Accessed Date].

e.g.

VENN, R., 2001. The Harvard Referencing System. Rotherham: Thomas Rotherham
College. Available AT: http://www.thomroth.ac.uk [Accessed 03/12/01]

Films,
Films, Videos and Broadcasts
As a general rule, they should be cited by title, as they, as they are usually collaborative
venture with no one person being the ‘author’ as such. (Unless you believe in auteur theory,
that is).

Father Ted, 1995. Episode 1, Good Luck Father Ted. TV, Channel 4. Apr.12.

Invasion Of The Body Snatchers, 1956. Film. Directed By Don SIEGEL. USA: Allied
Artists.

High Noon, 1952. Film. Directed By Fred ZINNEMANN, USA: Republic.