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Major Project Report PDF
Major Project Report PDF
DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
ON
MUZAMIL YOUSUF
ROLL NO 01-CE-2008
ROLL NO 22-CE-2008
MUZAMIL YOUSUF
ROLL NO 01-CE-2008
ROLL NO 22-CE-2008
ACKNOWLEGDGEMENTS
At the outset, I express my deepest thanks to our Lord, the most Gracious,
the most merciful, the cherisher and sustainer of the worlds.
I am thankful to my parents who continuously look after me right from
my birth, provided me with the best facilities that they could provide me and
continuously encouraged me to perform well in my studies and my daily life in
general. All these factors were the favorable conditions that made me to strive
for the better future life. May the almighty forgive me, my parents and all the
believers on the Day of Reckoning
I express my deepest gratitude to my teacher Mr. Mir Aijaz Ahmad who
as a mentor and Asstt. Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering for
his invaluable guidance and inputs. I thank him for allowing me to work on this
project and for his constant help and support throughout my endeavor. I
consider myself fortunate to have worked under his supervision. It was a
matter of great pleasure to have him as a guide in the preparation of this
project report.
I take this great opportunity to express my profound gratitude to HOD
Civil Engineering Mr Vaseem Shahnaz for his superlative flow of ideas and
guidance as well as moving inspirations all throughout the classes. I owe a lot
to him for his kind gesture in serving our teacher. I also thank him for
checking the report before submission.
Umer Farooq
Muzamil Yousuf
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this report entitled ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF
THREE STOREY FRAMED BUILDING submitted by UMER FAROOQ
(01-CE-2008), and MUZAMIL YOUSUF (22-CE-2008) in partial fulfillments
for the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology Degree in
Civil Engineering at College of Engineering & Technology, BGSB
University, Rajouri (J&K) is an authentic work carried out by them under
my supervision and guidance.
To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in this report has not
been submitted to any other University/Institute for the award of any
Degree or Diploma.
Date:
Mr. Vaseem Ahmad Shahnaz
HOD
External Examiner
CONTENTS
Description
S. No.
Page No.
1.
Abstract
2.
History
3.
Introduction
12
4.
15
5.
Design of Slabs
25
6.
Design of Beams
38
7.
Design of Columns
47
8.
Design of Footing
53
9.
Design of Stairs
71
10.
References
74
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER 1
HISTORY
HISTORY
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
A structure refers to a system of two or more connected parts use to support
a load. It is an assemblage of two or more basic components connected to
each other so that they serve the user and carry the loads developing due to
the self and super-imposed loads safely without causing any serviceability
failure. Once a preliminary design of a structure is fixed, the structure then
must be analyzed to make sure that it has its required strength and rigidity. To
analyze a structure a structure correctly, certain idealizations are to be made
as to how the members are supported and connected together. The loadings
are supposed to be taken from respective design codes and local
specifications, if any. The forces in the members and the displacements of the
joints are found using the theory of structural analysis.
The whole structural system and its loading conditions might be of complex
nature so to make the analysis simpler, we use certain simplifying
assumptions related to the quality of material, member geometry, nature of
applied loads, their distribution, the type of connections at the joints and the
support conditions. This shall help making the process of structural analysis
simpler to quite an extent.
Displacement methodsThe displacement method works the opposite way. In these methods, we first
write load-displacement relations for the members of the structure and then
satisfy the equilibrium requirements for the same. In here, the unknowns in
the equations are displacements. Unknown displacements are written in
terms of the loads (i.e. forces) by using the load-displacement relations and
then these equations are solved to determine the displacements. As the
displacements are determined, the loads are found out from the compatibility
and load- displacement equations. Some classical techniques used to apply
the displacement method are discussed.
Slope deflection methodThis method was first devised by Heinrich Manderla and Otto Mohr to study
the secondary stresses in trusses and was further developed by G. A. Maney
extend its application to analyze indeterminate beams and framed structures.
9
Moment distribution methodThis method of analyzing beams and multi-storey frames using moment
distribution was introduced by Prof. Hardy Cross in 1930, and is also
sometimes referred to as Hardy Cross method. It is an iterative method in
which one goes on carrying on the cycle to reach to a desired degree of
accuracy. To start off with this method, initially all the joints are temporarily
restrained against rotation and fixed end moments for all the members are
written down. Each joint is then released one by one in succession and the
unbalanced moment is distributed to the ends of the members, meeting at the
same joint, in the ratio of their distribution factors. These distributed moments
are then carried over to the far ends of the joints. Again the joint is temporarily
restrained before moving on to the next joint. Same set of operations are
performed at each joints till all the joints are completed and the results
obtained are up to desired accuracy. The method does not involve solving a
number of simultaneous equations, which may get quite complicated while
applying large structures, and is therefore preferred over the slope-deflection
method.
10
Kanis methodThis method was first developed by Prof. Gasper Kani of Germany in the year
1947. The method is named after him. This is an indirect extension of slope
deflection method. This is an efficient method due to simplicity of moment
distribution. The method offers an iterative scheme for applying slope
deflection method of structural analysis. Whereas the moment distribution
method reduces the number of linear simultaneous equations and such
equations needed are equal to the number of translator displacements, the
number of equations needed is zero in case of the Kanis method. This
method may be considered as a further simplification of moment distribution
method wherein the problems involving sway were attempted in a tabular
form thrice (for double story frames) and two shear coefficients had to be
determined which when inserted in end moments gave us the final end
moments. All this effort can be cut short very considerably by using this
method.
Advantages of Kanis method:
All the computations are carried out in a single line diagram of the
structure.
The effects of joint rotations and sway are considered in each cycle
of iteration. Henceforth, no need to derive and solve the simultaneous
equations. This method thus becomes very effective and easy to use
especially in case of multistory building frames.
The method is self correcting, that is, the error, if any, in a cycle is
corrected automatically in the subsequent cycles. The checking is
easier as only the last cycle is required to be checked.
The convergence is generally fast. It leads to the solutions in just a
few cycles of iterations.
11
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
12
Introduction
Structural analysis is the backbone of civil engineering. During recent
years, there has been a growing emphasis on using computer aided
softwares and tools to analyze the structures. There has also been
advancement in finite element analysis of structures using Finite
Element Analysis methods or matrix analysis. These developments are
most welcome, as they relieve the engineer of the often lengthy
calculations and procedures required to be followed while large or
complicated structures are analyzed using classical methods. But not
all the time such detailed analysis are necessary to be performed i.e.
sometimes, just approximate analysis could suffice our requirements as
in case of preparing the rough estimates and participating in the
bidding process for a tender. It may even happen that sometimes the
analysis software or tool is not available at hand? Or the worst case,
the computer itself is not available?? Then in such cases, accurate
analysis of such large and complicated structures involving so many
calculations is almost impossible.
Now-a-days, high rise buildings and multi-bay-multi-storey buildings are
very common in metropolitan cities. The analysis of frames of multistoreyed buildings proves to be rather cumbersome as the frames have
a large number of joints which are free to move. Even if the commonly
used Moment distribution method is applied to all the joints, the work
involved shall be tremendous. However, with certain assumptions,
applying the substitute analysis methods like substitute frame method,
portal method, cantilever method or factor method, the structures can
be analyzed approximately.
14
CHAPTER 3
ANALYSIS UNDER VERTICAL LOADS
15
Approximate analysis
vertical loads:
of
the
frame
for
2
x 4.88 = 119.1 kN-m
= 97.6 kN
- [97.6 x 0.61+
] = - 67 kN
Maximum shear force for a beam occurs at each end of the beam and is
equal to
= 122 kN
Analysis of columns:
Consider the end column AEMN
Axial force in AE = 40 x 3.05 = 122 kN
Axial force in EI = 122+122 = 244 kN
Axial force in IM = 244+122 = 366 kN
Moment at the upper end of column = Moment at the end of beam = 67 kN-m
Assuming equal stiffness for column moment transmitted to each column by a
beam at E or I = 67/2 = 33.5 kN-m
Now consider any interior column.
There will be no moment transmission to the interior column.
Consider the column BFJN
Axial force in BF = 40 x 6.1 = 244 kN,
Axial force in FJ = 244+244 = 488 kN
Axial force in JN = 488+244 =732 Kn
17
The distributed B.M are not carried over far ends of the columns in this
process; the moments in the columns are computed at each floor level
independently and retained at that floor irrespective of further analysis.
Assumptions
Slab thickness = 0.15m
Mab = Mef = Mij =Mcd = Mgh = Mkl = Mba = Mfe = Mji =Mdc = Mhg = Mlk =
Mbc = Mfg = Mjk =
Mbc = Mgf = Mkj =
Moment
of Length
Span inertia (mm3) (L)
x103
metres
= - 36 kN-m
=
36kN-m
- 4kN-m
4kN-m
Relative
stiffness
(K)
Distribution
factors
= K/k
Rotation
Factor =
-(1/2)( K/k)
AB
443
73.8
0.34
-0.17
AE
417
139
0.65
-0.325
BA
443
73.8
0.08
-0.04
BF
417
139
0.15
-0.075
BC
1328
664
0.75
-0.375
CB
1328
664
0.75
-0.375
CG
417
139
0.15
-0.075
CD
443
73.8
0.08
-0.04
DC
443
73.8
0.34
-0.17
DH
417
139
0.65
-0.325
EA
417
139
0.39
-0.195
EF
443
73.8
0.21
-0.105
EI
417
139
0.39
-0.195
FE
443
73.8
0.07
-0.035
FB
417
139
0.14
-0.07
FG
1328
664
0.65
-0.325
FJ
417
139
0.14
-0.07
GF
1328
664
0.65
-0.325
GC
417
139
0.14
-0.07
GH
443
73.8
0.07
-0.035
GK
417
139
0.14
-0.07
HD
417
139
0.39
-0.195
HL
417
139
0.39
-0.195
HG
443
73.8
0.21
-0.105
20
IE
417
139
0.48
-0.24
IJ
443
73.8
0.25
-0.125
II
313
78.3
0.27
-0.135
JI
443
73.8
0.08
-0.04
JF
417
139
0.14
-0.07
JK
1328
664
0.70
-0.35
JJ
313
78.3
0.08
-0.04
KJ
1328
664
0.70
-0.35
KG
417
139
0.14
-0.07
KL
443
73.8
0.08
-0.04
KK
313
78.3
0.08
-0.04
LH
417
139
0.48
-0.24
LL
313
78.3
0.27
-0.135
LK
443
73.8
0.25
-0.125
D.L per metre L.L per metre F.E.M due to F.E.M due to
(kN/m)
(kN/m)
D.L (kN-m)
D.L+L.L(kN-m)
EF
35.1
16.2
105.3
153.9
FG
35.1
16.2
11.7
17.1
GH
35.1
16.2
105.3
153.9
21
0.14
0.14
0.39
0.39
0.14
0.14
0.39
Horizontal
members
Distribution
factors
EF
FE
0.21
0.07
FG
GF
GH
HG
0.65
0.65
0.07
0.21
-11.7
11.7
F.E.M due to
total load
-153.9
153.9
Distribution
+carry over
-4.977
16.16
Summation
-158.877
170.06 -104.13
-92.43
Distribution to
22
-153.9
153.9
92.43
-16.16
4.977
104.13
-170.06
158.87
columns
Just above floor 61.95
9.23
-9.23
61.95
9.23
-9.23
61.95
61.95
joints
Members
EF
FE
FG
GF
GH
Distribution
0.21
0.07
0.65
0.65
0.07
0.21
FEM,s
-153.9
153.9
-17.1
17.1
-153.9
153.9
Distribution
32.32
-9.57
-88.92
88.92
-9.57
-32.32
Carry over
-4.78
16.16
-49.24
-4.78
-16.16
4.8
Distribution
1.0
-2.31
21.47
25.79
2.77
1.08
Carry over
-1.15
0.5
12.89
10.73
0.54
1.38
Distribution
0.24
-0.57
8.25
6.62
0.71
0.28
Total moment
-126.3
158.1
-112.7
128.6
-156.5
124.8
HG
factors
23
Members
Staad Pro
Kanis Method
Substitute frame
Kanis Method
end moments
Vs
S/F Method
EF
-129.23
-133.37
-126.3
5.5%
FE
156.52
160.43
158.1
1.47%
FG
108.57
-113.51
-112.7
0.7%
GF
120.64
128.6
128.6
GH
-150.42
-159.76
-156.5
2.08%
HG
127.60
125
124.8
0.2%
The inference made from the table is that in case of vertical loading, the
difference between the Kanis analysis and substitute frame method (S/F
method) is very less.
24
Chapter 4
Design of Slab
25
Design of slab:
Ast (required)
Spacing of 10 mm bars
1) Short span
a) ve B.M(top of supports)
560 mm2
140 mm c/c
403 mm2
190 mm c/c
388 mm2
200 mm c/c
320 mm2
240 mm c/c
2) Long span
28
Distance over which the torsion reinforcement is provided = (1/5 short span) =
(0.2 x 5400) = 1080 mm. Provide 6 mm diameter bars at 75 mm c/c for a
length of 1080 mm at all 4 corners in 4 layers
30
Location
3) Short span
c) ve B.M(top of supports)
490 mm2
160 mm c/c
360 mm2
215 mm c/c
340 mm2
230 mm c/c
305 mm c/c
4) Long span
c) ve B.M (top of supports)
d) +ve B.M(centre of span)
254 mm
Spacing = S = (Area of 1 bar/ total area) x1000, such that Ast (provided) Ast
(min)
In addition, the spacing should be the least Of three times the effective depth
or 300 mm. using 10 mm diameter bars for long span, d = 135 mm & for short
span, d = 125 mm.
The detail of reinforcements provided in the two-way slab is compiled in the
table below:
Location
5) Short span
490 mm2
160 mm c/c
360 mm
215 mm c/c
340 mm2
230 mm c/c
254 mm2
305 mm c/c
a) ve B.M(top of supports)
b) +ve B.M(centre of span)
Long span
ii)
Loads:
Self weight of slab = (25 x 0.22) = 5.5 kN/m2
Imposed load = 3 kN/m2
Weight of flooring 50 mm thick = (0.05 x 24) = 1.2 kN/m2
Total working load = w = 9.7 kN/m2
Therefore design ultimate load = wu = (1.5 x 9.7) = 14.55kN/m2
Ultimate moments and shear forces,
Mu = (0.125wuL2) = (0.125x14.55x2.2352) =9.09 kN-m
Vu = (0.5wuL) = (0.5 x 14.55 x2.235) = 16.25 KN
Limiting moment of resistance
Mu, lim = 0.138 fck b d2
=(0.138x20x1000x 135 2) = 50 KN-m
Mu < Mu, lim. Section is under reinforced.
Tension Reinforcements
Mu = 0.87 f y Ast d {1- Ast f y/ b d fck}
9.09x106 =( 0.87x415xAst135) {1- Ast 415/1000x135x20}
Solving Ast = 192 mm2 > Ast, min = 160 mm2
Using 10 mm diameter of bars, the spacing of the selected bars are computed
using the relation,
34
37
CHAPTER 5
Design of Beams
38
f y = 415 N/mm2
Mu (kNm)
Mu/bd2
Pt (%)
Area of
From SP-16
steel mm2
Ist Support
-126.3
1.78
0.563
837
IInd Support
158.1
2.23
0.731
1087
Mid Span
-216.29
3.05
0.955
1504
39
f y = 415 N/mm2
Mu (kNm)
Mu/bd2
Pt (%)
Area of
From SP-16
steel mm2
Ist Support
-112.7
1.59
0.493
777
IInd Support
128.6
1.81
0.564
889
Mid Span
-45.57
0.64
0.186
293
40
f y = 415 N/mm2
Mu (kNm)
Mu/bd2
Pt (%)
Area of
From SP-16
steel mm2
Ist Support
-112.7
1.59
0.493
777
IInd Support
128.6
1.81
0.564
889
Mid Span
-164.39
2.31
0.758
1194
41
f y = 415 N/mm2
Mu (kNm)
Mu/bd2
Pt (%)
Area of
From SP-16
steel mm2
Ist Support
-126.3
1.78
0.493
777
IInd Support
158.1
2.23
0.564
889
Mid Span
-283.26
3.99
0.955
1504
42
f y = 415 N/mm2
Mu (kNm)
Mu/bd2
Pt (%)
Area of
From SP-16
steel mm2
Ist Support
-126.3
1.78
0.493
777
IInd Support
158.1
2.23
0.564
889
Mid Span
-283.26
3.99
0.955
1504
f y = 415 N/mm2
Mu (kNm)
Mu/bd2
Pt (%)
Area of
From SP-16
steel mm2
Ist Support
-126.3
1.78
0.493
777
IInd Support
158.1
2.23
0.564
889
Mid Span
-150.20
2.12
0.685
1079
44
45
46
CHAPTER 6
Design of Columns
47
LOADS
1) Floor height = 10 ft = 3.048 m
2) Weight of 6 thick slab (0.1524m) = 25 x 0.1524 = 3.8 kN/m2
3) Weight of flooring 50 mm thick = 24 x 0.05 = 1.2 KN/m2
Total D.L = 5.0kN/m2
4) Imposed floor loads for class rooms and lecture rooms = 3 KN/m2
5) Self weight of column (350 mm x 350 mm) of 10 m height
= 0.352x10x25
30.6 kN
51
52
Chapter 7
Design of footing
53
0.26 N/mm2
=(260x0.675x0.5)
=87.75 KNm/m
(Mu / bd2) = (87.75x106/103x4252)
=0.4858
Refer table 2 SP-16, and interpolate the percentage of reinforcement as pt
=0.140 which is less than 0.25 percent assumed for one- way shear
Therefore, Ast= (ptbd/100) =(0.25x1000x425/100)
=1062.5mm2/m
Using 20mm dia bars,
Spacing of bars is S = (1000x314/1063)
=295.39mm c/c
55
0.26 N/mm2
=(0.5x0.75x260)
=97.5 KNm/m
(Mu / bd2) = (97.5x106/103x4252)
=0.539
Refer table 2 SP-16, and interpolate the percentage of reinforcement as pt
=0.155 which is less than 0.25 percent assumed for one- way shear
Therefore, Ast= (ptbd/100) =(0.25x1000x425/100)
=1062.5mm2/m
Using 20mm dia bars,
57
0.26 N/mm2
=(0.5x0.925x260)
=120.25 KNm/m
(Mu / bd2) = (120.25x106/103x4252)
=0.67
Refer table 2 SP-16, and interpolate the percentage of reinforcement as pt
=0.188 which is less than 0.25 percent assumed for one- way shear
Therefore, Ast= (ptbd/100) =(0.25x1000x425/100)
=1062.5mm2/m
59
0.26 N/mm2
=(0.5x1.075x260)
=139.75 KNm/m
(Mu / bd2) = (140x106/103x4252)
=0.78
Refer table 2 SP-16, and interpolate the percentage of reinforcement as pt
=0.224 which is less than 0.25 percent assumed for one- way shear
Therefore, Ast= (ptbd/100) =(0.25x1000x425/100)
61
=1062.5mm2/m
Using 20mm dia bars,
Spacing of bars is S = (1000x314/1063)
=295.39mm c/c
Adopt 20mm dia bars at 290mm centres in both directions
Design of footing 5 (F5)
1. Data
Axial load of column=p= 315KN
Size of column =
0.28 N/mm2
=(0.5x0.475x280)
=66.5 KNm/m
(Mu / bd2) = (66.5x106/103x4252)
=0.368
Refer table 2 SP-16, and interpolate the percentage of reinforcement as pt
=0.102 which is less than 0.25 percent assumed for one- way shear
63
0.27 N/mm2
Now from IS-456 code permissible shear stress as =tc =0.36 N/mm2
One way shear resistance
Vc1 =(tcx1500xd). = (540d) N
Vu1 < Vc1
390(1000-d) < 540d .
d > 295.45 mm
4. Two way shear,
Assuming the effective depth of slab 300mm and computing the two way
shear resistance at critical section (d/2) from face of column,
We have the relation
Vc2 = 0.27[15002-(350+d)2]
=493425 N
Two way shear resistance is calculated as
Vc2= ksx tc[4(350+d)d]
Where ks=1, tc=0.25 = 1.118 N/mm2
=1x1.118[1400d+4d2]
Vu2 < vc2 ,
493425 < (1565.2d + 4.472d2).
Solving, d > 200.44 mm
Hence, one way shear is more critical,
Adopt eff depth =d = 200mm, and overall depth = 225mm.
5. Design of reinforcements.
Ultimate moment at col face is computed as
Mu=(0.5xbxs.p)
=(273x0.575x0.5)
=78.48 KNm/m
(Mu / bd2) = (78.48x106/103x4252)
=1.55
65
0.286 N/mm2
=(286x0.675x0.5)
=96.52 KNm/m
(Mu / bd2) = (96.52x106/103x4252)
=0.53
Refer table 2 SP-16, and interpolate the percentage of reinforcement as pt
=0.152 which is less than 0.25 percent assumed for one- way shear
Therefore, Ast= (ptbd/100) =(0.25x1000x445/100)
=1112.5mm2/m
Using 20mm dia bars,
Spacing of bars is S = (1000x314/1113)
=282.12mm c/c
Adopt 20mm dia bars at 280mm centres in both directions
Design of footing 8 (F8)
1. Data
Axial load of colum,P = 576KN
Size of column =
0.266N/mm2
Assuming the effective depth of slab 430mm and computing the two way
shear resistance at critical section (d/2) from face of column,
We have the relation
Vc2 = 0.266[18002-(350+d)2]
=702073.75 N
Two way shear resistance is calculated as
Vc2= ksx tc[4(350+d)d]
Where ks=1, tc=0.25 = 1.118 N/mm2
=1x1.118[1400d+4d2]
Vu2 < vc2 ,
702073.7 < (1565.2d + 4.472d2).
Solving, d > 258.15mm
Hence, one way shear is more critical,
Adopt eff depth =d = 425mm, and overall depth = 450mm.
69
5. Design of reinforcements.
Ultimate moment at col face is computed as
Mu = (0.5xbxs.p) = (266x0.725x0.5) = 96.42 KNm/m
(Mu / bd2) = (96.42x106/103x4252) =0.533
Refer table 2 SP-16, and interpolate the percentage of reinforcement as pt
=0.152 which is less than 0.25 percent assumed for one- way shear
Therefore, Ast= (ptbd/100) =(0.25x1000x425/100) =1062.5mm2/m
Adopt 20mm dia bars at 290mm centres in both directions.
Column
Total
Loading(KN)
Footing
Footing
size (m2)
Depth of
footing (mm)
A1, A4
496
F1
1.7x1.7
450
A2, A3
630
F2
1.9x1.9
425
B1,B4,C1,C4,D1,D4
E1,E4,F1,F4,G1,G4
H1,H4
833
F3
2.2x2.2
425
B2,B3,C2,C3,D2,D3
E2,E3,F2,F3,G2,G3
1034
F4
2.5x2.5
425
J1, J4
315
F5
1.3x1.3
465
J2, J3
375
F6
1.5x1.5
225
I2, I3
842
F7
2.1x2.1
470
I1, I4
576
F8
1.8x1.8
450
70
CHAPTER 8
Design of Stairs
71
Design of Stair
Dimensions of Stair = 3.6 m x 6.1 m
Height of the floor is 10ft = 3.04 m
Live load on the stair = 2 kN/m2
Since as per the architectural drawing stair has two flights therefore the height
of each flight is 1.52 m
Let the Risers provided = 10, therefore the height of each riser = 152mm
Number of Treads 10 -1 = 9
Let the width of stairs be 1600 mm
Let the treads of steps be 270 mm
Design of flight AB:
Let the bearing of flight be 150 mm
Effective horizontal span = 3+1.6 + (0.15/2) = 4.675 m
Let the thickness of waist be 220 mm
Loads:
D.L of 220 mm waist = 25 x 220 = 5500 N/m2
Ceiling finish (12.5 mm) = 24 x 12.5 = 300 N/m2
Corresponding load per sq meter on plan = (R2+T2)/T x 5500 =
= (1522+2702)/270 x 5500 = 6300 N/m2
Hence the actual load per sq meter of the plan area will consist of waist and
ceiling finish = 6300 N/m2
D.L of steps (152/2 mm average) = 76 x 25 = 1900 N/m2
Top finish (12.5 mm) = 12.5 x 24 = 300 N/m2
Live load = 2000 N/m2 Therefore total load = 10500 N/m2 = 10.5 kN/m2
Maximum B.M per meter width of stairs, M = (10.5 x 4.6752)/8 = 27.4kN/m2
Ultimate bending moment per meter width of stairs, Mu = 1.5 x 27.4
= 41.1 kN/m2
0.138fckbd2 = 0.138 x 20 x 1000 d2 = 41.1 x 103, thus d = 122 mm
Providing 10 mm diameter bars, effective cover = 20 mm
72
( . .
/
) /
} = 0.47%
73
References
1) S. Ramamrutham, Design Of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company, 2012
2) Vazirani & Ratwani, Concrete Structures New Delhi. Khanna
Publishers.1990.
3) Sayal & Goel. Reinforced Concrete Structures, New Delhi.
S.Chand, Publication.2004.
4) Allan_Williams, Structural Analysis In Theory And Practice
5) B. Taranath, Reinforced Concrete Design Of Tall Buildings (CRC,
2010)
6) IS 456-2000, Code For Plain And Reinforced Concrete
7) SP-16, Design Aids For Reinforced Concrete
74