Colegio Gimnasio Campestre

San Sebastián
9th Grade. Synthesis 1st Term

Dear students, you should know this information to study for the Synthesis Evaluation
Tests.
Here, there are simple recommendations that you should take into account to study for
the upcoming Final Term tests.

English

• You have to use the Comparative and Superlative forms of the adjective correctly.
Comparatives:
-Ann is taller than Gabriela, so she was chosen to play in the basketball team in
the school.
-The clowns with the blue wigs are funnier than the clowns with the orange
bowties.
-Albert Einstein is considerer the most intelligent person in the history of the
humanity. I want to be so smart, too.

Superlatives:
-Chuck was the shortest student in the 2004 prom class. I remember that
everybody called him: Gnome.
-Scary Movie III is the funniest film produced by the Wayans Brothers. I have
seen it about ten times.
-Colombia is the most wonderful country around the world, because it has lots
and lots of beautiful landscapes and touristic places to visit.

• You have to know the different adverbs of frequency and use them correctly.
-Always. I always say thanks to God for all the things that my family and I have.
-Usually. I usually go to cinema on Wednesdays with my friends to see the last
movies in 3D.
-Sometimes. We sometimes visit to our grandparent’s house on weekends,
because they live alone in this huge apartment.
-Seldom. They seldom study for the Math quiz, so they rarely are in the prominent
student’s lists.
-Never. She never says lies to her mom, because she thinks that is the worst sin of
all.

• You have to recognize the grammar of the Perfect Tenses

-Esther has studied about three hours for the Math test, but she has had that call
all her friends to remember them about the next activity. (Present Perfect)

-Sue and Kevin had walked across the main Avenue in the suburbs in the south
and there never had happened anything wrong (Past Perfect)
Science

• You have to know the different parts of the cell and their main functions.

The cell is the functional basic unit of life. It was discovered by Robert Hooke and is
the functional unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of life that is
classified as a living thing, and is often called the building block of life

-Nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, vacuoles, lysosome, chloroplast, endoplasmic

reticulum, Golgi apparatus…

• Know the Mendel’s laws

Mendelian inheritance (or Mendelian genetics or Mendelism) is a set of primary
tenets relating to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent
organisms to their offspring; it underlies much of genetics. They were initially
derived from the work of Gregor Mendel published in 1865 and 1866 which was
"re-discovered" in 1900, and were initially very controversial. When they were
integrated with the chromosome theory of inheritance by Thomas Hunt Morgan in
1915, they became the core of classical genetics.

- The Law of Segregation states that when any individual produces gametes, the
copies of a gene separate, so that each gamete receives only one copy.

- The Law of Independent Assortment, also known as "Inheritance Law", states that
alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete
formation

-An independent assortment the chromosomes that end up in a newly-formed

gamete are randomly sorted from all possible combinations of maternal and
paternal chromosomes.

• You have to define DNA, genetic and chromosomes.

- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic
instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms
and some viruses. The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of
information

- Genetics is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms. The fact
that living things inherit traits from their parents has been used since prehistoric
times to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding.

-Chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in cells. It

is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and
other nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins,
which serve to package the DNA and control its functions.

• You have to know what mutation is and its causes.

- Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a cell's genome and are caused by
radiation, viruses, transposons and mutagenic chemicals, as well as errors that
occur during meiosis or DNA replication.
 The sequence of a gene can be altered in a number of ways. Gene mutations have
varying effects on health depending on where they occur and whether they alter
the function of essential proteins.

Social

• You have to know a list of at least twenty Colombian former presidents.

• You have to recognize the main Colombian symbols and know what each of them
represents.

• You have to recognize the most important aspects in the life of Gustavo Rojas
Pinilla.
- Gustavo Rojas Pinilla was a Colombian politician, military officer, General of the
Army and President of Colombia between 1953 and 1957.Rojas was born in the city
of Tunja, Boyacá, on March 12, 1900, and died in Melgar, Tolima, on January 17,
1975.

• You have to talk about the most recognized means of communication.

In Colombia, there are four main means of communication (radio, newspaper,
television and Internet)

• You have to know the situation of the Education in Colombia. The different levels
and the importance to good bases in the educative process.

- Education in Colombia comprehends the formal and non-formal education. Formal

education is composed of nursery school, elementary school, high school and
technical instruction and college education. The basic goal expected for the
average citizen is of 11 grades (elementary school and mid highschool). The
covering of basic education for the state institutions is about 50%. The private
institutions cover the other 50% and most of the technical and university
formation, due to the scarcity of public resources destined to education.

Math

• You have to know about the theory and life of William Jones. Circumference and
diameter.

-As a mathematician, his most noted contribution is his proposal for the use of the
symbol π (the Greek letter pi) to represent the ratio of the circumference of a circle
to its diameter. He became a close friend of Sir Isaac Newton and Sir Edmund
Halley. In 1712, he became a Fellow of the Royal Society, and was later its Vice-
President.

• You have to know about the theory and life of Teano. Proportionality of numbers
- Theano (Greek: Θεανώ; 6th-century BC) was a Pythagorean philosopher. She was
said by many to have been the wife of Pythagoras, although others made her the
wife of Brontinus. A few fragments and letters ascribed to her have survived which
are of uncertain authorship.She was said by many to have been the wife of
Pythagoras,The writings attributed to Theano were: Pythagorean Apophthegms,
 Female Advice, On Virtue, On Piety, On Pythagoras, Philosophical Commentaries,
and Letters.

• You have to know about the theory and life of Brahmagupta. Negative numbers
- Brahmagupta was a great Indian mathematician and astronomer. Brahmagupta
wrote important works on mathematics and astronomy. In particular he wrote
Brahmasphutasiddhanta (Correctly Established Doctrine of Brahma), in 628.

In it he invented many formulas and mathematical properties. It is composed in

elliptic verse, as was common practice in Indian mathematics, and consequently
has a poetic ring to it. Brahmagupta made use of an important concept in
mathematics, the number zero. In chapter eighteen of his Brahmasphutasiddhanta,
Brahmagupta describes operations on negative numbers.

• You have to know about the theory and life of Carl Friederich Gauss. Calculation
Math
- Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a German
mathematician and scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including
number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics,
electrostatics, astronomy and optics. Sometimes referred to as the Princeps
mathematicorum (Latin, "the Prince of Mathematicians" or "the foremost of
mathematicians") and "greatest mathematician since antiquity,"

Gauss had a remarkable influence in many fields of mathematics and science and
is ranked as one of history's most influential mathematicians In his 1799 doctorate
in absentia, A new proof of the theorem that every integral rational algebraic
function of one variable can be resolved into real factors of the first or second
degree, Gauss proved the fundamental theorem of algebra which states that every
non-constant single-variable polynomial over the complex numbers has at least
one root.