Math 253, Spring 2012

Solutions to Practice Problems for the Second Midterm

(1)n n
P
2n
n=0 3 (2n)!
 2n

n
 
(1)
n
n

P
P (1)
3

=
=
cos
.
Solution.
3
2n (2n)!
3
(2n)!
n=0
n=0

30. Find the sum of the series

e2 e3 e4
+
2!
3! 4!
2
3
4
(e)n
P
e
e
e
Solution. 1 e + + =
= ee .
2!
3! 4!
n!
n=0

31. Find the sum of the series 1 e +

40. Find the radius of convergence and interval of convergence of

(1)n

n=0

xn
n2 5n

xn
Solution. To find the radius of convergence we use the ratio test with an = (1) 2 n .
n5

 
 
2
 an+1  
n2 5n 
n
|x|
xn+1
|x|

=
 an   (n + 1)2 5n+1 xn  = n + 1 5 5 as n
n

|x|
|x|
|x|
< 1 and divergent when
> 1. Since
< 1 is equivalent
5
5
5
to |x| < 5 we see that the radius of convergence is 5.
Hence the series is convergent when

To find the interval of convergence, we need to check the endpoints x = 5 separately:

1
P
P
(5)n
x = 5 When x = 5 the power series becomes
(1)n 2 n =
which is convergent (since
2
n5
n=0
n=0 n
its a p-series with p = 2 > 1).
x = 5 When x = 5 the power series becomes

(1)n

n=0

(1)n
P
5n
=
. This series is absolutely
n2 5n
n2
n=0

convergent (see the x = 5 case), hence its convergent.

Thus the interval of convergence is [5, 5].
41. Find the radius of convergence and interval of convergence of

(x + 2)n
P
n4n
n=1

Solution. To find the radius of convergence we use the ratio test with an =

 
 

n
 an+1   (x + 2)n+1

n4
n
|x + 2|
|x + 2|

 


 an  =  (n + 1)4n+1 (x + 2)n  = n + 1 4
4

(x + 2)n
.
n4n
as n

|x + 2|
|x + 2|
|x + 2|
< 1 and divergent when
> 1. Since
<1
4
4
4
is equivalent to |x + 2| < 4 we see that the radius of convergence is 4.
Hence the series is convergent when

To find the interval of convergence, we need to check the endpoints x = 2 4 separately:

x = 2 When x = 2 the power series becomes

4n
1
P
P
, which is divergent (its the harmonic
=
n
n=1 n4
n=1 n

series).
x = 6 When x = 6 the power series becomes

(4)n
(1)n
P
P
, which is convergent (its
=
n
n
n=1 n4
n=1

the alternating harmonic series).

Thus the interval of convergence is [6, 2).
42. Find the radius of convergence and interval of convergence of

2n (x 2)n
P
n=1 (n + 2)!

Solution. To find the radius of convergence we use the ratio test with an =

2n (x 2)n
.
(n + 2)!


 

 an+1   2n+1 (x 2)n+1
(n + 2)!  2|x 2|

=
n
0 as n
=
 an  
(n + 3)!
2 (x 2)n 
n+3
Hence the series is convergent for all values of x. This means the radius of convergence is and the
interval of convergence is (, ).
43. Find the radius of convergence and interval of convergence of

2n (x 3)n
P

n+3
n=0

Solution. To find the radius of convergence we use the ratio test with an =

2n (x 3)n

.
n+3


 
 r
 an+1   2n+1 (x 3)n+1

n
+
3

=
 = n + 3 2|x 3| 2|x 3| as n

 an  
n
n
2 (x 3) 
n+4
n+4
Hence the series is convergent when 2|x 3| < 1 and divergent when 2|x 3| > 1. Since 2|x 3| < 1
1
1
is equivalent to |x 3| < we see that the radius of convergence is .
2
2
To find the interval of convergence, we need to check the endpoints x = 3 12 separately:
x=

7
2

When x =

7
2

the power series becomes

(its the p-series with p =

1
2

2n ( 1 )n

P
P
P
1
1
2

which is divergent
=
=
n + 3 n=0 n + 3 n=3 n
n=0

< 1).

2n ( 1 )n
(1)n
(1)n1
P
P
P
2 =

=
which is
n
n+3
n+3
n=0
n=0
n=3
convergent since its the alternating p-series with p = 12 > 0 (see exercise 8 from assignment 5).



Thus the interval of convergence is 25 , 72 .

x=

5
2

When x =

5
2

the power series becomes

(2n)!
P
xn
2
n=1 (n!)
(2n)! n
x .
Solution. Use the ratio test with an =
(n!)2

 

2 
 an+1   (2n + 2)!xn+1
(n!)

 
 (2n + 2)(2n + 1) |x| 4|x| as n
 an  =  [(n + 1)!]2 (2n)!xn  =
(n + 1)2

44. Find the radius of convergence of

Hence the series is convergent when 4|x| < 1 and divergent when 4|x| > 1. Since 4|x| < 1 is equivalent
1
1
to |x| < we see that the radius of convergence is .
4
4

45. Find the Taylor series of f (x) = sin(x) centered at

Solution.
f (x) = sin(x)
f 0 (x) = cos(x)
f 00 (x) = sin(x)
f 000 (x) = cos(x)
f (4) (x) = sin(x)
f (5) (x) = cos(x)
..
.

f ( 6 ) = 12
f 0 ( 6 ) = 23
f 00 ( 6 ) = 12
f 000 ( 6 ) = 23
f (4) ( 6 ) = 21
f (5) ( 6 ) = 23

Thus

3
3
1
6 )2
(x 6 )3
(x 6 )4
(x 6 )5
T (x) = 12 + 23 (x 6 )
2
+ 2
+ 2

2! "
3!
4!
5!
#
"
#

2
3
4
5
h
i

(x

(x

)
)
)
)
3(x

3(x

1
1
1
6
6
6
6
1 + 3(x 6 )
+
+
+
+
=
2
2
2!
3!
2
4!
5!
"
#

X
3(x 6 )2n+1
(1)n (x 6 )2n
=
+
2
(2n)!
(2n + 1)!
n=0

1
(x
2

46. Find the Taylor series of f (x) = cos(x) centered at

Solution.
f (x) = cos(x)
f 0 (x) = sin(x)
f 00 (x) = cos(x)
f 000 (x) = sin(x)
f (4) (x) = cos(x)
f (5) (x) = sin(x)
..
.

f ( 3 ) = 12
f 0 ( 3 ) = 23
f 00 ( 3 ) = 12
f 000 ( 3 ) = 23
f (4) ( 3 ) = 12
f (5) ( 3 ) = 23

Thus

3
3
1
3 )2
(x 3 )3
(x 3 )4
(x 3 )5
T (x) = 12 23 (x 3 )
+ 2
+ 2
2

2! "
3!
4!
5!
#
"
#

4
5
i 1 (x )2 3(x )3

(x

3(x

)
)
1h
1
3
3
3
3
+
+
=
1 3(x 3 )

2
2
2!
3!
2
4!
5!
"
#

X
3(x 3 )2n+1
(1)n (x 3 )2n
=

2
(2n)!
(2n + 1)!
n=0

1
(x
2

x2
47. Find the Maclaurin series for f (x) =
and its radius of convergence.
1+x



P
P
x2
1
() 2 P
Solution. f (x) =
= x2
=x
(x)n = x2
(1)n xn =
(1)n xn+2 .
1+x
1 (x)
n=0
n=0
n=0
The equality above marked with () holds as long as | x| < 1 (and the series is divergent for
| x| > 1). Since | x| < 1 exactly when |x| < 1 we see that the radius of convergence is 1.

48. Find the Maclaurin series for f (x) = arctan(x2 ) and its radius of convergence.

P
(x2 )2n+1
x4n+2
() P
Solution. f (x) = arctan(x2 ) =
(1)n
=
(1)n
.
2n + 1
2n + 1
n=0
n=0
The equality above marked with () holds as long as |x2 | < 1 (and the series is divergent for |x2 | > 1).
Since |x2 | < 1 exactly when |x| < 1 we see that the radius of convergence is 1.
49. Find the Maclaurin series for f (x) = ln(4 x) and its radius of convergence.
 x n
xn
x
P
1
1
1
1 P
d
  < 1 which
Solution. dx
ln(4 x) =
=
=

whenever
4
n+1
4x
4 1 x4
4 n=0 4
4
n=0
is equivalent to |x| < 4. Thus the radius of convergence 4. If we integrate we get
ln(4 x) = C

X
n=0

X
xn
xn+1
=
C

4n+1 (n + 1)
4n n
n=1

for some constant C. To find C we set x = 0 which gives C = ln(4). Hence

ln(4 x) = ln(4)

X
xn
n=1

with radius of convergence 4 (since integration does not change the radius of convergence).
50. Find the Maclaurin series for f (x) = xe2x and its radius of convergence.
Solution. Using our known Maclaurin series for ex , we have
2x

xe

=x

X
(2x)n
n=0

n!

=x

X
2n xn
n=0

n!

X
2n xn+1
n=0

n!

Since the radius of convergence for the Maclaurin series of ex is , the radius of convergence for the
Maclaurin series of xe2x is too.
51. Find the Maclaurin series for f (x) = sin(x4 ) and its radius of convergence.
Solution. Using our known Maclaurin series for sin(x), we have

4 2n+1
X
X
x8n+4
2n+1 (x )
=
(1)n
sin(x ) =
(1)
(2n + 1)! n=0
(2n + 1)!
n=0
4

Since the radius of convergence for the Maclaurin series of sin(x) is , the radius of convergence for
the Maclaurin series of sin(x4 ) is too.
52. Find the Maclaurin series for f (x) = 10x and its radius of convergence.
Solution. Using our known Maclaurin series for ex , we have
x

ln(10x )

10 = e

=e

x ln(10)

X
(x ln(10))n
n=0

n!

X
[ln(10)]n xn
n=0

n!

Since the radius of convergence for the Maclaurin series of ex is , the radius of convergence for the
Maclaurin series of 10x is too.

53. Find the Maclaurin series for f (x) =

4

1
and its radius of convergence.
16 x

Solution. Using our known Maclaurin series for (1 + x)1/4 , we have

1
1
=
4
16 x
24 x
1
= p
4
4
2 (1 2x4 )
1
= p
2 4 1 2x4

 x 1/4
1
= 2 1+ 4
2


X
1/4  x n
1
4
=
2 n=0
n
2



1X
1/4 xn
(1)n
=
2 n=0
n
24n

 n

X
x
n 1/4
=
(1)
4n+1
2
n
n=0
=
=
=
=
=

1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2

( 41 )
( 14 )( 54 ) 2 ( 14 )( 54 )( 94 ) 3 ( 14 )( 54 )( 94 )( 13
) 4
4
x
+
x

x
+
x +
25
29 2!
213 3!
217 4!
1
15 2
1 5 9 3 1 5 9 13 4 1 5 9 13 17 5
+
x
+
x
+
x + 4 17 x +
x +
4 25
42 29 2!
43 213 3!
4 2 4!
45 221 5!
1
15
159
1 5 9 13
1 5 9 13 17 5
+ 2 5 x + 4 9 x2 + 6 13 x3 + 8 17 x4 +
x +
2 2
2 2 2!
2 2 3!
2 2 4!
210 221 5!
1
15
159
1 5 9 13 4 1 5 9 13 17 5
+ 7 x + 13 x2 + 19 x3 +
x +
x +
2
2 2!
2 3!
225 4!
231 5!

X
1 5 9 (4n 3) n
+
x
6n+1 n!
2
n=1

Since the radius of convergence for the Maclaurin series of (1 + x)1/4 is 1, the Maclaurin series of
x
 
 
1
  < 1 and divergent when  x  > 1. Since  x  < 1 exactly when

is
convergent
when
4
16
16
16
16 x
|x| < 16, the radius of convergence is 16.

54. Find the Maclaurin series for f (x) = (1 3x)5 and its radius of convergence.

Solution. Using our known Maclaurin series for (1 + x)5 , we have

(1 3x)5 = (1 + (3x))5


X
5
=
(3x)n
n
n=0
 

X
n 5
3n xn
=
(1)
n
n=0
(5)
(5)(6) 2 2 (5)(6)(7) 3 3 (5)(6)(7)(8) 4 4
3x +
3 x
3 x +
3 x +
1!
2!
3!
4!
5
56 2 2 567 3 3 5678 4 4 56789 5 5
= 1 + 3x +
3 x +
3 x +
3 x +
3 x +
1!
2!
3!
4!
5!
5!
6!
7!
8!
9!
4!
+
3x +
32 x2 +
33 x3 +
34 x4 +
35 x5 +
=
4!0! 4!1!
4!2!
4!3!
4!4!
4!5!

X
(n + 4)! n n
=
3 x
4!n!
n=0
=1

X
(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4)3n xn

24

n=0

Since the radius of convergence for the Maclaurin series of (1 + x)5 is 1, the Maclaurin series of
(1 3x)5 is convergent when |3x| < 1 and divergent when |3x| > 1. Since |3x| < 1 exactly
1
when |x| < 13 , the radius of convergence is .
3
Z x
e
55. Evaluate
dx as an infinite series.
x
Solution.
x

e =

X
xn
n=0

57 (a) Approximate f (x) =

Solution.

n!

X
ex
1 X xn1
xn X xn1
1
=x
=
= +
x
n!
n!
x n=1 n!
n=0
n=0

X
ex
xn
dx = C + ln |x| +
x
n n!
n=1

x by its Taylor polynomial with degree 3 centered at 1.

f (x) = x1/2

f 0 (x) = 12 x1/2

f 00 (x) = 14 x3/2

f 00 (1) =

f 000 (x) = 38 x5/2

f 000 (1) =

f (1) = 1
1
f 0 (1) =
2
3
8

1
4

Hence

1
1
1
T3 (x) = 1 + (x 1) (x 1)2 + (x 1)3 x
2
8
16

(c) Use Taylors Inequality to estimate the accuracy of the approximation when 0.9 x 1.1
Solution. To use Taylors Inequality when 0.9 x 1.1 (i.e. when |x 1| 0.1) we need to
bound
15
15
f (4) (x) = x7/2 =
16
16 x7
0.9 x 1.1

p
p
16 (0.9)7 16 x7 16 (1.1)7
1
1
1
p
p
16 (0.9)7
16 (1.1)7
16 x7
15
15
15
p
p
7
7
16 (0.9)
16 (1.1)7
16 x


15
15
p
f (4) (x) p
16 (0.9)7
16 (1.1)7

Hence Taylors inequality tells us



15

16 (0.9)7
5
5(0.1)4
p
p
|R3 (x)|
|x 1|4 =
|x 1|4
0.00000564822
4!
128 (0.9)7
128 (0.9)7
58. (a) Approximate f (x) = sec(x) by its Taylor series with degree 2 centered at 0.
Solution.
f (x) = sec(x)
f (x) = sec(x) tan(x)
00
f (x) = sec3 (x) + sec2 (x) tan(x)
0

Hence T2 (x) = 1 + 12 x2 sec(x).

f (0) = 1
f 0 (0) = 0
f 00 (0) = 1