Referencing

Deepa Pariyangat
Session overview
 Why Reference?
 What is Harvard referencing?
 How do I reference?
 What to reference?
 When to reference?
Why Reference?
 Acknowledge the work of others
 Avoid plagiarism
 Give your work credibility & reliability
 Validate points that you have made
 Demonstrate that you have read and
considered the relevant literature
 Follow academic writing standards
What is Harvard style referencing?
 Author –date system
 Author, Date, Title, Publisher, Place
 Elements are separated by comma
2 Rules of Referencing
1. References must be included when you
 Use someone else's ideas
 Paraphrase ( in your own words)
 Summarise (in a reduced form in your own words)
 Quote ( in their exact words)
 Copy (reproduce a diagram/graph/table/image from someone
else’s work)
2. Each reference must appear in two places:
 In the text of your assignment each time it is used ( the
in-text reference)
AND
 In the reference list at the end of the assignment. This
listing has the full details so your reader can find the
reference.
In-text referencing
When you cite references in the text of your assignment
include:
 Authors or editors family name (or organisation
responsible). Do not include first names or initials.
 The year of publication
 Page numbers if appropriate & where available.
 You need to include a page number when
 Direct quote from an original source

 Summarise an idea from a particular page

 Copy tables or figures, or provide particulars

details like a date.
According to Douglas, Speedy and Jackson (2006, p.16)
the use of this process leads to …….
Books
 Author, date, title, publisher, place of publication
 In the list of references
Douglas,S, Speedy,K & Jackson,L 2006, Nursing
leadership, McGraw-Hill, Sydney.
(IN TITLE UPPER CASE USED FOR 1ST WORD ONLY)
 Citing In-text
According to Douglas, Speedy and Jackson (2006)
the use of this process leads to …….

The use of this process leads to …….(Douglas,

Speedy and Jackson 2006)
 Books
More than 3 authors
In text - Cite the surname & initials of the first author then
follow with the abbreviation et al. (followed by a full-stop).

Example:
As suggested by Rodgers et al.(2002, p.12)…..

Rodgers, P, Smith, K, Williams, D, Conway, L, Robinson, W,

Franks, F 2002, The way forward for Australian libraries,
Wombat Press, Perth.

Author Date Title of the Book Publisher Place

 Multiple works published in the same
year by the same author
Smith, A 2002a, Book title, Publisher, Place.
Smith, A 2002b, Book title, 2nd edn, Publisher, Place.

Napier, A 1993a, Fatal storm, Allen & Unwin, Sydney.

Napier, A 1993b, Survival at sea, Allen & Unwin, Sydney.

Order alphabetically by title in the reference list.

Author Date Title of the Book Publisher Place .

Edited (ed), Revised (rev) or compiled (comp) Books
Smith, S (ed.) 2003, Book title of edited works, Publisher, Place.
Smith, S & Jones, M (eds.) 2004, Book title, Publisher, Place.
(NO COMMA AFTER LAST AUTHORS INITIALS)

Book with no date

Smith, S n.d., Report title with no date, Publisher, Place.

Different Editions
Renton, N 2004, Compendium of good writing, 3rd edn, John Wiley,
Milton & Sons, New York.

An edition number is placed after the title of the work - this is not
necessary for a first edition.

Author Date Title of the Book Edition Publisher Place.

Sponsored by institution, corporation or other organisation

Australian Government Publishing Service 1994, Style

manual for authors, editors and printers, 5th edn,
Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Queensland Tourist and Travel Corporation, Market

Research Department 1991, An examination of the
effect of the domestic aviation dispute on Queensland
tourism, Queensland Tourist and Travel Corporation,
Market Research Department, Brisbane

Author/ Institution/corporation/organisation
Date Title of the Book Publisher.
Institution/corporation/organisation Place
Article / Chapter in an edited book

Smith, S 2001, ‘Chapter title’, in Book title, 2nd edn, M Mall, & H Hall (eds.).
Publisher, Place, pp. 23-28.

(CHAPTER TITLE IS NOT ITALICISED & IN SINGLE INVERTED COMMAS)

(EDITORS INITIALS APPEAR FIRST AND NO COMMA AFTER INITIALS)

Article / Chapter in an edited book – No author

‘Solving the Y2K problem’ 1997, In Technology today and tomorrow, D Bowd
(ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold ,New York, p. 27.

Author Date Title of the Book Editor Place Publisher

Chapter title
 Author unknown
The title of the source is placed instead of the
author

Book title 1999, Publisher, Place.

(NO COMMA AFTER BOOK TITLE)

Title of the Book ,Date, Publisher, Place

Journal Article
Basic format

Authors family name, Initial(s) date, ‘Title of the

article’, Title of journal, Volume number, Issue
number, pages of article.
Journal Articles
Volume number, issue, pages available:
Smith, S 2001, ‘Article title in lower case except for the
first word’, Journal Title, Vol. 56, no.1, pp. 63-72.

Article no author:
‘Article title’ 2000, Journal Title Upper and Lower Case,
Vol.1, no.4, pp. 13-24.

Title of the Article Date Title of periodical Volume number

& issue Page numbers
 Newspaper article
Basic format
Author Year, 'Article title', Newspaper Title, Day Month,
page number (if given).

Author known
Rover, BAD 2000, ‘Dog bites man’, Sunday Times, 19
September, p. 5.

Author unknown:
‘Dog bites man’ 2000, Sunday Times, 20 September, p. 1.

Title of the Article Date Title of periodical Page number

Newspaper article
 In electronic database
Author Year, 'Article title', Newspaper Title, Day Month, page
number (if given), viewed Day Month Year, Name of database,
item number (if given).
 Example:
Pianin, E 2001, 'As coal's fortunes climb, mountains tremble in
W.Va; energy policy is transforming lives', The Washington
Post, 25 February, p. A03, viewed 8 March 2001, Electric
Library Australasia.

 On the WWW
Author Year, 'Article title', Newspaper Title, Day Month, page
number (if given), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.
 Example:
Cleary, P & Lewis, S 2001, 'It's the end of a long boom', The
Australian Financial Review, 8 March, viewed 10 March 2001,
<http://afr.com/australia/2001/03/08/FFXIM9PU0KC.html>.
For Online & other electronic
sources
Basic format is

Authors family name, Initial(s) year date, Title of the

document or website, viewed day month year
viewed,<URL>.
Website – In-text Citations
 For a website with author cite as usual with
author and date
 Ex. Turner (2001) has created many useful graphs
showing the transition between the different age
groups.
 For a website without author use the title as
reference with the date
 Ex. Cancer experts estimate that changes to our diet
could prevent about one in three cancer deaths in the
UK (CancerHelp UK , 2002).
Website Citations
 You must specify the date - Web documents can
change or disappear at any time.
 If both date of creation and last updated given, use
only the date it was last updated.
 For a series of linked pages, use the information from
the main or "home" page.
 If you have trouble identifying the title, look at the top of
the Web page above FILE on your browser.
 The date a Web document was created is usually listed
right at the bottom of the document.
 Online sources
On-line journal or electronic article:
Author Year, 'Article title', Journal Title, volume, issue, viewed Day Month
Year, <URL>.

All, T & Ball, A 2005, ‘Student perceptions of a popular science video’,

Journal Title Using Title Case, vol.3, no.21, pp. 15 -19, viewed 1 Jan
2007, <http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet21/muller.html>.

A world wide web site:

Edith Cowen University 2003, Title of Document, viewed 3 Jan 2007 <
http://www.ecu.edu.au/sc/course/cmm/1108/lect8.pdf>.

Author Date Title of the Article Title of periodical Volume number

& issue Page numbers date item viewed <Site address>
Online images
 Title of image (or a description) Year, description of
document (if applicable), name and place of the
sponsor of the source, viewed Day Month Year,
<URL either full location details or just the main site
details>.
 Example:
The lunar interior 1999, PlanetScapes, US, viewed
31 January 2003,
<http://www.planetscapes.com/solar/browse/moon/m
oonint.jpg>.
 Email
 Discussion list message
Author <Author's details - usually an e-mail address> Year of posting,
'Subject/title of posting', description of posting, discussion list Owner, viewed
Day Month, <URL>.

 Example:
Wilson, D <wilsond@rocketscience.com.au> 2003, 'Using the Web to your
advantage', discussion group, National Computer Network, viewed 28 January
2003, <www.ubvm.cc.buffalo.edu>.
 Personal email
In-text - same way as in-text references to other types of personal
communication.
In general - not necessary to provide further details. email address can be
provided in the reference list.
 Email addresses should never be cited without the permission of the
owner of the address.
Sender's name followed by year of posting, email, Day and Month of posting,
<email address>.
 Example:
Davis, A 2002, email, 24 April, <davis@unitc.edu.au>.
Special cases
 Web document (no author)
Title Year, version number (if applicable), description of document (if applicable),
name and place of the sponsor of the source, viewed Day Month Year, <URL either
full location details or just the main site details>.
 Example:
Educating America for the 21st century: developing a strategic plan for educational
leadership by Columbia University 1993-2000(initial workshop draft) 1994, draft
workshop report, Institute for learning technologies, Columbia University, viewed 16
May 1995, <http://ariel.adgrp.com/~ghb/trips/940717_ICT/policy/ILT/EdPlan.html>.
 Web document (no publication date)
Author n.d., Title, version number (if applicable), name and place of the sponsor of
the source, viewed Day Month Year, <URL either full location or just main site
details>.
 Example:
Sherman, C n.d., The invisible web, Free Pint Limited, UK, viewed 27 November
2000, <http://www.freepint.co.uk/issues/080600.htm#feature>.
 Web site
Author (the person or organisation responsible for the site) Year (that the site was
created or last revised), name and place of the sponsor of the source, viewed Day
Month Year,<URL>.
 Example:
The Body Shop Australia 2003, The Body Shop Australia, Mulgrave, Victoria, viewed
31 January 2003, <http://www.thebodyshop.com.au/>.
TV and Video recording
 Title Year (of recording), format, publisher,
place of recording.
Example:
They did it their way 1998, video recording,
Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney.
CD-ROMs

 Title Year (of recording), format, publisher,

place of recording.
 Example:
Australia through time 1994, CD-ROM,
Random ROM in assoc. with the ABC,
Sydney.
Interactive Exercise
 Please go to
http://www.usq.edu.au/library/Breeze/Fac_Bu
siness/Harvard_Referencing_A_Brief_Guide/
 On the last slide click on the interactive
exercise and follow the instructions.