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Antennas
Transmitter
Transmitting
Antenna
Electromagnetic
Wave
Transmission Line
Receiver
Receiving
Antenna
Electromagnetic
Wave
Transmission Line
Antennas
Linear monopole
fed by a single wire
over a ground plane
Ground plane
Coaxial ground
plane antenna
Loop antenna
Uda-Yagi dipole array
Loop dipole
Logperiodic array
Passive elements
Antennas
Transmitter
Transmitting
Antenna
Electromagnetic
Wave
Transmission Line
1
Transmitter
Zg
Vg
P( t ) =
2
2
Req I
Transmission Line
Antennas
Receiving
Antenna
Electromagnetic
Wave
Transmission Line
1
I
ZR
Zeq
Zin
Transmission Line
P( t ) =
2
2
Rin I
Veq
The receiver represents the load impedance that dissipates the time
average power generated by the receiving antenna.
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
Antennas
Vg
Open circuit
|I|
Antennas
| I0 |
Zg
|I|
Vg
Z0
|I|
| I0 |
Antennas
Antennas
At higher frequency, the current oscillates in the wires and the field
emanating from the dipole changes periodically. The field lines
propagate away from the dipole and form closed loops.
Antennas
E = j H
H = J + j E
B=A
E2
H = J + j E
B = ( A) = 0
= J + 2 H
We have also
Note that in the regions with electrical charges
E = j H = j A ( E + j A ) = 0
E = E E2= ( ) E 2
109
Antennas
( ) = 0
and then choosing (with sign convention as in electrostatics)
( E + j A) = ( ) E = j A
Note that the magnetic vector potential is not uniquely defined,
since for any arbitrary scalar field
B = A = ( A + )
In order to uniquely define the magnetic vector potential, the
standard approach is to use the Lorenz gauge
A + j = 0
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
11
Antennas
H=
B = J + j E
B = J + j E
( A) = J + j ( j A )
From vector calculus
( ) = ( ) 2
2 A j
( A) = ( A) 2 A = J +
Lorenz Gauge
A = j
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
( A) = j
12
Antennas
2A + 2 A = A + 2 A = 2 J
For the electric field we have
D = E = ( j A ) =
22 + j A = + j ( j ) =
The wave equation for the electric scalar potential is
2
2
+ = + =
13
Antennas
J( r ')
( r ')
Observation point
r r'
dV '
r'
y
x
14
Antennas
j r r '
J ( r ') e
dV '
A( r ) =
V
(
j r r '
( r ') e
4r 1r'
r) = V
r r'
dV '
The integrals are extended to all points over the antenna body
where the sources (current density, charge) are not zero. The effect
of each volume element of the antenna is to radiate a radial wave
j r r '
r r'
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
15
Antennas
Infinitesimal Antenna
Observation point
J(0)
(0)
r = r r'
S
r' = 0
dV '
x
I = constant
phasor
z <<
Dielectric medium ( , )
16
Antennas
I = S J ( r ') = S J ( 0 )
V ' = S z
V 'J ( r ') = I z iz
The solution of the wave equation for the magnetic vector potential
simply becomes the evaluation of the integrand at the origin
I ze
A=
4 r
1
H= A
j r
iz
E= 1 H
17
Antennas
ir
i
r
Polar angle
Azimuthal angle
y
i
18
Antennas
In spherical coordinates
ir
1
A= 2
r sin r
Ar
1
=sin A
r i
r sin i
rA
r sin A
(
(1
A ) i r
1
r sin
+ ( Ar ) r A i
r sin r
1
+ ( r A ) ( Ar ) i
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
r r
19
Antennas
We had
I ze
j r
A=
iz
with
i z = i r cos i sin
4 r
j I ze
A = i
4 r
j r
1
1 + j r sin
1 j I z e
H = A = i
4 r
j r
1
1 + j r sin
20
Antennas
j r
1 j I z e
E=H=
j 4 r
11
2 cos +
ir
j r ( j r ) 2
11
+ sin 1 ++ i
j r ( j r ) 2
The general field expressions can be simplified for
observation
point at large distance from the infinitesimal antenna
1 >>
1
j r
>>
1
2
( j r )
r=
r >> 1
21
Antennas
j r
j I z e
H i
4 r
E i
sin
2 r >>
j I z e
4 r
j r
sin
E =H = H
22
Antennas
11
*
EIH =zi rH
P( t ) = Re
2
22
= ir sin
2 4 r
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
23
Antennas
P( t )
H
24
Antennas
Radiation Patterns
Electric Field and Magnetic Field
E or H
Fixed r
proportional to sin
omnidirectional or isotropic
25
Antennas
P( t )
z
Fixed r
proportional to sin2
omnidirectional or isotropic
26
Antennas
Ptot =d
0 d r
0
= 2
I z
sin P (t )
2 3
= 2 r 0 d sin
2 4 r
=4 3
4 I z
=
3 4
27
Antennas
Ptot1 = Ptot 2
Ptot 2
Ptot1
28
Antennas
2 2 I z 1 2
2 z 2 1 24
Ptot = I Req == I
4 223
3
o2 z
= o == 120 [ ] Req = 80
o
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
Req
[ ]
29
Antennas
The total radiated power is also used to define the average power
density emitted by the antenna. The average power density
corresponds to the radiation of a hypothetical omnidirectional
(isotropic) antenna, which is used as a reference to understand the
directive properties of any antenna.
Power radiation pattern of an
omnidirectional average antenna
x
Pave
P( t, )
30
Antennas
Pave =
Ptot I z2 1
===
( I z)
2 122
3 4 r
2 1
4 r4 r
2I z I z
P( t , r, )
D( , ) =
2
Pave
= sin 3 4 r 2 4 r
32
= sin
2
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
31
Antennas
3 2
= 1.5
Directivity = max { D( , )} = sin
The directivity gives a measure of how the
actual antenna performs
22
in the direction of maximum radiation, with respect to the ideal
isotropic antenna which emits the average power in all directions.
Pave
max
90
32
Antennas
I( t)
33
Antennas
I( t)
current flowing
out of reservoir
dd
= q( t) = qo cos( t)
charge on
dtdt
reference reservoir
I o = j qo
phasor
Radiation
pattern
Io
qo
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
34
Antennas
Imax
z
Io
Io
The small capacitor plate antenna is equivalent to a Hertzian dipole
and the radiated fields can also be described by using the results of
the infinitesimal antenna. The short wire antenna can be described
by the same results, if one uses an average current value giving the
same integral of the current
Io = Imax 2
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
35
Antennas
Io
Io = Imax 2
36
Antennas
H ( t ) = Re H e
j tj
I z sin j ( t r )
e
i Re
4 r
I z sin
i Re jcos( t r )+ j sin( t r )
4 r
E ( t ) =Re E e j t
I z sin
isin(
zt sin
r )
I
r tr)
i 4sin(
4 r
37
Antennas
Linear Antennas
Consider a dipole with wires of length comparable to the
wavelength.
L2
'
z
z'
r'
i '
r
L1
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
38
Antennas
E' = i
j I z e
4 r '
j r '
sin '
'
r ' r z 'cos
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
39
Antennas
r'
L2
'
z
z'
z 'cos
r ' r z 'cos
40
Antennas
j r
e
j I z e
4 r 4 z 'cos
E' = i
j z 'cos
sin
you can
neglect here
E = i
j e
4 r
j e
H = i
4 r
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
j r
j r
L2j z cos
dzsin I( z) e
L1
L2j z cos
dzsin I( z) e
L1
41
Antennas
Short Dipole
Consider a short symmetric dipole comprising two wires, each of
length L << . Assume a triangular distribution of the phasor
current on the wires
Imax ( 1 z L )
I( z) =
Imax ( 1 + z L )
z0
z<0
LL2L
j z cos
I( z) eI( z) dz =dz
since
max
LL
z = L =
j z cos
1
I2max
L
42
Antennas
The final expression for farfields of the short dipole are similar to
the expressions for the Hertzian dipole where the average of the
triangular current distribution is used
z
E = i
= i
j r
j e
Imax
sin 2 L
j r
4j r2
Imax L e
4 r
j Imax L e
H = i
4 r
average
current
sin
j r
sin
43
Antennas
Halfwavelength dipole
Consider a symmetric linear antenna with total length /2 and
assume a current phasor distribution on the wires which is
approximately sinusoidal
I( z) = Imax cos( z)
The integral in the field expressions is
cos
2 Imax
Imax cos ( z) e j z cos dz =cos
2
sin
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
44
Antennas
E = i
je
H = i
2 r
je j r Imax
cos
2 r
j r
cos
2 sin
Imax
cos
cos
2 sin
P( t ) = i r
2
2 cos
Imax
cos
2 22
2 8 r sin
45
Antennas
1 2 1 cos ( u)
0 u du 4
12
Ptot = Imax
2
2.4376
12
= Imax 0.193978
Req
2
The integral above cannot be solved analytically, but the value is
found numerically or from published tables.The equivalent
resistance of the halfwave dipole antenna in air is then
46
Antennas
8 r
P( t, r, 90)
= 1.641D=
2
Imax
22
1
Ptot 4 r
2
2.4376
The directivity of the halfwavelength
dipole is marginally better
I
max
than the directivity for a Hertzian dipole (D = 1.5).
2 2
47
Antennas
48
Antennas
49
Antennas
50
Antennas
51
Antennas
I ( z) = Imax sin { ( L z )
2 Imax
sin
52
Antennas
E = i
= i
j e
4 r
j r
j Imax e
2 r sin
L2j z cos
sin I( z) edz
j r
L1
j r
j e
L2j z cos
H = i
sin I( z) edz
4 r
L1
j r
j Imax e
{ cos ( L cos ) cos ( L)
= i
}
2 r sin
53
Antennas
54
Antennas
55
Antennas
56
Antennas
57
Antennas
58
Antennas
59
Antennas
60
Antennas
61
Antennas
62
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